My eyes, my heart and my world.
-the enlightenment of western philosophers to the world.
Author 20 1306 Jiang
Jiangxi Province 2420 182297@qq.com leping city Eleventh Primary School?
A semester, more than four months of western philosophy course investigation is over. As an individual, I can't help feeling that time flies and time flies. This semester is the busiest one in history, but I'm glad I can stick to it. Living in the present, I always feel busy, but I am also methodical. Once life has become a thing of the past, it has become a glorious period worth remembering. And all this stems from autonomy and persistence.
It is only half a year in 2022, and it has won more than 30 awards and research certificates. The new teacher has also gone through five semesters. This semester, he bravely took four courses: playing games to learn mathematics, Suhomlinski pedagogy, Sword in the Cloud and Western philosophy. Although I was extremely scared at the beginning of the course selection, after repeated thinking, I chose four courses again and again. At this moment, I have finished this assignment, and the pass assignment of Western philosophy course-"My Eyes, My Heart, My World-Enlightenment from Western Philosophers' Understanding of the World" is the last assignment of this semester. When it's done, you're done.
Although I only need to complete five or six assignments in each course, once I choose, I require 100% completion. Playing games, learning mathematics, Suhomlinski's pedagogy, and the theory of swords in the clouds are always above the standard. Only the fifth assignment of western philosophy failed, and the sixth and eighth assignments were not handed in. I really blame myself. Fortunately, I made up my homework. That's some consolation.
In fact, western philosophy is the most difficult course, and the difficulty lies in time. It seems to have found the reason why there is an irrelevant potential psychological consciousness in the unfinished homework. I admit that I am a bad student, but I will stick to it-I will have everything if I stick to it.
This assignment can be described as a big military parade, and the requirements for the students are very high. Only by grasping it comprehensively can we get some clues. Nevertheless, thanks to the new network teacher and the western philosophy course group, we have the pressure and direction. I believe this assignment is the most thoughtful of all the assignments in this course. Strive to achieve yourself and think about the future.
Marxism tells us to understand the objective world objectively and treat our complex world from a materialistic point of view. But in recent years, with the experience of one thing after another, I gradually realized that "idealism" is also meaningful in some things or problems. When we use our own world to understand the real world, maybe we can find a new starting point in life and live a different life.
I look at my heart and my world, which may be wrong, but sometimes it is useful. At least for me. Now, let's go back to the times of the sages and feel, experience and imagine the world in their eyes.
The earliest Greek philosophers were called "natural philosophers". The first philosopher we know is Thales. He comes from Retes, a Greek colony in Asia Minor, and has been to Egypt and many other countries. Thales believes that water is the source of all things. We don't know the meaning of this sentence. Maybe he believes that all life comes from water, and all life turns into water after melting. In addition, Thales once declared that "everything has a God".
The second philosopher we know is Anacker Siemund. He also lives in Retes. He thinks that our world is just one of countless birth and death worlds in what he calls "infinite determiners".
The third is the philosopher Anasimenis from Retes. He believes that the source of everything must be "air" or "gas". He believes that air is the source of soil, water and fire. Perhaps Anasi Minnis thinks that soil, air and fire are all necessary conditions to create life, but "air" or "gas" is the source of all things. Therefore, like Thales, he thinks that everything in nature must be caused by a basic substance.
The above three Retes philosophers all believe that there is a basic substance in the universe that is the source of all things.
Parmenides believes that nothing will change, so our sensory cognition is unreliable. Hera Cretors believes that everything will change, everything is fluid, and our sensory cognition is reliable. Empedocles believes that we should not accept the view that there is only one basic substance in the world, and neither water nor air can turn into roses or butterflies by themselves. Nature cannot be composed of only one element. He believes that on the whole, nature is composed of four elements, which are called four elements. These four sources are earth, air, fire and water.
Anna Sagolas believes that nature is made up of countless tiny particles invisible to the naked eye, and everything can be divided into smaller parts. However, even in the smallest part, there are other elements.
The last naturalist philosopher came from democritus, a small town called Abdullah, which is located on the northern shore of the Aegean Sea. Democritus thinks that nature is made up of countless atoms with different shapes. No matter how endless the number and shape of these atoms are, they are eternal and inseparable.
Plato believes that all tangible things in nature are "flowing", so there is no "matter" in the world that cannot be decomposed. Everything that belongs to the "material world" must be made of something. This substance will be eroded by time, but the "mold" or "form" of these things is eternal. Plato's conclusion is that there must be reality behind the material world. He said that this is really a "rational world", and there are eternal patterns behind various phenomena in nature. This unique view is called Plato's rationalism.
Aristotle believes that the real world is made up of all kinds of things, and their forms and materials are harmonious. "thing" is the substance of things, and "shape" is the individual characteristic of all things. Aristotle also believes that everything in nature can be divided into two categories. One is inanimate objects, such as stones, water droplets or soil. These inanimate objects have no potential for change, and can only be changed by external forces. The other is biology, which has the potential to change. Organisms can be divided into two categories, plants and animals. These animals can be divided into two categories, including animals and humans.
According to Plotin, the world straddles two poles, one end is the sacred light he called "God", and the other end is completely dark, so it can't receive any light from God. However, Plotin's point of view is that this dark world does not exist, it just lacks bright light. There is only God in the world, just as the light will gradually weaken and eventually go out, there are also corners in the world where the sacred light cannot shine. According to Prouddin, the soul is illuminated by this sacred light, while the matter is in a dark world that does not really exist, while the natural form is slightly illuminated by this sacred light.
Descartes believes that there are two different forms of real world (or "entity") in the universe. One kind of entity is called thought or "soul", and the other is called "extension" or matter. The soul is purely conscious and does not occupy space, so it cannot be broken down into smaller units; Matter, on the other hand, is purely procrastination and occupies space, so it can be broken down into smaller units again and again, but there is no consciousness. Descartes believes that both ontologies come from God, because only God exists independently and belongs to nothing. However, although "thought" and "extension" both come from God, they are not related to each other. Thought is not affected by matter, on the contrary, the change of matter is not affected by thought.
Spinoza refused to use Descartes' dichotomy. He thinks there is only one kind of entity in the universe. Everything that exists can be decomposed and simplified into a real thing that he calls "entity". He sometimes calls it "God" or "Nature". Therefore, Spinoza does not hold a dual view of the real world like Descartes. We call him a monist. In other words, he simplified the situation of nature and everything into a single entity.
Locke, the first empirical philosopher in Britain, believes that all our thoughts and concepts reflect what we see and hear. Before we see or hear anything, our brain is like a whiteboard, which means "blank board". Locke believes that before our senses perceive anything, our hearts are as blank as the blackboard before the teacher enters the classroom. He also compared our hearts to a room without furniture at this time. But then we began to experience something. We saw the world around us. We smelled, tasted, touched and heard all kinds of things. Among them, infants are the most acute. This is Locke's so-called "single sensory concept". However, our minds not only passively accept external impressions, but also actively carry out some activities. It deals with all kinds of single sensory concepts it obtains through thinking, reasoning, belief and doubt, which leads to Locke's so-called "reflection". So he thinks that feeling is different from thinking. Our mind is not only a passive receiver, but also classifies all the feelings that keep coming in.
Hume, the second British empiricist philosopher, concluded that people have two kinds of intuition, one is impression and the other is idea. "Impression" refers to the direct feeling of external reality, and "concept" refers to the memory of impression. Hume emphasized that impressions and ideas may be single or compound. We sometimes put together concepts that don't exist in the physical world. Assuming that we imagine God as an infinitely "intelligent, intelligent and kind" thing, then the concept of God is a compound concept composed of infinitely intelligent, infinitely intelligent and infinitely kind things. If we don't know what is wisdom, what is wisdom and what is kindness, we will never be able to form this concept of God.
Bekele, the third British empiricist philosopher, is the most consistent one in empirical philosophy. He declared that things in the world are indeed what we perceive, but they are not "things". Locke, Descartes and Spinoza believed that the material world was real, but Bekele questioned this. He put forward the problem with empirical logic. He said that there are only those things we feel in the world, and we can't feel "matter" and "matter". We can't know whether what we feel really exists. If we believe that there is an entity under what we perceive, we are jumping to conclusions, because we have absolutely no experience to support this statement. Bekele believed that people have "spirit". He thinks that all our thoughts have a reason that we don't realize, but this reason is not material, but spiritual. Our souls may be the cause of our own thoughts, just like when we dream. But there is only one world, and another will or spirit may form various concepts to create this "material" world. Everything exists because of this spirit, which is the cause of "everything in everything" and "where everything is". We can say that the existence of God is more clearly perceived than the existence of human beings. Everything we see and feel is "the power of God", because God "closely exists in our consciousness and produces rich concepts and sensory experiences that we constantly experience". The world around us and our lives exist in God. He's the only reason for everything. At the same time, we only exist in the hearts of Catholics. Bekele not only questioned the authenticity of matter, but also raised the question whether "time" and "space" exist absolutely or independently. In his view, our understanding of time and space may just be the product of our minds.
Kant is a philosopher who teaches philosophy in universities. Kant believes that our concept of the world is acquired through our senses and rationality at the same time. However, he thinks that rationalists exaggerate the importance of rationality. On the other hand, empiricists overemphasize sensory experience. Kant agrees with Hume and empiricists that our understanding of the world comes from our senses, but he also agrees with some rationalists that there are also some factors in our rationality that can determine how we perceive the world around us. In other words, he believes that our concept of the world will be influenced by certain conditions in the human mind. What we see will first be regarded as a space-time phenomenon. Kant called "time" and "space" our two "intuitive forms", and he emphasized that these two forms in our hearts precede all experiences. In other words, before we experience anything, we can know that what we perceive will be a space-time phenomenon. Time and space belong to human conditions. Time and space are the way of human perception, not the attributes of the material world. Because the human mind is not only a "passive wax" purely exposed to external sensory stimulation, but also a process of actively shaping shapes. The mind affects the way we understand the world, just as you pour water into a glass kettle, the water will immediately adapt to the shape of the kettle. Similarly, our sensory cognition also adapts to our "intuitive form".
Kant declared that not only the mind will conform to the shape of things, but also things will conform to the mind. He called this phenomenon "Copernicus Revolution" in human cognition. This view is completely different from the previous one, just like Copernicus claimed that the earth goes around the sun, not the sun goes around the earth. Kant believes that the existence of causality is the characteristic of human reason. It is precisely because human reason can perceive the cause and effect of things that the law of cause and effect is absolute and eternal. The law of causality is rooted in our hearts. He thinks that since we can't know the true face of the world, we can only understand the world according to our own understanding. Kant believes that "things themselves" and "things in my eyes" are different, and we can never know the true colors of things. All we know is what we see in our eyes. On the other hand, we can predict how our brains will recognize things before each experience. He thinks he can prove that what we call the laws of nature are the laws of human cognition, thus proving the authenticity of these laws. Human's concept of the world is influenced by two factors. One is the external situation that we must know through our senses, which we call the raw material of knowledge. Another factor is the internal situation of people, for example, everything we perceive will happen in time and space, which conforms to the law of causality. We can call it the form of knowledge.
Hegel denied that people can clearly understand the deepest secrets of nature, but he admitted that there is an unattainable "truth" in the world. Hegel said that "truth is subjective", so he did not admit that there is any "truth" outside human reason. He said that all knowledge is human knowledge. He believes that the basis of human cognition is different from generation to generation, so there is no "eternal truth" or "eternal truth" in the world. The only fixed point that philosophy can accurately grasp is history. In fact, our rationality is dynamic and a process, and "truth" is this process, because there is no external standard to judge what is the truest and most reasonable outside this historical process. Because new things are always added later, reason is "gradual". In other words, human knowledge is constantly expanding and progressing. Hegel put forward "negation of negation". The three stages of cognition are called "positive", "negative" and "combination". For example, you can say that Descartes' rationalism is positive and Hume's empiricism is just the opposite and negative, but the contradiction or tension between these two thoughts was later eliminated by Kant's "combination". Kant agrees with some arguments of rationalists, but he also agrees with some arguments of empiricists. But the story didn't end there. Kant's "he" is now the starting point of another three-stage development, because a "he" will also have another new "anti" that conflicts with it.
Kierkegaard believes that the only thing that matters in the world is everyone's "own existence". Only when we act, especially when we make some important choices, can we be related to our own existence. Kierkegaard believes that truth is "subjective", the really important truth belongs to the individual, and only these truths are "true to me". According to Kierkegaard, what we can know through reason (that is, knowledge) is completely unimportant. He created three concepts: existence, subjective truth and belief. He thinks there are three different life forms. He called it aesthetic stage, moral stage and religious stage. He used the word "stage" to emphasize that people may live in a lower stage and then suddenly jump to a higher stage. Many people live in the same stage all their lives.
French existentialist philosopher Sartre said that existentialism is humanism. What he means is that existentialists take people as their starting point. The most important word in Sartre's and Kierkegaard's philosophy is "existence", but existence does not mean living. Plants and animals are also alive. Although they exist, there is no need to think about the meaning of existence. Man is the only creature who is aware of his existence. Sartre said that a thing is only for oneself, and people are for themselves. Therefore, the existence of people does not mean the existence of things. Sartre further claimed that human existence is more important than anything else. The fact that I exist is more important than who I am. He said that existence precedes essence. The so-called essence refers to what constitutes things, that is, the essence of things. But according to Sartre, people don't have this innate "nature", so people must create themselves. He must create his own nature or "essence" because his nature is not fixed at birth.
From ancient myths to philosophy, from philosophy to religion, from religion to science, it is inseparable from human observation and understanding of the world. With the continuous development of science and technology, philosophy is also developing. Indeed, there is no eternal truth, and everything is hovering between "positive", "negative" and "combination" and developing to a higher level. But in any case, the philosopher's way of thinking has inspired me with wisdom. Personally, I agree with Kierkegaard that the only thing that matters in the world is everyone's "own existence".
From 20 18, I completely ignored other people's understanding and stepped into the track of personal development. Now he has become a multi-task provincial evaluation expert, a municipal academic leader and a top-notch talent, and the provincial academic leader is just around the corner. Understand the world with your own world, and you may live happily ever after. Finally, I ended this assignment with a sentence that I firmly practiced and gave it to every teacher in the course group: take yourself as light, and a corner is a corner; Taking action as the path, the journey is the journey.
2022.7.3