Question 1: How to write a rebuttal in the introduction of the paper is to discuss some events and problems and expose and refute wrong and reactionary views or propositions.

There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments:

(1) directly refute each other's arguments. First point out the absurd arguments of the other side, then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. In some articles, it is first proved that the argument opposite to the enemy's argument is correct, thus proving that the enemy's argument is wrong.

2 refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument, which proves the argument. Wrong reactionary arguments are often based on wrong arguments. If the argument is refuted, it will be untenable.

(3) refute the other party's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other party's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in his argument also refutes the fallacy.

There are three methods of refuting papers: refuting arguments, refuting arguments and refuting arguments. The rebuttal argument is higher than the first two.

Question 2: How to write the research topic 1. Propose a topic:

Putting forward a research topic is generally considered from three aspects: background, present situation, foundation (or importance, necessity and possibility).

1. Background: The developed educational situation, new educational ideas, ideas, requirements or teaching concepts, methods and means we are facing have had an important impact on teaching practice.

2. Present situation: The most urgent problem that we must study and solve in time is the gap between the actual situation of education and teaching work in this region and this unit and the changed educational background.

3. Basis: the exploratory research done by the members of the research group or others on this issue, and the preliminary research results that have been obtained.

Second, the definition of the concept:

Refers to the connotation of some important words in the name of the main topic (sometimes including some sub-topics), the research scope of the topic, etc.

Note: The important points of this study need not be repeated.

Third, the theoretical basis:

The research of this topic tries to draw lessons from and apply the main theories, doctrines, viewpoints and principles, so as to obtain the main research ideas and teaching concepts that support this research.

Four, the main research objectives and contents:

The main research goal (the hypothesis of the subject) that I try to achieve through the research of this subject, and which sub-topics the main subject is decomposed into, and the specific research tasks of each sub-topic. There should be a reasonable and close logical relationship between the research purpose of the topic and the sub-topic. The research of each sub-topic can completely show the research framework of the main topic. These sub-topics are relatively independent, interrelated and highly operable, which can be implemented in the education and teaching practice of the members of the research group.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) main research methods and research objects;

1. research methods: mainly including literature method, action research method, investigation method, case study method, experience summary method, etc. , can also be supplemented by mathematical statistics, detection and analysis, tracking and comparison, structure and function, observation, pursuit, attribution, history, experiment and other research methods. It is necessary to explain how to give full play to the instrumental role of the research methods adopted to serve the research of this topic (or sub-topic).

2. The research object generally refers to people, mostly students and some teachers. It is necessary to find out whether we are studying all students or some students (or teachers) in our unit.

VI. Forms of research results:

Generally, it includes research report, collection of essays, compilation of excellent teaching plans or activity designs, compilation of cases, observation class (courseware, CD-ROM), collection of students' works, publication or award-winning of teachers' papers, etc.

Seven, the composition and division of labor of the members of the research group:

The members of the research group should include the project leader, the sub-project leader and the front-line teachers who participate in the research. External lecturers, consultants and other personnel should be treated differently according to their responsibilities and obligations.

The members of the research group shall be responsible for or part-time planning, organization, coordination, overall planning, management, research, guidance and consultancy.

Eight, implementation steps:

1. Preliminary preparation stage:

Establish the main topic and construct the sub-topic; Set up a research group to clarify the division of responsibilities; Establish and improve the learning exchange system; Complete the demonstration and declaration work; Formulate the implementation plan of the main project and the work plan of the subproject; Conduct necessary preliminary investigations or tests.

2.

Research implementation stage: it can be divided into the first stage and the second stage, and the research is carried out according to the implementation plan, during which an interim report can be arranged. The interim report is not vigorous in form, but should pay attention to actual results. Through the interim report, let the members of the research group see the preliminary results of the research, find out the shortcomings or problems, clarify the research tasks in the next stage, then adjust the implementation plan and modify the work plan of the sub-project, so that the later research will not deviate from the direction and lay a good foundation for the smooth end of the project.

3. Appraisal stage: complete the writing of the conclusion report and data collation, and make full preparations for the appraisal of the results.

Question 3: How to write a brief introduction to the topic is the source of the topic, and it is a brief introduction to the topic discovery, cause analysis, solution and conclusion.

Question 4: How to write the main research results of the predecessors of this topic? First of all, we should consult the research materials related to this topic, focusing on (that is, the main research results of predecessors):

1. How far has the related research gone?

2. Summarize the main viewpoints of different schools in recent years.

3. What conclusions have been drawn by predecessors that are worth learning from and insufficient? This part should be based on your own project research, which is the fundamental starting point, because the novelty of project research is here, and you need to innovate and improve on the basis of predecessors. For example, the shortcomings of previous studies can be divided into the limitations of viewpoints and research methods, so that you can study the aspects that are insufficient or not involved in previous theories.

The most important part should be based on facts and concise. In other words, to synthesize the previous viewpoints and analyze the value orientation behind the same clan viewpoint, we can quote important viewpoints appropriately. Of course, don't quote too much. The key lies in your generalization. The clearer your analysis, the clearer your thinking about future research. After all, this part is only the paving part, and it is easy to be top-heavy

Question 5: How to write a brief introduction of research results (including basic content, actual effect, theoretical level, popularization value, etc.). )

Question 6: How to write the background, research scope, research methods, research direction and research significance of graduation thesis?

Question 7: How to write 1 for the design ideas, methods and contents of the topic. How to write a summary of the topic?

The abstract of the subject is written by collecting the relevant documents involved in the subject and comprehensively analyzing the necessary market research.

Through the writing process, we can understand relevant information, expand our knowledge and comprehensively apply what we have learned. Asphalt design idea is the basis of engineering design.

The summary of the topic is only about 800 words, which requires accurate expression, clear views and refined words. We should grasp the characteristics of "synthesis" and "narration". The "comprehensive" type requires comprehensive analysis and induction of the materials and market research, so that the materials are more refined and clear, and more logical. Description and iushiyaoqiu discuss this topic more professionally, comprehensively, deeply and systematically. In a word, the abstract of the topic is a high summary of the historical background, previous work, focus of debate, research status, development prospect, purpose, significance, innovation and practical value of the topic.

When writing, we should pay attention to the following questions:

1. The collected documents should be as complete and new as possible. Mastering comprehensive and up-to-date literature is the premise of writing a good summary.

2. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. Citation should be faithful to the original document.

3. References cannot be omitted, generally requiring more than ten articles, which must be read directly by the author.

Second, how to write the design ideas, methods and contents of the project.

1, writing design ideas

Generally speaking, it is what kind of general ideas designers use to complete their own project design. The content mainly includes the design scheme of the topic, the main components of the design steps, where there are some innovative breakthroughs in the topic, what kind of design effect is achieved, and how to show the design results at last.

2. Writing of design methods

There are many design methods, such as case analysis, cross coordinate method, investigation and analysis method, brainstorming method, hope point example method, bionics method, analogy method, reverse thinking method, contraction and expansion method, defect list method, chart list method, etc., but it is impossible to use only one design method when designing topics. It can explain which design methods are mainly used in a certain stage of design. When we apply various methods, we must do it in strict accordance with the requirements of the methods, not by experience or common sense. For example, when we want to conduct market research, we should clearly formulate questionnaires and clarify how to conduct analysis, including comprehensive analysis and design analysis.

3. Writing of design content

Briefly introduce why I made this design (explain the shortcomings of the existing design), and focus on the main contents of my project design, and what I will focus on, hoping to make a breakthrough.

How to write the project research plan and fill in the project declaration form

1, about the theme declaration form

If it is not filled in as required, it should be filled in as required.

If the title of the topic on the cover is adjusted in the research plan, the cover here needs to be adjusted accordingly; Project leader, only fill in1; Completion time, the project research cycle is generally one year, or 1-2 years, and the completion time should be filled in at the end of a certain month, and the official start time of project research is earlier than the time of filing and filling out the form; You can write a form of results, usually reports, including investigation reports, experimental reports, research reports, conclusion reports, etc. And the paper is the advanced form of the report; Unit and position, title, generally fill in 3 items, no position, fill in 2 items of unit and title; The postal code and address should be clearly filled in, and the contact telephone number should be complete. Generally, the telephone number of the company (own office) and my mobile phone number should be filled in to facilitate our contact.

Secondly, the division of labor within the project should be clearly filled out in the relevant information of other members of the research group, especially who is responsible for the overall design of the project and who undertakes the task of writing the project conclusion report; The opinions of the person in charge of the project, the official seal of the unit and the signature of the leader in charge of the unit are indispensable. If the project has been approved, it should be signed and sealed, otherwise your research will not be supported by the unit and leaders.

2, about the topic of the topic

Education and scientific research courses >>

Question 8: What should be included in the introduction of scientific research projects? 1, project background and significance;

2. Current international and domestic developments in this field;

3. Existing methods and ingot forming;

4, you do the work of the project, point out what contribution, what kind of results;

5. Analysis and discussion of completed work, including comparison with previous work;

6. Summary and prospect of further work.

This is the most important thing

Question 9: How to write a brief introduction of research results (including basic content, actual effect, theoretical level, popularization value, etc.). )

Question 10: the basis and introduction of the topic selection in the summary of the paper. How to write a paper summary should refer to the following contents:

Briefly summarize the contents of the paper,

Students' attitude towards thesis writing,

literature review

Adequacy, whether the argument is outstanding, whether the content is novel and informative, whether there are original opinions, and whether the structure of the paper is reasonable, clear and distinct.

Whether it is clear, whether the conclusion is logical and scientific, whether the written expression is fluent, what is the English level, and the format of the paper.

Whether it is standardized or not, and what defects still exist in the paper.