The modern geological survey in Songshan area began in the early 20th century. 1936, Cao Shilu, a former technician of Kaifeng Geological Survey, made a route geological survey around Songshan Mountain and wrote about geology and minerals in Yanshi County, Xishui County, Dengfeng County, Yiyang County, Luoyang County and Linru County of Henan Province. , published in the fifth issue of Henan Geological Survey, the geological map of Yanshi County, Dengfeng City, Henan Province, with the scale of1:400,000. Although this geological map is simple in content, it may be the earliest geological map of Songshan. This report counts the production status of many small coal mines in Dengfeng City, and the total coal output is about 38,780 tons.

1948, The Records of Coal Mines in Henan Province compiled by the former Geological Survey of Henan Province has a "Geological Map of Dengfeng County, Henan Province" with a scale of1:400,000.

These surveys are route geological surveys, aiming at finding coal and iron ore, and the survey route is arranged in the coal measures strata distribution area around Songshan.

Professor Zhang Bosheng (1903 ~ 1990)

Professor Feng Jinglan (1898 ~ 1976)

After 1949, in order to restore economy and develop industry, it is urgent to develop mineral resources. At the beginning of 1950, Henan Geological Survey Institute (renamed the First Survey Institute of Heavy Industry Department of Central South Military and Political Commission in July of the same year) was ordered by the Henan Provincial People's Government to organize an unprecedented geological survey in Henan Province. Henan Geological Survey has gathered technicians who have been separated by years of war and set up a mineral survey team in western Henan. Han Yingshan, Cao Shilu, Yan and Xie Enze, the main technical backbones of the Institute, participated in the survey. Henan Provincial People's Government also invited Henan geologists Feng Jinglan (tanghe county) and Zhang Bosheng (Xingyang County) for technical guidance. After three months of field work, the investigation team compiled the Investigation Report on Geology and Minerals in Western Henan, discovered Xiaoguan bauxite in Gongxian County, correctly evaluated the prospective reserves of Pingdingshan coalfield, and laid the foundation for two major coal and aluminum production bases. Professor Zhang Bosheng discovered the unconformity contact relationship between gneiss and quartzite in southwest ditch of Datasi in Dengfeng, and named it "Songyang Movement". It is considered that the gneiss under it belongs to Taishan complex, and the quartzite and schist above the unconformity surface should be Wutai series, which are called Songshan quartzite and Wu Zhiling schist respectively according to their distribution positions. The above results can be found not only in the Report of Geological and Mineral Investigation in Western Henan, but also in the article Songyang Movement and Wutai System in Songshan District.

During the period of 1954, Professor Zhang Erdao of Northwest University wrote Precambrian Strata in Songshan, Henan Province, and named a set of slightly metamorphic or non-metamorphic rock strata in Wufoshan area as "Wufoshan System", which is considered to be equivalent to Hutuo System in North China. It is pointed out that there is unconformity contact between Wufoshan system and Songshan quartzite, and it was first recognized and named as "Zhongyue Movement", which is also the first time in the upper part of Wufoshan system. The trilobite fossil Redlichia, which is equivalent to Zhusha Cave limestone, was found in Panlonggou, Wu Zhiling, and the rock stratum was divided into Lower Cambrian.

In the same year, when Team 456 of Central South Geological Bureau conducted a coal mine survey, the trilobite fossil Drepanura (Batworm) was collected for the first time in the dolomitic limestone that was always considered as Ordovician in the past, and its rock layer was revised to Gushan Formation of Upper Cambrian.

Professor Ma Xingyuan (19 19 ~ 200 1)

During the period of 1957, Professor Ma Xingyuan of Beijing Institute of Geology conducted a route geological survey in Dengfeng area and wrote Precambrian Strata and Correlation in Songshan Area, Henan Province. Zhang Bosheng's "Taishan complex" was changed to "Dengfeng complex", which is considered to belong to Wutai system, while Songshan quartzite and Wu Zhiling schist belong to Hutuo system. Comparing Wufoshan system with "Danshishan quartzite" in Zhongtiaoshan area, Shanxi Province, it is considered that Wufoshan system represents the depressed strata after the return of Hutuo geosyncline. After the paper was published, it attracted the attention and discussion of the geological community. Therefore, Professor Ma Xingyuan published a paper "Reply to Wang Zhi on" Cambrian Strata and Its Correlation in Songshan Area of Henan Province "and" Some Opinions on Basic Characteristics of Geological Structure in Wutai Mountain Area "for academic discussion.

1958, Yang Zhijian synthesized the petroleum survey results of North China Petroleum Survey Brigade in 1957 and wrote "Lower Paleozoic Strata in Western Henan and Their Correlation". This paper holds that the Wufoshan system classified by predecessors should belong to Sinian system rather than Hutuo system, which has long been accepted and used. Yang Zhijian further subdivided the Sinian system into Dashimen system and Xiaodingshan system. It is the first time to put forward a new understanding that the purple gravelly quartzite discovered in Songbiao, Dengfeng, and Gushan, Linrujiao belongs to glacial deposits, that is, the moraine layer is in false conformity or unconformity contact with the corresponding sandstone under it, and it is named "Western Henan Movement", which is rarely cited later.

Mr. Wang Yuelun (1903 ~ 198 1)

65438-0959, the Precambrian Stratigraphic Research Group of Songshan Area, Laboratory of Precambrian Geology and Metamorphic Rock, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, started its research work in Songshan. Professor Wang Yuelun published the article Geological Observation of Songshan Mountain in 1960, and Wang Zejiu and others published the Data of Two Absolute Ages of Songshan Mountain in Henan Province and the Precambrian Stratigraphic Report of Songshan Mountain in 1963. The report further confirmed and affirmed "Songyang Movement" and "Zhongyue Movement". The unconformity between Wufoshan and CAMBRIAN was named "Shaolin Movement". Wang Zejiu measured the K-Ar age of the isotopic sample of Guojiayao pegmatite in Dengfeng as 2.345 billion years. Trilobite fossil Redlichia (Lydrichia) was also found in the limestone stratum equivalent to Zhusha Cave in Sanguan Temple in Dengfeng, and this limestone was named "Downhole Limestone", and the gravel under it was named "Guankou Gravel". Since then, there have been two more place names in Songshan area, which have become familiar faces in geological books and periodicals. Thus, Down the Well has added new brilliance to the beautiful legend of Wang Mang chasing Liu Xiu.

In the same year, China Institute of Geological Sciences held a "Precambrian Strata Site Meeting" in Dengfeng. Participants inspected the Precambrian strata and geological structure of Songshan Mountain and exchanged research results. Some controversial issues have been recognized, such as affirming that the Wufoshan system should belong to Sinian system, and the unconformity of Guankou glutenite in Wufoshan system belongs to Cambrian system.

In the same year, Professor Ma Xingyuan discovered the pseudo-integrated contact relationship between the shale of Putaoyu Formation and the sandstone of Luotuopan Formation in Wufoshan Group of Songshan Mountain, and named it "Yanshi Movement". After years of further research, it is recognized that this weak intersection unconformity is an uncoordinated relationship formed by the sliding between groups caused by gravity sliding structure. In the spirit of science and pragmatism, it is suggested to cancel the name "Yanshi Movement".

In the same year, teachers and students of Kaifeng Normal University and Zhengzhou Geological School joined hands to carry out a1∶ 50,000 geological survey in western Henan, and compiled a comprehensive description of the geological maps of Yiyang, Pengpo, Gao Ming, Yiyang, Dakou, Angelababy, Linru Town and Yang Lou in western Henan.

1960, the strata team of western Henan of Northwest University measured Paleozoic strata profiles in Tang Yao, Dengfeng and Wufoshan of Yanshi. The Research Institute of Henan Geological Bureau has written the Stratigraphic Research Report of Linbaoqun in stratigraphic regionalization, songji, Henan Province. The Stratigraphic Research Report of Jishan Area in Henan Province was compiled by the Western Henan Stratigraphic Team of Zhengzhou Institute of Geology. At this stage, many stratigraphic sections were measured and a certain number of paleontological fossils were collected, especially the Paleozoic strata were studied in detail, which improved the research level of strata in this area.

In the same year, the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Ministry of Geology and Lin studied the moraine layer in western Henan and wrote the Early Paleozoic moraine layer and its horizon significance in southern North China. With sufficient investigation materials, this paper clarifies the long-standing controversy since Yang Zhijian proposed the existence of the Sinian moraine in western Henan in 1958. The moraine layer is named "luoquan Formation". Their investigation involves the western part of Songshan Mountain.

Starting from 1959, the regional geological survey team of Henan Geological Bureau (Ceng Ming District Survey Team) started the regional geological survey of Linru Sheet1∶ 200,000, covering the west of Songshan Mountain (east longitude 1 130 west), and submitted the final report to 1964. This is the first systematic regional survey of geology and mineral resources in Songshan area, and the geological map, mineral map, ordinary landform map, hydrogeologic sketch map and Quaternary geological map of1∶ 200,000 have been compiled.

Since 1964, Beijing Institute of Geology has taken Songshan as the practice base for students. Almost every year, teachers and students practice in Songshan and get a lot of first-hand information. The accuracy of geological maps is constantly improving. The geological map of Songshan area in Henan compiled by 1972 and the geological map of Jingwan area in Sanguanmiao in Dengfeng compiled by 1973 further divide Songshan Group into four groups: Luohandong, Wu Zhiling, Jingwan and Yu Xiaohua.

During the period from 1966 to 1976 and 10, the geological work in Songshan area progressed slowly with few achievements. However, some geologists with strong enterprising spirit are still obsessed with the geological research work in Songshan. Professor Ma Xingyuan, who has a soft spot for Songshan, came to Songshan alone. For a well-known professor in a well-known university in China, it seems incredible that there is no assistant, no basic living guarantee and no means of transportation for field trips, but it is true. In order to go up the mountain to work, Professor Ma went to take a tractor carrying stones by farmers, but it was driven away by an unknown owner. Fortunately, this embarrassing situation was discovered by a cadre of Dengfeng Water Conservancy Bureau who had heard Professor Ma's academic report. He told the nearby geological team to get help.

Since 1974, the regional geological survey team of Henan Geological Bureau has made a regional geological survey of Xuchang Sheet, including the eastern part of Songshan Mountain (that is, the eastern part of East longitude 1 130). 1977 Complete the task and submit the final investigation report. Some breakthroughs have been made in basic geological research, such as the discovery of various conodont fossils in the former Majiagou Formation, which further proves that the Lower Ordovician in Songshan area and even in western Henan province is missing, and the Middle Ordovician is directly and falsely integrated on the Upper Cambrian. Songshan has a regular medium-scale geological map for the first time.

1976 to 1980, Institute of Geology, Institute of Geophysical Exploration, Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hubei, Institute of Geology of Changchun, Northwest University, Lanzhou University, Henan Institute of Geological Sciences and related geological teams conducted a comprehensive investigation and study on the geological structure characteristics, pre-Sinian stratigraphic correlation and deposit characteristics of Xuchang iron mine area and its periphery. Northwest University has compiled the research paper "Precambrian Geology and Iron-rich Ore in Southern North China", and Songshan Team of Wuhan Institute of Geology has compiled the paper "Precambrian Structural Deformation History and Paleotectonic Morphology in Songshan Area of Henan Province" on 1977. Therefore, the degree of geological research in Songshan Mountain has been obviously improved.

1975, Suo Yan published the paper "Sinian Paleostructural Types in Songshan Area, Henan Province", published in the second issue of Geological Science.

From 65438 to 0978, Ma Xingyuan and others published a new work, Precambrian Structural Deformation History and Paleo-tectonic Morphology in Songshan Area of Henan Province, which was published in the second issue of Geological Science.

At the end of 1970s, Henan Coalfield Geological Company directly encountered the second member 1 coal of Lower Triassic lower Shanxi Formation in Ludian, Dengfeng, suggesting a new coal-controlling structure-sliding structure.

1980, Ma Xingyuan and others published a paper entitled "Deformation and Metamorphism History of Pre-Sinian Rock Groups in Songshan, Henan".

198 1 year, Ma Xingyuan and Suoshutian compiled "Songshan Structural Deformation-Gravity Structure, Structural Analysis" on the basis of more than 20 years' research on Songshan System, and summarized and expounded the geological characteristics of Songshan area in a very detailed and comprehensive way. This book has been highly praised by Chinese and foreign geological circles and won the second prize of the first batch of scientific and technological achievements of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources.

During the period of 1983, at the site meeting of "Precambrian geological structure" held in Dengfeng, experts gave unanimous praise to Professor Ma Xingyuan's technical method and theory of studying Precambrian geology from deformed structures.

During 1983, 36 representatives, including 13 foreign scholars, attended the international symposium on Precambrian tectonics and Archean geochemistry held in Beijing. The research results of Songshan geological structure have been affirmed by structural geologists all over the world.

1983 to 1989. According to the unified arrangement of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, the Henan Provincial Department of Geology and Mineral Resources conducted a comprehensive study on the regional geology of the whole province on the basis of completing the regional geological survey of1:200,000, compiled the regional geology of Henan Province and compiled the geological map of1:500,000. In the process of mapping, the regional investigation team of Henan Province did a lot of field work, and re-measured the Cambrian section at Songshan Pass-Jiaoliangkeng, and collected abundant trilobite fossils, making this section one of the most studied Cambrian sections in the province. The Ordovician profile was measured in Daye, Dengfeng, and Haitang Spring, Xuzhuang, and the Paleozoic lithofacies palaeogeography was further studied.

During the period of 1986 ~ 1989, Henan Institute of Geological Sciences cooperated with Nanjing University to study Archean granite-greenstone in this area, and gained some new knowledge about the formation and evolution of Dengfeng Group or Dengfeng Complex.

During the period of 1987 ~ 1989, the regional geological survey team of Henan Province carried out1∶ 50,000 regional geological surveys in Dengfeng, Mixian and Dawei in the east of Songshan, which was the beginning of conventional large-scale regional geological surveys in Songshan area. More paleontological fossils have been found in Mesozoic strata. In this paper, a new understanding of the existence of moraine layer in Quaternary Lower Pleistocene (about 2 million years ago) in Songshan area is put forward.

199 1 ~ 1995, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals decided to carry out a comparative study of multiple stratigraphic divisions nationwide, which is referred to as stratigraphic cleaning for short. The stratum cleaning work in Henan is undertaken by the regional investigation team. In recent five years, there are 5 17 stratigraphic units from Yuanguyu to Tertiary in Henan Province, from which 185 lithostratigraphic units are selected for formal use in the future, and 332 stratigraphic units are abandoned or stopped. For Archaean strata not included in the cleaning scope, 12 stratum is also selected from the original 76 stratigraphic units for formal use in the future. He edited and published Lithostratigraphy of Henan Province.

1994 to 1996. The Preparatory Committee of the 30th International Geological Congress listed Songshan as one of the geological tourist routes (T335). The geological survey team of Henan Province studied the characteristics and evolution of Precambrian geological structure in Songshan (including Jishan area). In this paper, the Precambrian geological structure and evolution characteristics of Songshan Mountain are studied in a new round. A guide to geological tourism routes was compiled and published (in English). He wrote about the characteristics and evolution of Precambrian geological structure in Songshan Mountain.