On the Progress and Limitation of Tolstoy's World Outlook from Resurrection

Resurrection, written in (1889- 1899), is Tolstoy's masterpiece and his masterpiece after the change of world outlook. It is based on a true story. Resurrection is Tolstoy's artistic will. She is approaching his old age, which is the last or highest peak. Tolstoy has just turned seventy. He looked at the world, his life, his faith and his sacred anger. He looks at everything from a height, which is the same as his previous works, and it is also for the sake of hypocritical war. But the artist's spirit dominates the works, and there is a religious silence mixed with the turbulent spirit and gloomy irony, which escapes from the world reflected in his heart.

(1) The author originally wanted to write a moral and psychological novel, but in the process of writing, his ideas changed greatly. The author participated in the disaster relief work from 189 1 to 1892, and realized that there is a huge gap between farmers and landlords, and the poverty of farmers is caused by private ownership of land. Therefore, the author focuses all his attention on exposing the existing system, making it a work with extensive and profound social content and distinct political inclination.

All the masks torn off by "the most sober realism" in the novel reveal the hypocrisy of the legal system and the anti-people nature. The novel criticizes the whole bureaucratic system, portrays the ugly faces of officials at all levels in state institutions, mercilessly exposes the hypocrisy of the official church, exposes the philistine faces of priests and the absurdity of religious ceremonies, and shows farmers' deep hatred for being cheated and blackmailed by the church for a long time. The novel also discusses the root of people's suffering from the economic system, denies the private ownership of land, and puts forward the view that to solve the contradiction between farmers and land, the land must be returned to farmers, which shows the author's correct understanding of land and also reflects the peasants' angry protest against land ownership on the eve of Russian bourgeois revolution. However, Tolstoy criticized farmers from the perspective of patriarchal clan system. The novel is full of contradictions, on the one hand, it reflects the peasants' revolution, on the other hand, it reflects their "immaturity of fantasy, lack of political literacy and weakness of revolution." The novel vigorously promotes a whole set of Tolstoy's thoughts, such as "no violence against evil", "moral self-improvement", "forgiveness" and "love", and even copies the doctrine of "love, help and serve the enemy" in the Gospel. Tolstoy is a mirror reflecting the strength and weakness of Russian farmers.

(2) The change of Tolstoy's world outlook is the result of his long-term spiritual exploration, and it is also the reflection of Russian social development in his thoughts. Lenin profoundly expounded the social and historical reasons and characteristics of Tolstoy's world outlook change. He wrote: "The sharp destruction of all the old foundations in rural Russia has strengthened his concern for the surrounding things and deepened his interest in all this, which has changed his whole world view." As far as birth and education are concerned, Tolstoy belongs to the upper-class aristocratic society in Russia, but he abandoned all the traditional concepts of this class and turned to the view of patriarchal farmers. After Tolstoy's transformation, there are still obvious contradictions in his views, which are manifested in the following two aspects:

On the one hand, [1] criticized all the existing state systems, church systems and economic systems most fiercely. The performance in the work "Resurrection" is typical of the "repentant aristocrat" represented by Nekhludoff. He is an ideal aristocratic intellectual, bearing the imprint of the author's own ideological development process. When he was young, Nekhludoff was pure and kind, pursuing sincere love. However, all his bad habits were developed by aristocratic families. The aristocratic society and the dissolute and corrupt lifestyle of the Russian army made him degenerate into a selfish person. He seduced Maslova and then abandoned her. Ten years later, when he saw Maslova in court, he realized that he was the chief culprit of her depravity and misfortune. He is determined to atone for Maslova and marry him. In the process of Maslova's appeal for rehabilitation, he made extensive contact with all walks of life and further realized the social ills. Through visiting poor farmers, I realized the irrationality of private ownership of land. In the process of going in and out of the court and prison, he saw the innocent victims of the people and realized that the suffering of the people was caused by the land class and society. His thoughts began to sublimate, rising from the standpoint of the land class to that of the patriarchal peasants. It shows the progressive side of Tolstoy's world outlook.

[2] On the other hand, Tolstoy publicized his moral preaching. After the failure of the appeal, Nekhludoff gave up his property and aristocratic life and went to Siberia with Maslova. Finally, he found a way to eliminate evil forces in the gospels, that is, he should always admit his crimes before God, forgive everyone and work hard for the happiness of mankind according to God's will. The author thinks that Nekhludoff has been "resurrected" spiritually. Maslova in the novel is a typical woman of lower class who is insulted and hurt. He was first seduced by Nekhludoff, then driven away by his master and reduced to the bottom of society. Finally, an innocent girl degenerated into a numb and coquettish prostitute. Her angry condemnation of Nekhludoff expressed a woman's accusation and protest against the aristocratic society. Later, he was moved by Nekhludoff's sincerity, changed his view of her and got rid of his old bad habits. Simonsson, a noble political prisoner, promoted her rebirth and her spiritual and moral "resurrection". It shows that Tolstoy's worldview also has its limitations, and his "resurrection" is limited to the fields of "spirit" and "morality".

(3) All the contradictions in Resurrection reflect the revolutionary essence and weakness of Russian patriarchal peasants. Therefore, Lenin said: "As a prophet who invented modern technology, Tolstoy is ridiculous-as a reflection of the thoughts and feelings of millions of Russian farmers when the Russian bourgeois revolution is coming, Tolstoy is great." The contradiction in Tolstoy's viewpoint is indeed a reflection of various contradictions in the historical activities of farmers during the Russian Revolution. A reflection of the situation. "It reflects that the people's ocean has been surging to the deepest seabed, reflecting all its weaknesses and its advantages. This is his greatness. In his later years, Tolstoy devoted himself to "commoners", worked hard and lived frugally, hoping to give up private property and aristocratic privileges, so the contradiction with his family became more and more acute. Finally, the 82-year-old man secretly ran away from home and died on the journey.

Even though Resurrection is not as harmonious and full as his early works, it is still the most beautiful poem praising human compassion, reflecting the progress and limitations of Tolstoy's worldview and giving readers a profound shock.

These should be very useful, judging from his main works.