Case 1: When Zhang Gang, a certified public accountant, finished auditing the accounting statements of Dahua Company in 2000, the chief financial officer of Dahua Company suggested that it was unnecessary to check the payment voucher of 200 1 to confirm the accounting records in 2000. The reasons are as follows: some invoices in 2000 were received too late to be recorded in the payment accounting voucher of 65438+February, and all of them have been recorded by transfer entries; After many years, the company's internal auditors conducted spot checks; The company is willing to provide an exhaustive description of the debt business.

Case 2: Wu Sheng, a certified public accountant, found that the company was unable to pay RMB 65,438+10,000 (excluding VAT, the same below) due to its poor financial situation. After consultation with creditors, the following debt restructuring agreement was reached: creditors agreed to offset the above debts with the total cost of products produced by emerging companies of 60,000 yuan. This year, the two sides have fulfilled the debt restructuring agreement, but the emerging companies have not handled the accounts according to the regulations.

Case 3: When the certified public accountant Wen Li audited the accounts payable of Company H, he found that Company A had accounts payable with an age of more than 3 years-6 million yuan. By consulting the original vouchers and asking relevant business personnel, we failed to obtain enough audit evidence to prove the business nature of the money and determine the existence of liabilities.

Case 4: When Wu Sheng, a certified public accountant, audited the accounts payable of the emerging company, he found that the G goods purchased by the company on February 28, 65438, amounting to 500,000 yuan, had been included in the inventory on February 28, 65438, and had been physically counted. However, it was not until June 5 of the following year that 65438+ received the invoice from the seller, and the accounting was processed on June 5 of the following year. There is no record of purchase and corresponding liabilities in this year.

(B) Case analysis

Through the analysis of the first case, we can see the following problems: when the CPA just carried out the procedure of checking the unrecorded debts, the original audit procedure was changed because the customer had used the transfer entry to record the overdue invoices in 2000? Is it affected by the customer's willingness to provide an exhaustive debt statement? Can audit procedures be cancelled or reduced due to the work of internal auditors?

1. Customers account for overdue bills through transfer, which simplifies the spot check of unrecorded debts by certified public accountants and reduces the possibility of further adjustment, but this does not affect the spot check of 200 1 payment accounting vouchers by certified public accountants. This spot check is the same as the reason why customers need to review complete and correct statements.

2. The exhaustive debt statement provided by the customer cannot be used as an appropriate audit procedure, but only provides additional guarantee to the certified public accountant. As internal evidence, its probative force is weak, which can not reduce the responsibility of CPA's spot check.

3. If the certified public accountant finds that the internal auditor has professional ability and reasonable independence, and has checked the unrecorded debts, after discussing the nature, time and scope of its procedures with the internal auditor and reviewing its working papers, the certified public accountant can reduce the spot check on the unrecorded debts he intends to carry out, and never cancel the spot check.

4. Certified public accountants can also review unrecorded debts through the following channels: (1) unfilled purchase invoices; (2) the customer's income tax settlement and payment declaration form that was not approved in the previous year; (3) Discuss with customers; (4) the statement of the customer management organization; (5) Compared with the previous year's account balance; (6) Review of relevant funds in the period after the period; (7) Existing contracts, contracts, litigation records, lawyers' bills and letters; (8) Communication between major suppliers; (9) Spot check relevant accounts as of the deadline, such as inventory and fixed assets.

The second case involves debt restructuring. According to the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises-Debt Restructuring, the debtor's accounting treatment is as follows: "If the debt is paid off with non-cash assets, the debtor shall take the difference between the book value of the restructured debt and the fair value of the transferred non-cash assets as the debt restructuring income and include it in the current profit and loss; The difference between the fair value of the transferred non-cash assets and their book value is regarded as the profit and loss of asset transfer and included in the current profit and loss. " To this end, the audit treatment of certified public accountants should be:

(1) Submit the verification to the audited entity for supplementary accounting treatment in accordance with regulations, and adjust the amount of related items in accounting statements;

(2) The verification and adjustment of the audited entity shall be recorded in the audit working papers in detail;

(3) If the auditee refuses to adjust, the auditor should consider the audit report with reservations.

According to the requirements of the auditing standards for certified public accountants, in order to confirm the existence of the liabilities of the audited entity, auditors must obtain sufficient audit evidence. For the audit problems found in case 3, certified public accountants should supplement the alternative audit procedures (tracing the original vouchers and the instructions of the handling personnel, and asking for the corresponding certificates from the other party by letter, etc.). ) In addition to finding out the nature of economic business, get the confirmation reply from the other party. If sufficient audit evidence cannot be obtained through the above procedures, the auditor should consider the audit report with qualified opinions.

It should also be noted that, compared with the audit of asset projects, when auditing debt projects, certified public accountants focus on preventing enterprises from underestimating liabilities, which is often accompanied by underestimating costs and expenses, thus achieving the purpose of overestimating profits. Underestimation of liabilities is often a hidden document, which will not leave conclusive evidence and increase the difficulty of auditing. Therefore, when auditing debt projects, certified public accountants should design some special procedures to find out the unrecorded liabilities.

(3) case evaluation

Accounts payable are debts incurred by enterprises for purchasing goods and receiving services. In the balance sheet; Accounts payable are generally relatively large current liabilities, which are important factors that must be considered when evaluating the short-term solvency of enterprises. Together with notes payable, it has become the main commercial credit form of enterprises and one of its important sources of funds. In audit practice, the substantial test of accounts payable by certified public accountants can be completed through the following audit procedures.

1. Get or prepare a list of accounts payable. When conducting a substantive test on the balance of accounts payable, certified public accountants usually ask the audited entity or make a detailed account of accounts payable by themselves to determine whether the amount of accounts payable on the balance sheet of the audited entity is consistent with its detailed account.

2. Analyze the detailed balance of accounts payable and make necessary reclassification. Auditors should investigate and analyze whether there is a negative balance in the detailed balance of accounts payable in combination with previous annual audits; Whether the accounts that should be accounted for in other accounts payable and prepayments should be accounted for in accounts payable. If there is such a problem, it should be reclassified.

3. Confirmation of accounts payable. Under normal circumstances, if it is an enterprise that continuously entrusts audit, the existing audit procedures are fully implemented, and accounts payable can be replaced by audit procedures, or mainly rely on analytical review. On the working day of field audit, the reply results should be summarized and analyzed to find out the reasons for the differences and make adjustments.

4. Find out the accounts payable that have not been accounted for. Finding the unrecorded accounts payable is an important supplementary procedure to the substantive test procedure of accounts payable, and its purpose is to prevent enterprises from underestimating accounts payable. When checking whether an enterprise has unrecorded accounts payable, a certified public accountant can also ask the accounting and purchasing personnel of the audited entity, and consult the capital budget, work notice, infrastructure contract, etc. If a certified public accountant finds accounts payable that have not been recorded according to the above procedures, he should record the relevant information in detail in the audit working paper, and then decide whether to recommend the audited entity to make corresponding adjustments according to its importance.

5. Select the detailed account that failed to confirm the letter, the ending balance changed greatly, and the letter substitution test was unsuccessful.

6. Check whether the accounts payable have been properly disclosed in the accounting statements and notes. Focus on the following issues: (1) the aging distribution of the ending balance of accounts payable; (2) List the main creditors according to the amount of liabilities from large to small; (3) Litigation disputes related to accounts payable and their potential impact; (4) Accounts payable to affiliated enterprises.

7. Ask the enterprise management department for the balance sheet. Although this instruction can't reduce the audit responsibility of certified public accountants, it can effectively remind the enterprise management authorities to bear the main responsibility for the fair expression of accounting statements, and make it clear that the audit responsibility of certified public accountants can't replace, reduce or exempt the accounting responsibility and other management responsibilities of the audited units.