As for Shu Han, it seems that a rule has been formed in the history circle, that is, only the establishment of Shu Han's regime after Baidicheng entrusted orphans and Zhuge Liang's rule over Shu are worth studying and writing. As for the 30 years of Shu Han after Zhuge Liang's life and death lights went out in 234 AD, it has always been an understatement. In fact, Zhuge Liang served as prime minister for only 12 years. After the autumn wind, Liu Chan, the late ruler of Shu Han, continued to be emperor for 30 years. He ruled for more than 40 years and was one of the longest emperors in China history. Why did Shu Han persist for so long after Zhuge Liang's death? What happened in these 30 years?
In August 234, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Up to now, the 120 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms has arrived at 104, and there are not many opportunities for Shu Han to play in the future. Mr. Robben may have made such an arrangement because he saw that the Shu-Han regime was weak and it was difficult to play the leading role of the three countries. He could only struggle occasionally, but nothing could be changed, just waiting for the end.
However, from a historical point of view, in 234, Shu Han was a very young country, which was founded in 22 1 year. In 263 AD, Liu Chan formally surrendered to Wargo, and Shu Han was almost 30 years old. For thirty years, the whole Shu-Han regime has been struggling, waiting for the end in silence. Details may be found and gained more, or they may be much heavier.
Let's take a look at what political legacy Zhuge Liang left for the 27-year-old A after his death:
We know that Shu Han's dream has always been to revive the Han Dynasty, and they are full of ambitions, but this dream has actually been sadly shattered after Zhuge Liangbing defeated Wuzhangyuan.
In 2 19, Shu Han lost an arm in Maicheng;
In 222 AD, the ancestors of Yong 'an City cried blood;
At this point, what is left to Zhuge Liang is only theoretical efforts, and Zhuge Liang also understands: "If you cut Wei today, you will die. If you don't cut it, you will die." However, the strategic attack on Cao Wei should be maintained, whether it is to protect oneself by attacking instead of defending or to destroy the other side's effective strength; The facts recorded in "The History of the Three Kingdoms" clearly show that Sima Yi feared Shu like a tiger, which shows the success of this strategy. Zhuge Liang really did his best for Shu Han. The team of Shu and Han in the 30 years after 234 AD was carefully promoted and cultivated by Prime Minister Zhuge. Zhuge Liang did the following work for the Adou regime:
The first is to eliminate "unstable factors":
The first point is to kill Li Yan. In 23 1 year, Zhuge Liang exempted Li Yan from being Shu Ren. In fact, Li Yan and Zhuge Liang are both important officials, but he suggested that Zhuge Liang learn from Cao Cao and Jiu Xi without moral integrity and was rejected. Later, during the Northern Expedition, soy sauce was used, which didn't contribute.
The second point is to kill Wei Yan, who was born rebellious. Zhuge Liang instructed Yang Yi and Wang Ping to attack Wei Yan and destroy his three clans.
Third, Yang Yi, who secretly expressed her resentment, moved to the county and withdrew from the political stage of Shu and Han.
The second is to leave a reliable team:
In fact, this can be seen from the "model". After Zhuge Liang praised his subordinates' words: "loyal minister", "loyal and honest" and "loyal essence", you can know Zhuge Liang's criteria for selecting and employing people. Zhuge Liang left behind a group of impeccable civil and military teams for Afghanistan, among which Jiang Wan, Jiang Wei and Fei Yi were the most prominent representatives. Judging from the performance of these people in the last 30 years in Shuhan, we have to admire Zhuge Liang's vision. In these thirty years, Shu Han was indeed a very stable regime;
The third is to design a political system suitable for the Adou era:
Zhuge Liang has been monopolizing power since he entrusted orphans, but after his death, the political circles of Shu and Han became more divided and cooperated with each other. The reason for this may be that in Zhuge Liang's time, he mastered too much power himself, but his subordinates were not given the opportunity to exercise. Among them, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi acted more as logistics and staff officers when Zhuge Liang was alive, while Jiang Wei, the military successor, never fought independently. Fortunately, Zhuge Liang also realized this, so he abolished the post of prime minister, put the general in charge of the military and let Shang Shuling take charge of politics. However, due to the fact that Shu Han was a military regime to a great extent, Shang Shuling was subordinate to the general, and many civil and military positions were established on the basis of this framework. This regime design makes it relatively easy for Adou to master state affairs, and also gives Adou enough time and space to control the team left by Zhuge Liang to serve himself.
After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi were in power for 20 years. During the reign of Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, Shu Han mainly rested and protected the environment and people, and rarely launched large-scale wars. You know, when Shu Han perished in 263 AD, the whole Shu Han actually had only about 654.38+households with a population of 800,000, while Shu Han's army was 654.38+households, with basically one soldier for every eight people. This situation can only be described as fishing after fatigue, which is the situation after recuperation. However, the absence of a large-scale war does not mean that these 20 years have passed. In fact, there are some historical events in Jiang Wan's Fei Yi era that are worth understanding, because these events have affected the historical process of the Three Kingdoms period, such as Jiang Wan's plan to March eastward, the prosperous war, and the assassination of Fei Yi.
In 234 AD, Adou put Jiang Wan in power according to Zhuge Liang's entrustment, which lasted until 243 years. In the early days of Jiang Wan's power, he eliminated the shock of Zhuge Liang's death and stabilized the overall situation. In 238, A Dou wrote a letter to Jiang Wan: "The bandits and bandits have not been eliminated, Cao Rui is fierce and arrogant, and the people in the three counties of Liaodong can't bear the tyranny and leave Wei. Instead of attacking each other, Cao Rui and his troops are on a large scale. In the past, when the Qin Dynasty perished, Chen Sheng and Guangwu attacked first. Now this change is a godsend. You should run the army strictly and always lead troops to camp in Hanzhong. As long as Wu Dong transfers its troops to the north, the two countries will form a corner of things and wait for an opportunity to attack. " Jiang Wan was ordered to open a government to govern the country and increase Sima. Sima Yi led an army to crusade against Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong, and Adou imperial edict Jiang Wan led the troops in Hanzhong, waiting for an opportunity to attack Wei with Sun Wu. In six years, Jiang Wan led an army stationed in Hanzhong, but Wei Jun did not dare to pounce.
In the later period of Jiang Wan's administration, he tried to change Zhuge Liang's northern expedition strategy. Jiang Wan thought that Zhuge Liang had sent troops to Qinchuan many times before his death, and the journey was difficult and inconvenient. It's best to go east along Hanshui River and Mianshui River. So, Jiang Wan built a boat to attack the two counties of Wei, but it didn't work. Most North Korean officials believe that it is easy to send troops by water, and it is not the best policy to return in case of failure. So the court sent Fei Yi, a senior official, and Jiang Wei, a military supervisor in China, to Hanzhong to try to dissuade Jiang Wan. Jiang Wan wrote to Dou: "It is my duty to clean up the remnants of the Han Dynasty. I have been a minister in Hanzhong for six years. Because of my dull qualifications and illness, I have never made progress, and I have only difficulty in pitching and can't sleep well. Now Cao Wei is deeply rooted in all parts of Kyushu, and it is not easy to get rid of it. If we join hands with Dongwu to form a horns, we can't annex Wei quickly, and it will slowly erode. But when I arrived at Wu 23rd, I couldn't move, and I forgot to eat and sleep. So I consulted with Fei Yi and others, and thought that Liangzhou was in a dangerous terrain, and money could enter and retreat. Hu Qiangren lived in the Han Dynasty. In the past, he led troops into Qiang, and Guo Huai was a vassal. Calculate its length, it should be the first. Jiang Wei should be the secretariat of Liangzhou, and Jiang Wei stayed in the northwest. I should lead the army to success, and Fucheng county is accessible by land and water. Jiang Wan then moved to Fucheng County, but at that time, Jiang Wan's condition became more and more serious. Moreover, Jiang Wan's campaign plan was widely opposed, failed and died of illness.
In 243 AD, Fei Yi was promoted to general, recorded the history of Shu, and was in charge. When Fei Yi entered Shu as a child, Zhuge Liang was very appreciative, and he was also alert when he arrived in Soochow. After Fei Yi led Yizhou into the secretariat, he entered the most brilliant and dazzling period of his life. When Adou makes a major decision, he should first ask for his advice, and then put it into practice. His every move has attracted much attention. During his administration, he also pursued a policy of recuperation and devoted himself to the development of Shu and Han. He was quite honest as an official for many years, and there was no money left at home when he died. During his tenure, Fei Yi also paid attention to talents, Dong Yun, Du Qiong, Chen Zuo and others. Without a strong desire to attack Wei, Fei Yi paid more attention to domestic stability and governance, so he did not stay in Hanzhong as Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wan did, but preferred to stay in Chengdu. Even if they are outside, once the central government has any major decisions, they often control them remotely.
In 244 AD, Wei attacked Shu on a large scale, and Fei Yi supervised the army to rescue it, leading the troops to conquer Wei. Fei Yi decided to repel the enemy and became a township official;
In 244, Cao Shuang, the general of Wei, defeated Shu, Wang Ping successfully retreated from the enemy, and Fei Yi also arrived in Hanzhong.
In 247, Wenshan Pingkangyi rebelled and was razed by Jiang Wei;
In 247, Liangzhou Bai, Zhi Wudai, etc. Leading the people to the Han Dynasty;
In 248, the minority of Zhai Fuling rebelled and was flattened by the cycling general Deng Yiping;
In 249, Sima Yi of Wei killed Cao Shuang, and Xia Houba, the right general of Wei, surrendered.
In 252, Adou ordered Fei Yi to open a government;
In 253, Fei Yi was the current general of Shu Han and the actual head of Shu Han regime.
However, Fei Yi was stabbed to death by Guo Xiujian of wei ren at the first meeting that year, and said that he should respect Hou. The assassination of Fei Yi shocked the political circles of the three countries and changed the historical trend. Since then, Shu Han has officially entered the era of Jiang Wei.
During the reign of Jiang Wei, the politics of Shu and Han began to become rich and vivid again. After gaining the military dominance of Shu and Han, Jiang Wei launched six large-scale northern expeditions. Jiang Wei completely adopted the principle of Zhuge Liang's attack and defense, regardless of the national strength of Shu, and frequently launched wars against Cao Wei.
In 253, Fei Yi was assassinated. In summer, Jiang Wei led tens of thousands of people to besiege Nan 'an, but had already withdrawn because of the exhaustion of food rations.
In 254, Jiang Wei was added to the Shu-Han court to supervise internal and external military affairs. Jiang Wei led the army out of Longxi and successively attacked Hejian, Heguan and Lintao.
In 255, Jiang went out to drip, failed to ambush, and retreated to the clock.
In 256, Jiang Wei was promoted to general. Two ways to send troops to attack Wei, invalid. Demote yourself as a post-general and do general military work;
In 257, Jiang Wei led the troops out of Qinchuan and led ten thousand people out of Luogu. Wei Jun's adherence to the Great Wall is fruitless;
In 258, Adou resumed the position of General Jiang Wei;
In 262, Jiang Wei led an army to attack Wei, defeated by Wargo, and retreated to the stack. When eunuch Huang Hao was engaged in politics, he wanted to abolish Jiang Wei and train right-wing general Yan Yu. Jiang Wei asked to kill Huang Hao, but Adou refused. Jiang Wei is afraid to go back to Chengdu and plant wheat.
In 263, Jiang Wei heard that Zhong Hui would rule Guanzhong, invited Adou, and sent Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to Yang 'an Pass and Yinping Bridge respectively, so as to nip in the bud. However, Huang Hao heard a ghost and told Liu Chan that the enemy would not come, and officials in Shu Han didn't know about it. Wei Junbing cut Shu in five ways. When Zhong Hui was going to Luogu and Wargo was going into the middle of the crib, Liao Hua was sent to support the middle of the crib, and Yi Cheung and Dong Jue supported Yang 'an Pass. Jiang Wei was pinned down by Wargo and retreated to level tone. Zhong Hui besieged the cities of Han and Le, and sent an army to tackle key problems. Shu fought Fu Qian to death, while Jiang Shu surrendered in Kaesong. Zhong Yiguan had been captured, so he marched in. Jiang Wei and Liao Hua had to give up the level tone, meet Zhang Yi and Dong Jue, and surrender to Jiange. Zhong Hui wrote to persuade Jiang Wei to surrender, but Jiang Wei did not respond. Zhong Hui could not attack for a long time, so he discussed and prepared to withdraw. At this time, Wargo was smuggling through the ancient road, invading Mianzhu and defeating Zhuge Zhan. Liu Chan surrendered in Kaesong and ordered Jiang Wei to surrender. Sergeant Jiang Wei drew his sword and cut stones to vent his anger, but he was helpless. Jiang Wei led the army to surrender to Zhong Hui. After Jiang Wei surrendered to Zhong Hui, he knew that Zhong Hui would be rebellious, so he persuaded Zhong Hui to try to kill Jiang Wei. On the one hand, Zhong Hui framed Wargo, and on the other hand, he was ready to rise up and rebel. However, when it came to light, Jiang Wei was killed, and he lost the reputation that "Shu officials are all handsome in the world, and Wei has no right".
In the era of Jiang Wei, after Jiang Wan and Fei Yi came to power, Shu Han had been in power for twenty years, and "the border was peaceful". The overall social situation at that time was much better than that of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition. In addition, the combat frequency of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition is lower than that of Zhuge Liang's era, but the overall combat effectiveness is better. However, Jiang Wei was completely isolated in the court of Shu and Han dynasties. In the end, Dong Jue, Fan Jianhe and senior generals of Shu army, Liao Hua, Zhang Yi, Hu Ji and Yan Yu, all strongly opposed Jiang Wei. Even Zhuge Zhan, the son of Zhuge Liang and the general of Wei, disapproved of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition. Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue and others even plotted to overhead Jiang Wei.
Moreover, in the last Shu-Han Great Patriotic War, Jiang Wei made major mistakes one after another. A series of military deployments obviously violate military common sense, and repeated mistakes are full of loopholes, which is puzzling. Now it seems that if Jiang Weiyuan hadn't left the defense in the middle of the pile, Wei wouldn't have launched that war at this time. What is even more puzzling is that Jiang Wei later ordered Hanzhong Shoujiang to abandon most of the dangerous valleys on the border and defend Hanzhong's second line of defense with his own main force-Han, Le and Yangpingguan. This made Wei Jun's main force easily break through the first line of defense and directly enter Hanzhong Basin. Since then, Jiang Wei's army has fallen into a more passive position. By this time, they had lost contact with North Korea. I don't know whether Adou stuck to Chengdu or took refuge in Soochow or Zhongnan. So, Jiang Wei once again made a puzzling decision. Instead of maneuvering directly to Chengdu, he inexplicably drove eastward to Guang 'an and then southward from Guang 'an. After receiving a letter from Adou, the army headed for Yunxian County. According to the mileage calculation, if Jiang Wei doesn't make a detour and go straight to Chengdu, he can catch up with the Wargo Corps before Adou surrenders. Only three months after Wei Zhi wrote the book, Adou sent envoys out of the city to submit the surrender. The end of the Shu-Han regime is really full of doubts and controversies.
Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei worked hard to govern Shu Han for nearly 30 years, and Shu Han was the first to perish. The reason is that, due to the weak national strength of Shu and Han, although these three men were outstanding figures at that time, there was still a clear gap compared with Sima Brothers and Lu Kang of Cao Wei and Dongwu. Jiang Wan and Fei Yi can only "keep Zhuge's promise, follow it and remain unchanged", and Jiang Wei "is familiar with civil and military affairs and can do a lot". Then why did Zhuge Liang personally train successors to lead to such a situation?
The reason lies in Zhuge Liang's centralized psychology. Zhuge Liang is in charge of the military and political power of Shu and Han, and "everything is special." Too much power leads to the rest of the people not getting the opportunity to exercise. When Zhuge Liang was alive, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi were more logistics and staff officers, while military successor Jiang Wei never fought independently. "Zhuge Liang was cautious all his life" is the best explanation, not only that Zhuge Liang has to personally ask questions about all political, military and diplomatic affairs of Shu Han, but even that "if he is fined more than 20, he will personally ask questions". Under such circumstances, the successors they trained have not been fully trained, and their abilities are bound to be flawed. It is not surprising that the Shu-Han regime they were in charge of was the first to perish among the three countries.
Xiao He was defeated by Xiao He, but we also have to say that it was Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei who inherited Zhuge Liang's legacy and wholeheartedly assisted Adou, so that Shu Han continued for another 30 years. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi adopted a closed-door policy, which greatly enhanced the national strength of Shu Han, and they were loyal to Adou. Thanks to their painstaking efforts, the Shuhan regime did not collapse immediately after Zhuge Liang's death, but lasted for 30 years, and Adou continued to be emperor for 30 years, thus making Adou reign for more than 40 years and become one of the longest reigning emperors in China history.
Careful readers here may have questions, 30 years after Zhuge Liang's death, how did A Dou behave? In history, Adou was criticized as the king of national subjugation. Because "I don't think about it", I have been laughed at for thousands of years. So what kind of emperor was A Dou?
After Zhuge Liang died, Liu Chan persisted for 30 years. Although there is no great achievement, there is no big problem in Shu Han, which is a smooth transition to extinction. Liu Chan ruled state affairs for 30 years. In the early days when Adou proclaimed himself emperor, Zhuge Liang came first, followed by Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and others. The politics was clear, the country was prosperous and the people were safe. Visible, as long as there is a good minister, Adou can be a qualified emperor.
After Zhuge Liang's death, Adou immediately ordered that military and political officials should not mourn in the army. Subsequently, he immediately filled the power vacuum in the post-Zhuge Liang era and began to cultivate his own controllable forces. Then Adou began to clean up Zhuge Liang's military and political influence, especially refusing to build a temple for Zhuge Liang immediately. Let Zhuge Liang's influence quickly cool down, Adou's voice was gradually accepted by the people, and the arrangement of the central government was completed, and Adou became the actual administrative and military leader. After the political situation was stable, Jiang Wan was appointed as the general, and the military power was opened to Jiang Wan. Adou is very clever, giving power bit by bit, and not letting anyone gain absolute influence instantly. On this basis, he established a prince, sealed the prince, established a new queen, and then began to decentralize. Five years after Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan came to power. At this time, Liu Chan has completely controlled the state affairs.
Liu Chan's high understanding and flexible use of power made Jiang Wan see that it was difficult for powerful ministers to have a good end, so he gave up administrative power, so Fei Yi got orders from ministers, and then Dong Yun got a piece of it, eventually forming a regime with Jiang Wan as the core, but the power was dispersed to three people. Liu Chan completely controlled the situation, and it lasted until the demise of Shu Han.
As an emperor, Dou must take the situation into his own hands, which is understandable. But the advantage of A Dou is that he is not greedy for power and suspicious. During Zhuge Liang's monopolization of Shu, Adou was completely overhead. Normal people get angry, but Liu Chan doesn't, at least on the surface. Later, Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Jiang Wei came to power, and their power was beyond the normal range, but Liu Chan never doubted them. Jiang Wei, in particular, has been with the Shu army for a long time. Another emperor, Jiang Wei will never have a good end. It seems that Adou's mind is much broader than his father Liu Bei's. He is a master. Such an atmospheric emperor is rare in the history of China. As the weakest of the three countries, Adou led the state of Shu for 4 1 year. During this period, there was neither infighting nor political struggle in Shu and Han dynasties, and the regime was very stable.
In terms of treating the people, Adou immediately issued a letter to the whole territory after surrendering, which was the last imperial edict he issued as an emperor. As the emperor wrote, the content requires all soldiers in the army to give up their weapons and resistance, and no property in the government can be damaged. Farmers working in farmland should stop harvesting, and all families should keep their grain output. Because Shu Han has surrendered, everything belongs to the great state of Wei, and everything must be rewarded by the China authorities. In times of crisis, what should be broken is broken, so as to save the people of the country. This decision is much more noble than Liu Bei's constant encouragement of ordinary people to serve himself for his own self-interest.
What needs special explanation is that Qiao Zhou, a doctor of Shu Han Guanglu, and Ling Yongzheng, his secretary, were criticized for their disgraceful roles in the process of urging Adou to surrender. However, according to various historical records, Qiao Zhou and Yongzheng are not the kind of people who covet wealth and curry favor with face. They are honest scholars who are indifferent to fame and fortune and poor and happy. There is no attempt to gain personal fame and fortune, nor does it beg for the wealth and prosperity of individuals, families or other stakeholders by persuasion afterwards. In 264, Adou went to Luoyang, and many old ministers didn't want to go with him. He only cares about his own personal safety, always accompanies his old master, always takes good care of him and never gives up. His behavior is quite different from the traditional image of fearing death and fighting for glory.
From AD 234 to AD 263, the ruling class of Shu and Han fought for the survival of the country and the stable life of the people from top to bottom. Trapped in a corner of the country, the national strength was weak, and the number and level of talents were relatively limited, thus becoming the first destroyed regime in the three countries. But we can't ignore these 30 years, ignore the struggle and efforts of these people in the past 30 years, because they have not been mediocre, muddling along and coveting pleasure; This is hard work and hard support, and we must pay tribute to Shu Han for these 30 years.
References:
1. History of the Three Kingdoms
2. History of the Three Kingdoms
3. Historical research of the Three Kingdoms