Argument reading skills 1, argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view, and it should be a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.
A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (command sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).
⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. 2 analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)
B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author puts forward questions from the story, then gradually analyzes and infers, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.
2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).
(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).
3, argument (how to prove)
(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.
(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.
⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.
(3) Integrity of argument (A: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)
(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.
4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).
⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.
5, refute the reading of the paper
(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute it, and what reasons and arguments are used; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?
6. Common test sites
(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:
(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.
(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.
Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.
Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.
Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.
(2), argumentation test center:
Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments.
1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language.
2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret the original meaning when quoting indirectly.
(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.
Reading skills of argumentative essays 1. Definition: Argumentative writing is a style with argumentation as the main expression.
By stating facts, reasoning and using logical reasoning, the author shows his views and attitudes towards a certain problem and expounds his views and opinions on a certain phenomenon.
Second, the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
1, argument: the author's thoughts, opinions, opinions. (correct and vivid)
Note: Argumentative essays generally have only one argument, and some also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument, which are also used to prove the central argument.
2. Ways to find arguments:
First look at the title of the article.
Second, we should pay attention to the position of the argument in the article.
(1) Title disclosure; (For example: "Second, bowing your head is also a kind of life wisdom", "Fourth, happiness is an ability", "Twelfth, persistence is everything" and "Thirteenth, carry your interest to the end".
(2) Put forward at the beginning; (For example, "Five, giving up is also a kind of happiness", "Six, one must despise something", "Nine, let Excellence become a habit" and "Eighteen, books have their own golden houses. Twenty-one, tell the truth.
(3) clearly put forward during the discussion;
(4) summary;
5] It is not put forward in the article, and readers need to summarize it themselves.
Pay attention to distinguish between topics and arguments.
Thesis is the main content to be expounded in an argumentative paper, and argument is a sentence in which the author makes a clear judgment on the content expounded.
Exercise:
Do honest people always suffer? In the corrupt and dark old society, it is not surprising that honest people suffer, or even commonplace. However, with the development and progress of society, it is no longer a common and normal phenomenon for honest people to suffer losses. A dishonest person may get carried away for a while, but in the end he will suffer. Mr. Lu Xun will drown himself by telling such a lie. On the day when hallucinations and lies are exposed, how should a liar treat others? Some flatterers and speculators may be appreciated by the boss for a while, but will he always be proud of the spring breeze? As the saying goes, "cleverness is mistaken by cleverness", and a dishonest person will eventually pay the price for his dishonesty. Generally speaking, there is nothing to lose by being honest.
The argument of this paper is:
3. Argument: the materials to prove the argument (true)
(1) parameter type
(1) factual argument: it is a representative case and historical fact. (including historical facts, stories, real-life examples and social phenomena)
② Reasoning and argumentation: some correct theories, famous sayings and aphorisms, axioms, etc.
(3) Comparative argument: generally, the correctness of the argument is proved by comparing two aspects.
(4) Metaphorical argument, which uses figurative rhetoric to prove the argument.
Exercise:
Diligence makes wisdom. Legend has it that there was an orator named Demosthenes in ancient Greece. Because he stuttered when he was a child, his voice was vague and his pronunciation was inaccurate, and he was often overwhelmed by eloquent opponents. But he was not discouraged and discouraged. In order to overcome this weakness and defeat his eloquent opponent, he recited to the sea with a stone in his mouth every day, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and persisted for 50 years, even running while climbing mountains to give a speech, and finally became one of the most famous speakers in Greece. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, told a story: There was a man named Chen in Fuzhou who was very slow to respond. He only reads 50 words at a time, and he has to read a short article once or twice to get familiar with it. He is neither lazy nor lazy. He studies hard and practices hard. Others watched it once, and he watched it three or four times. As time goes on, his knowledge increases day by day. Later, he became a learned man who had never read any books. This shows that even if the talent is poor and the reaction is slow, you can make a fool of yourself as long as you are diligent.
1, the topic of this paper is:
2. Write two arguments in the article in simple language:
Argument 1: This argument belongs to the argument.
Argument 2: This argument is an argument.
4. Demonstration methods and functions
(1) Demonstration with examples: Demonstration with concrete examples makes it easier for people to accept the author's views or opinions.
Format: opinion or truth ... strongly proved by the following examples. ....
(2) Reasoning: Quote famous sayings or epigrams to make the argument authoritative and more convincing.
Format: Quoting famous sayings and proverbs strongly proves the viewpoint or truth of … and enhances the persuasiveness of the article.
3. Metaphorical argument: it can vividly prove the author's point of view and make the reasoning vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Compare … with … figuratively, and demonstrate the viewpoint of … vividly, making the argument simple and clear.
④ Contrastive argument: highlight the correctness or importance of the author's point of view, and make the reasoning more powerful.
Format: Contrast … with … to highlight the point of ….
Exercise:
Some people say that Lei Feng is no longer an example for us to realize the four modernizations and climb the peak of science and technology. Without advanced science and technology, there will be no four modernizations. It is absolutely right for us to study science and technology hard. It is necessary for us to learn from all successful scientists. But it can't take the place of learning from Lei Feng. Marx once said: "History holds that those who devote themselves to the public welfare and thus make themselves noble are great". Marx also said: "Anyone who only works for himself may of course become a famous scholar, a great philosopher or an outstanding poet, but he can never be perfect or truly great."
1. What is the main argument method of this paragraph? What's the use of this argument?
(reasoning. A strong argument for the view that Lei Feng is still a model for us to realize the four modernizations and climb the peak of science and technology)
The test sites for argumentative essays are as follows.
1. Find out the central argument of the article (see above for the method).
2. Determine the types of argumentation and summarize the main contents of argumentation (two types: factual argumentation and rational argumentation).
3. Find out the argumentation method used in this article or this paragraph, and analyze its function. (Four demonstration methods, see above for the format)
4. What is the argumentation idea (process) of the full text (paragraph)? (See below)
5. Taste the benefits or functions of adding words to sentences.
6. Add factual arguments or rational arguments to the article.
7. Do you agree with the author? Please provide a justification for the answer.
8. The role of citing factual arguments or rational arguments at the beginning of the article.
9. Structural features of the full text (or paragraph) of an argumentative paper: total-subtotal, total-subtotal and subtotal. The function of argumentative paragraphs: guiding the full text, guiding the following, transcending, summarizing the full text and echoing before and after.
Third, argumentative thinking (from the whole article, the argument is the central argument, that is, the reasoning process)
Argumentative thinking format: first, cite examples (words) to prove the viewpoint of … from the front, then prove the viewpoint of … from the back with quotations (examples), prove it through comparative argument, and finally prove it through metaphorical argument, thus effectively proving the central argument.
Four, the language characteristics of argumentative writing: accuracy, rigor, logic, vividness and distinctiveness.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Argumentative structure: ask questions, analyze problems and solve problems.
The function of the first paragraph of intransitive verbs;
Format: 1 At the beginning, the central argument is drawn through examples (or truths) to attract readers' attention (thinking, interest). 3. As the factual argument (or rational argument) of this paper, it proves the central argument.
Seventh, the role of the last paragraph of the argumentative essay:
Format: 1 Deepen the central argument and draw the conclusion of …. 2. Re-emphasize the central argument. 3. Call or exhort people ... 4. Supplement the argument to make it more rigorous.
Argumentative reading skills ★ exam questions
Throughout the years, the reading questions of argumentative papers in the senior high school entrance examination mainly include the following aspects:
1. Find or refine an argument. The argument should be a clear judgment and a complete statement of the author's point of view. Formally, it should be a complete sentence to find the correct argument: first, read the article carefully, then look at the title, beginning and end, and find the corresponding sentence. Often an argumentative essay needs to be demonstrated after the argument is put forward in the previous article, and then the argument will be emphasized at the end, and this experience can be considered when answering questions.
2. Summarize the author's ideas. This paper mainly examines the students' overall grasp of the article, and the answers should be accurately summarized and skillfully connected. The language expression is as follows: first, the argument or sub-argument is drawn through …, then it is discussed with examples or famous sayings of …, and finally the conclusion of ….
3. Analyze the role of individual statements at the beginning or middle of the article. If we analyze the function of the opening and answer such questions, its opening is often very characteristic, such as the opening of the story and the opening of the scenery. The purpose of doing this is often to pave the way for the following arguments or topics, so that the opening is novel and unique and attracts readers; At the same time, these things can also be used as examples to prove the argument. So be sure to contact the content of the following article and grasp the context. If we examine the structure and function of the middle sentence, it usually plays a transitional role in connecting the preceding with the following.
4. Screening of article information. What is the reason for XXXXX? What is the function of XXXX? For this kind of questions, the answers to these questions can basically be answered by selecting the original sentences from the text. The original sentences may be concentrated in a certain paragraph, or they may be juxtaposed in several natural paragraphs. We should grasp some central sentences or key sentences. Another common way is to add words such as "this way", "this situation" and "this way". What does this article mean? The answer to this kind of question often comes before the word.
5. Model law. Mainly from two aspects:
1) discrimination and demonstration methods. The commonly used argumentation methods are: example argumentation, reason argumentation (especially quotation), metaphor argumentation and comparative argumentation.
(2) Analysis and demonstration methods. The language is as follows: ① Illustration: Illustration: quoting famous sayings or proverbs, proverbs, etc. , fully and forcefully demonstrated the viewpoint of …, and enhanced the persuasiveness of the article. (3) Comparative argument: discuss from both positive and negative aspects, and point of view ……………………………………. (4) Metaphorical argument: It vividly demonstrates that ... by analogy with events, the argument is easy to understand and be accepted. Sometimes there is more than one argument for a paragraph, and you have to find all the answers. In exams, examples, metaphors and comparative arguments can often be considered.
6. Supplementary arguments. It mainly examines students' usual knowledge accumulation and requires supplementary factual arguments or rational arguments that can prove the central argument or sub-argument. (1) To supplement factual arguments, we should choose real and typical cases, summarize the narrative and stick to the arguments. The selected facts and viewpoints should be unified, otherwise the persuasiveness of factual arguments will be lost. Give more examples of celebrities, describe them according to the key words in the requirements, fully embody supplementary arguments, and quote authoritative famous sayings, poems, proverbs and so on. Be complete and accurate when quoting, don't be arrogant and take it out of context.
7. Analyze the function or meaning of keywords. This kind of question should be combined with the context and try to figure out its specific meaning. These words often embody metaphors, and we are often asked to write their metaphorical meanings in exams. The other category (whether added words can be removed) is often some words that play a restrictive role in sentences. After being removed, the scope is often expanded or the tone is lifeless, so there are many loopholes and the discussion is not accurate. The answer format is similar to explanatory text.
8. Imitate writing. In order to test students' language expression ability, they are required to write one or two sentences after imitating the given sentences. When imitating writing, we should do the following: ① The sentence patterns are consistent. Analyze the structural characteristics of example sentences, divide each sentence in example sentences into several parts, and determine the reserved and modified parts. The same is true of rhetoric. If the given example uses some rhetoric, you must pay attention to the same rhetoric as the example when writing imitation sentences. ③ Semantic coherence. The sentences written should conform to the whole paragraph, and the emotional color and style should be consistent.
9. expand. Please give your opinion on this article: when answering questions, 1, you should clearly agree or disagree (according to the question), 2, give examples in life, and pay attention to whether it is necessary to make a brief analysis in combination with reality. For example: for example, what are some specific things we encounter in our lives, and how do we deal with them? In life, we need XXXXXXXXXX, which can make our life XXXXXXXXXX, let us XXXXXXXXXX. So, we want XXXXXXXXX.