I. Narrative reading rules
1. The function of scenery description: to render the atmosphere, contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot, show the quality of the characters and contrast the central meaning.
2. The function of description method: to express the character and reflect the theme of the work.
3. The role of metaphor, personification and other rhetoric: the rhetoric of … is used to write …
4. The role of parallelism: enhance the expressive force of language and vivid writing. ...
5. The role of rhetorical questions: strengthen the tone, cause the following, connecting the preceding with the following.
6. The role of rhetorical questions: arouse the reader's attention and thinking, lead to the following, connecting the preceding with the following.
7. The function of the topic: summarize the content; Reveal the theme; Hint clue
8. The role of the first paragraph:
1. environmental description: point out the location and environment where the story takes place, lead to the following, and pave the way for the development of the following plot.
2. Others: start with the topic and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Cite the full text or cause the following, paving the way for the development of the following plot.
9. The role of the middle sentence: the excessive role of connecting the preceding with the following.
10. The function of concluding argumentative sentences: summarize the full text, take care of the beginning, point out the center and deepen the theme.
1 1. Narrative order: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
12. The advantages of the writer: the first person is authentic; The second person said, kind and natural; The third person can be described from many angles, not limited by time and space.
13. The form of narrative clues: physical objects; Characters; Changes in thoughts and feelings; Time; Change of position; Central event
14. Method of finding clues: title; A recurring word or thing; Lyrical argument sentence
15. sentence paragraph appreciation is considered from three aspects: content (what is written and what is unique in material selection); Form (writing method, language features, rhetoric); Emotion (social value, meaning, function, etc. (of the article)
Induction of Basic Knowledge Points of Chinese in Junior Middle School
first part
Two common narrative clues: object line and emotional line.
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three kinds of people: the first person, the second person and the third person.
Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Characters mainly master the reading skills of depicting characters through appropriate description methods and angles and reflecting their thoughts and personalities.
Plot mainly understands the basic content of each part and the methods and skills to understand and analyze the plot of the novel.
Begin to explain the background and pave the way for the following.
For example, at the beginning of Kong Yiji, the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the scenes of two different identities and positions of drinkers (short coat gang and long coat customers) were described, which explained the social background of the disparity between the rich and the poor and class opposition at that time, paving the way for the emergence of this special figure, Kong Yiji.
Develop the characters' personalities and embody their individuality.
Example: The development part of Kong Yiji tells the scene that Kong Yiji was laughed at for drinking at Xianheng Hotel for the first time. Through the description of Kong Yiji's image, manners, movements and language, this paper reveals his ideological character of poverty, self-deception, pedantry, pride and laziness.
The climax shows conflict and reveals the theme.
Example: The climax of Kong Yiji tells the scene that Kong Yiji was laughed at for drinking at Xianheng Hotel for the last time. By reflecting Ding's positive description of Kong Yiji's physical disability, he showed his tragic experience, thus profoundly exposing the evils of the feudal imperial examination system.
The ending deepens the theme and leaves some thoughts.
For example, in the ending of Kong Yiji, a group of meaningful words such as "about" and "indeed" not only add tragic meaning to Kong Yiji's tragic fate, but also leave readers with endless thoughts.
Environment mainly understands the role of natural environment and social environment.
The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, predicts the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots.
Example 1: The climax of Kong Yiji depicts a bleak atmosphere by describing the sad scene in autumn, which indicates the tragic ending of Kong Yiji's imminent death.
Example 2: The climax and ending of My Uncle Yule set off the cheerful, frustrated and depressed mood of the characters by describing two contrasting sea scenes.
Example 3: Under the scorching sun and heavy rain, the full text tries to describe the scorching sun and heavy rain, which not only promotes the plot to develop step by step, but also shows the tragic fate of rickshaw pullers who are inferior to cattle and horses, and reveals the cruelty of society at that time more deeply.
The social environment describes the social situation, explains the background of the story, reveals the social essence, and paves the way for the following content.
At the beginning of Kong Yiji, by describing the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the customers' comings and goings, it illustrates the social reality of class opposition and disparity between the rich and the poor at that time, paving the way for the appearance of a special figure, Kong Yiji.
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
Three narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback and insertion. Supplementary narrative is an interpolation.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
part four
Five argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation, contrast argumentation and quotation argumentation.
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five usages of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ table specific appellation ④ table emphasizes or emphatically points out ⑤ specific meaning.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six logical sequences: ① General → Individual ② Phenomenon → Essence ③ Cause → Result ④ Generalization → Specific ⑤ Part → Whole ⑤ Major → Minor.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Part VI
Seven interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification, definition and quotation.
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Part VII
Eight types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; 8 Causal complex sentences; 8 assume complex sentences and accept complex sentences.
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
Ten commonly used writing techniques: symbol, contrast, foil, contrast, foreshadowing, reference (echo), direct (indirect) description, promotion and suppression (if you want to promote it, then suppress it first), lyricism with scenery, and metaphor with things.
Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature.
Example: Praise of Poplar
Poplar's stalwart, upright, simple, gentle and strong inner style not only "symbolizes the farmers in the north, but also symbolizes the indispensable simple, firm and enterprising spirit in our national struggle today".
The main features of ontology are set off from two angles.
Example: Praise of Poplar
At the beginning, it describes the growth environment of poplar-the majestic northwest plateau, which sets off the tall image of poplar standing proudly.
Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing, and highlight the main features of the main thing or thing.
For example: Haiyan
Comparing the tall image of Haiyan with the cowardly image of sea ducks, seagulls and penguins, it highlights the distinctive characteristics of Haiyan's courage and courage to fight.
Lyricism by borrowing scenery is to express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.
For example, from "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue".
From different angles and levels, the article vividly depicts the interesting scenery of the White Grass Garden and the boring life scene in the three pools and the moon, showing the author's thoughts and feelings of loving nature, enjoying a free and happy life and being dissatisfied with feudal education that restricts children's physical and mental development.
Metaphor is used to describe things, highlight the characteristics of things, and express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments with metaphor.
Example: Praise of Poplar
Compare the northern soldiers and civilians with poplar trees, and compare the indomitable spirit of the northern soldiers and civilians fighting and struggling for the liberation of China with the characteristics of poplar trees, such as integrity, simplicity, seriousness, honest and frank and striving for the upper reaches.
First suppress and then promote, first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and internal meaning of things, then affirm and praise things, and emphasize the characteristics of things more prominently.
Example: Praise of Poplar
First, poplar is not a "good woman", and then praised as a "good husband", which highlights the external image and internal charm of poplar.
A summary of the basic knowledge points of junior middle school Chinese in Another
first part
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.
Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ Specific appellation ④ Emphasis or emphasis.
part four
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.
Six logical sequences: ① the whole → the phenomenon → the essence → the cause → the result → the generality → the specific part → the whole → the main → the secondary.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.
Part VI
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.
Part VII
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an important role in strengthening the positive (negative) tone. In real life, we often need to express our attitude, express our views and explain our views on people, things, things or certain phenomena. This is a discussion. An article with discussion as its main expression is called argumentative paper, also called argumentative paper. This style has high practical value, such as editorials, comments and miscellaneous feelings in newspapers and magazines, as well as speeches and debates in life.
Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. An argumentative essay, whether it is an argument, a rebuttal or a combination of the two, has a clear argument. Argumentative writing includes two basic forms: fact and truth. Arguments and arguments are organized through argumentation. So, how to read argumentative essays?
First, finding the right argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Some articles, the title is the central argument, such as "frugality and morality"; Some articles put forward arguments at the beginning, such as "Talking about backbone", which put forward that "we China people have backbone" at the beginning; The central argument of some articles appears at the end of the article; Some articles put forward central arguments in the process of discussion, such as "thinking and doing"; There are also some articles that are not very concentrated in the expression of arguments, which require readers to select and refine from a large number of materials and summarize them.
Second, the analysis and argumentation is guided by argumentation and serves for argumentation. There are two types of arguments commonly used-factual argument and rational argument.
Factual arguments: including representative and conclusive examples or historical facts.
Rationality demonstration: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theory, as well as the principles, laws and formulas of natural science and widely circulated proverbs, famous sayings and aphorisms.
Third, clear argumentation methods There are various argumentation methods, and there are four common ones:
① Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument;
③ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;
4 Metaphorical argument: Use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. Most argumentative papers use several methods comprehensively.
Fourth, analyze the structure of the article The structure of the argumentative article is generally to ask questions-analyze problems-solve problems (that is, introduction-this theory-conclusion). It is necessary to clarify the thinking of the article: first look at the questions raised at the beginning, analyze and demonstrate from several aspects, and focus on which aspect, and then further study the reasons for this arrangement.
Fifth, when analyzing the language of argumentative writing, we should pay attention to understanding the rich keywords. The language of argumentative essays is often general, and the rich content is expressed in abstract words. For example, "frugality and moral cultivation" in "frugality and moral cultivation" means living frugally to cultivate morality. Its connotation is rich, and the police instigate the people. Only by linking the background of the work with the content of the full text can we have a deeper understanding.
Narrative reading
(1) pays more attention to the excavation of humanistic spirit in the selection of proposition materials, and pays more attention to the educational significance contained in its content, which is related to the inner world of students.
(2) Narrative reading accounts for the largest proportion in modern reading of senior high school entrance examination. Grasp the narrative reading, and you will grasp the "half of the country" in the reading of the senior high school entrance examination.
(3) The proportion of extracurricular essays is increasing.
When reading and reviewing narratives in 2004, we should do the following: analyze the requirements, person and order of narratives; Analyze the description of appearance, language, action and psychology, and grasp the character characteristics; Understand the role of environmental description; Experience the vividness and vividness of language; Understand the function of narrative, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism in the text; Understand the relationship between article details and expression center; Can summarize the central meaning of the article.
In short, the ability to examine is mainly the overall reading comprehension ability, analysis and application ability, summary and expression ability, and questioning and thinking ability.
Argumentative reading
Brief analysis of test sites;
In argumentative reading, as far as content is concerned, the focus of examination is to grasp the central argument and clarify the arguments used in the text and their functions; As far as form is concerned, the focus of the examination is the structural hierarchy analysis of the discussion. In argumentative reading, grasping the central argument is the most important and the key to reading the full text, so whether we can grasp the central argument of the full text quickly and accurately will directly affect the success or failure of the whole reading.
In addition to structural analysis, the examination of arguments mainly focuses on two aspects: first, the logical relationship between arguments; The second is the logical relationship between paragraphs and sentences. These two tests are more difficult because they are abstract and thoughtful. This requires strengthening thinking training in peacetime and concentrating on strengthening training before the exam. Among them, the training of generalization ability is particularly important. To summarize the center of the full text, to summarize the meaning of the paragraph; To analyze the relationship between paragraphs, we also need to summarize the meaning of paragraphs. It is to clarify the relationship between sentences. It is difficult to grasp long sentences, and it is also necessary to summarize the meaning of sentences.
Throughout the argumentative reading in recent years, the trend of proposition is:
The selection of materials is mainly after class, and the content of materials is close to students' life; The ability to examine is mainly the ability to understand and summarize, which requires you to perceive its main content as a whole, grasp the arguments, arguments and arguments of the article, understand its basic ideas, understand the effect of language expression, and summarize and express it; On this basis, I can read creatively and complete open topics.
Explanatory reading
(1) Take the text as an example, and test it with unfamiliar explanations after class to get rid of the misunderstanding of rote memorization and ensure the efficiency of the test questions.
(2) The expository text covers a wide range, including both natural science and social science. Whether it is the usual training or the exam proposition, it can not be ignored. At the same time, it is a wise choice to strengthen the reading training of social science expository articles.
(3) The purpose of expository writing is to introduce knowledge, so the goal of expository reading test is to understand, including the understanding of words, sentences, interpretation centers, interpretation sequences and methods. Since the introduction of any knowledge is inseparable from concepts, and there are many new concepts in the articles introducing high-tech knowledge, answering the reading questions of explanatory articles is a key to accurately understand the meaning of concepts.
The fetter attitude of reading expository texts should be rational, not emotional.
First, you should have a wide range of knowledge, so that you can better understand the articles you see.
Second, skills, there is a skill that can be answered in the original sentence, just answer in the original text; Or answer with a sentence with similar meaning to the original. Therefore, we should pay attention to the connection between contexts. The answer to the question mentioned in this paragraph may be in the next paragraph. Another skill is to find the answer in the test questions. For example, sometimes there will be multiple-choice questions-"Which of the following statements about this article is wrong/correct?" Reading the options carefully will help you understand this article.
How to answer questions such as "Contact this article and talk about your understanding/views on some issues" and "Explain the meaning of this sentence"?
The so-called understanding here can come from the central sentence of the original text or "which of the following statements about this article is wrong/right?" Find the answer in the options. Generally speaking, it is a very formal cliche. When the rhetoric is finished, you can write more about your own views.
The meaning of a sentence can also be found from the context, which will help you understand the sentence, because the sentence you want to explain is usually a key sentence, so you must contact the context, and no article can't answer it. First, you can roughly explain the literal meaning of the sentence, and then answer the connotation or function of the sentence in the text in context (such as pointing out the main idea of the full text or connecting the preceding with the following)
The format can refer to the reference answers to the questions you have done.
As an important part of Chinese test questions, reading questions, especially in the college entrance examination, have been proved by the practice of Chinese college entrance examination over the years. I think we should pay attention to the following points in reading, in order to improve the reading comprehension ability of Chinese:
First, master the overall information skillfully.
The reading process itself is the process of obtaining information, and the quality of reading depends on how much information is captured. When doing the topic, you can first look at the author, writing time and comments after the article, and at the same time, you should especially browse what questions are asked later, and guess what the main idea of the article is from the options of the topic. If it is a novel, we should focus on its characters, plot, etc. If it is an argumentative essay, we should focus on the arguments, arguments, arguments and other elements. Understand the author's main writing intention, and then grasp the full text as a whole, and you will have a good idea to solve the problem.
Second, determine the outline of the regional circle.
Reading a long article mainly uses intensive reading, which requires word-for-word scrutiny. Therefore, we should cultivate the habit of drawing circles and making more marks in our daily practice. We can first look at which paragraphs or areas in the text are related to the topic and which sentences are related to it. After determining a certain answer area, carefully understand the meaning of each sentence in this paragraph, then clarify the relationship between paragraphs and understand the writing ideas. With this habit, it is possible to form a strong analytical and comprehensive ability. When reading, ponder over the questions repeatedly and circle the relevant content, so you don't need to search from beginning to end when answering questions, which can save a lot of valuable time.
Third, pay attention to extract the original text.
Without raw materials, I'm afraid no one can answer correctly or completely. Therefore, the most important and effective way to answer the reading questions accurately is to find the answers in the original text. Most questions can be answered in the article. Of course, the sentences you find are not necessarily used directly, so you must process them according to the requirements of the topic, or extract words or compress the trunk, extract the main points or reorganize them. Even if you summarize the whole paragraph, you should make full use of the original text.
It should also be noted that many students have strong memory ability of basic knowledge, but weak transfer ability, especially the contextual meaning and function of words, words and sentences. Here is the solution of the 16-character formula for your reference.
1, word for word. Polysemy is very common in Chinese. When understanding the meaning of a word in a word, we must put it into this word to investigate, that is to say, this word can not be separated from this word, so as to accurately understand the meaning of this word. For example:
Hearsay, Tao refers to the road; Like-minded, well-informed, and reasonable.
Words and sentences are inseparable. In comprehensive reading questions, it is often required to understand the meaning and function of words in the context. These requirements are as follows:
This word is ambiguous. This is very common in classical Chinese. Such as: policy is not driven by its way, policy and drive; Stick to the policy, face the policy, the policy, the whip
In modern Chinese, it is often expressed as contextual meaning, which should be inferred according to the specific language environment, that is, the sentence itself, that is, words and sentences are inseparable. For example, the original meaning of the word "meet the teacher" is to be polite and to teach (me). It has different meanings in different language environments. In the article "Ju", I quoted the previous "teaching" to butcher Hu, saying that "the father-in-law is knowledgeable".
As for the expressive function of a word in a sentence, we should understand it according to the specific language environment, rather than explain it separately from the sentence.
3. The sentence does not leave the paragraph. In other words, the analysis and understanding of sentences can not be separated from specific paragraphs and specific language environment. If we leave the specific paragraphs and the specific language environment, many sentences can only be understood in a narrow sense or even incomprehensible. Only by combining specific paragraphs and language environment will we know what position this sentence occupies in the full text.
4, the paragraph does not leave the body. Paragraph is an integral part of the article, which embodies the author's writing thought. Therefore, the reading comprehension of paragraphs cannot be divorced from the main idea and the center of the article. Otherwise, the understanding of the content or function of the paragraph will be biased.
1. The amount of practice should be guaranteed.
4. Look at the answer (answer more points, answer less points).
3. The language foundation should be (for example, eight rhetoric, basic expressions, argumentation methods, explanation methods, differences in argumentation, narration and explanation, etc.). )
4. Accumulate words (if there are no mistakes, there are phonetic notes and explanations)
5. Understand the meaning of the topic, what to ask, what to answer, and don't answer irrelevant questions.
Pay attention when reading, and see clearly the center and meaning of the article. What are the good sentences? Look up words you don't know. Pay attention to how the author expresses himself (levels, paragraphs, rhetoric, etc.). )
If you can, try to retell the content of the article and realize the benefits of the author's expression like that. Unconsciously, when reading, you can understand the intention of the questioner. In this way, we can grasp the main points, answer questions concisely, and let the marking teacher shine at the moment and get high marks.
Reading, like composition, is the application of comprehensive knowledge of Chinese, and the comprehensive quality of Chinese must be improved. Literature comes from life, so observe the phenomena in life and think more about the problems in life, and then talk to the author when reading and have something to say when writing some comprehension questions.