Abstract: The problem of endowment insurance for migrant workers has always been attached importance by the state and the government, but there are still a series of problems in actual operation. Among them, the main dilemma is the low participation rate and the high surrender rate. On the basis of analyzing the rights and obligations of the government, enterprises and migrant workers, this paper finds out the causes of these difficulties and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to solve the endowment insurance problem of migrant workers.
Keywords: migrant workers; Endowment insurance; Dilemma; Influencing factors.
Migrant workers are a special group in the period of institutional change and social transformation in China, especially those who have rural hukou status but work in cities and towns.
[1] Migrant workers are a marginalized group, although they "work like farm workers".
The special status of "non-agricultural and non-industrial" always puts them in an awkward position, but they play an important role in the process of industrialization and urbanization, but their rights are not guaranteed by the corresponding social security.
First, the operation of the endowment insurance system for migrant workers in China.
Explore the old-age insurance model for migrant workers. The old-age insurance system for migrant workers was first established in Shenzhen on 1987, and gradually expanded to Guangzhou (1998), Beijing (1999), Zhejiang (200 1), Shanghai (2002) and Nanjing (2002).
(1) The participation rate is low.
The proportion of migrant workers participating in endowment insurance is generally low. According to the latest survey of Shenzhen and Shanghai conducted by the Social Security Research Institute of the former Ministry of Labor and Social Security in 2007, the number of people participating in old-age insurance in Shenzhen is 4 million, including about 2.5 million migrant workers, and the actual participation rate of migrant workers does not exceed 50%. According to the statistical monitoring survey of migrant workers by the National Bureau of Statistics, as of June 65438+February 3 1 in 2008, the total number of migrant workers in China was 225.42 million. In this huge crowd, only 49.42 million people participated in work-related injury insurance, and the overall participation rate of basic old-age insurance was only 15%. Moreover, there are even fewer people who can pay more than 15 years and enjoy the old-age treatment after working until retirement. The report released by the Bureau of Statistics on September 16, 2009 shows that the number of migrant workers participating in insurance has increased, but the proportion of participating in insurance is still low. By the end of June, the number of migrant workers participating in endowment insurance was 23.8 million.
(2) Surrender surge, the surrender rate remains high.
According to the statistics of Shenzhen Social Security Center, in 2008, nearly 5 million people in Shenzhen participated in the basic old-age insurance, but as many as 830,000 people surrendered in that year. In 2009, 4,939,700 people participated in the basic old-age insurance in Shenzhen, and as many as 830,000 people surrendered. In June 5438+10, more than 6 million migrant workers in Suzhou surrendered their insurance. On June 5438+February 3, 20091,Shenzhen surrendered about 20,000 people. According to the latest data released by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on March 3rd, 2009, 970,000 migrant workers had withdrawn from the old-age insurance by the end of February of that year.
Second, the causes of the plight of the endowment insurance system for migrant workers.
(1) Urban and rural dual household registration system.
Because of the far-reaching influence of China's long-term dual household registration system, it has even formed a dual labor market, a dual social structure, a dual economic structure and a dual social security system. One consequence of the urban-rural dual social security system is that the ideal of social justice is divorced from reality, which artificially widens the gap between urban and rural areas and causes inconvenience in management [2]. The differential treatment and separate management of urban and rural residents have separated the connection between urban and rural areas. Although the household registration management has been appropriately relaxed, the long-term institutional impact has been deeply rooted and it is difficult to change in the short term.
(B) The differences in practice patterns in different places make it difficult to transfer the pension insurance relationship of migrant workers.
At present, China's established endowment insurance model for migrant workers can be roughly divided into the following categories:
The first type is the expansion type represented by Guangdong and Shenzhen. The main feature of this model is to arrange the social endowment insurance for migrant workers under the framework of "urban insurance" system, and realize the social endowment insurance for migrant workers through the expansion of "urban insurance". This model is also called "integration". This model reflects social equity to a certain extent, allowing migrant workers and urban citizens to enjoy the same treatment, but the payment standard may exceed the tolerance of migrant workers.
The second type is an imitative city type represented by Beijing. The main feature of this model is to design an independent social endowment insurance system for migrant workers with reference to the practice of "urban insurance" system. This model adheres to the double low standards, that is, "low payment base and low treatment level", and the payment burden of employers and individual migrant workers is reduced accordingly, which fully embodies the double low principle of "low threshold access and low standard enjoyment"; This model takes into account the group characteristics of migrant workers and may achieve good results in the short term. However, this artificial increase in the endowment insurance system for migrant workers is bound to form a "three-dimensional pattern" of farmers, migrant workers and citizens. Therefore, this model can only be used as a transitional policy, not as the final choice to solve the endowment insurance for migrant workers.
The third type is comprehensive insurance represented by Shanghai and Chengdu. The main feature of this model is a social security model that puts all kinds of risks such as pension, medical care and work injury of migrant workers under an institutional framework. This model introduces the commercial operation mechanism, which solves the problem of difficult transfer of migrant workers' endowment insurance, but it is out of touch with the urban social insurance system, which is not conducive to the long-term development of China's social insurance.
Fourth, migrant workers will be included in the new rural old-age insurance system represented by Shanxi Province, forming the characteristics of "big accounts and small overall planning". This model takes into account the group characteristics of migrant workers who will eventually return home, and is also a kind of "integration" in essence. This model only considers the group characteristics of the first generation of migrant workers, ignoring the new generation of migrant workers, who have a stronger desire to integrate into the city. It is also unrealistic to simply bring the endowment insurance of migrant workers into the new rural insurance system.
From the above models, we can see that although the endowment insurance for migrant workers in China has made some achievements in practice and exploration, the models are independent of each other, and the provinces and cities are fragmented, which leads to a low level of overall planning and reduces the enthusiasm of migrant workers to participate in endowment insurance.
(C) the contradiction between the particularity of migrant workers and the old-age insurance system.
There are many reasons for the low participation rate and high surrender rate of migrant workers' endowment insurance. Theoretically, the fundamental reason is that there are a series of contradictions between the particularity of migrant workers under the current endowment insurance system and the inherent attributes of endowment insurance. [3]
1. The contradiction between the low income of migrant workers and the high pension insurance rate.
The main purpose of migrant workers working in cities is to earn money. Most of them are engaged in some heavy, tired, dirty and dangerous menial work, and their income is generally lower than the average wage of citizens. According to the sampling survey in Hunan, Sichuan and Henan provinces, the actual working hours of migrant workers per month exceed 50% of urban workers, but the average monthly income is less than 60% of urban workers, and the actual hourly wage is only 1/4 of urban workers. According to the survey, in the past ten years, the wage increase of migrant workers in some coastal areas was less than 10 yuan, which was actually negative after deducting the price increase. [4] Most migrant workers shoulder the burden of their families, including the old and the young. In addition to their basic needs, they also have to pay for their children's education and support for the elderly. If they are required to pay 4%~8% of their salary for endowment insurance, which is not what they need most at present, there will inevitably be resistance.
2. The contradiction between the strong mobility of migrant workers and the long payment period of endowment insurance.
Strong mobility is an important feature of migrant workers, which will not disappear in the short term. Migrant workers are mainly engaged in catering, manufacturing, construction and service industries in cities, but the average working life of migrant workers in catering, factories and enterprises is 3-5 years, and the average working life of migrant workers engaged in pure manual labor such as construction is 2-3 years in the same place, which often fails to reach the minimum payment period 15, thus forming a vicious "insurance-surrender-re-insurance-re-surrender"
(D) Migrant workers lack a corresponding understanding of the system, and the information asymmetry between migrant workers and the national government is weak, which easily leads to a gap between the formulated system and migrant workers' understanding of the system, and the actual implementation process is full of difficulties. From the perspective of system, at present, most of the endowment insurance systems for migrant workers are considered from the macro level, and the characteristics of migrant workers are not considered to a certain extent, so the policies and regulations formulated often fail to achieve the expected results.
From the perspective of migrant workers, their thoughts are very simple. As long as you can get your salary smoothly after you finish your work, you will be satisfied. You rarely consider a series of social security rights that you should enjoy, such as work injury insurance and medical insurance. In particular, old-age care is not the most urgent need for them, and they know little about national policies. On the other hand, influenced by deep-rooted traditional ideas, they often pin their pension on raising children to prevent old age and land-based family pension insurance. Especially in recent years, the government not only abolished the agricultural tax, but also subsidized the land, which deepened the continuous relationship between migrant workers and the land.
Between long-term interests and immediate interests, plus a series of uncertain factors, migrant workers often choose immediate visible interests, and the game between the expectation of social security and reality makes them finally choose to give up old-age insurance.
(E) The negative attitude of enterprises towards the endowment insurance for migrant workers has seriously affected the operation of the endowment insurance system for migrant workers. Enterprises aim at profit, and in order to improve their competitiveness, they will inevitably reduce their costs as much as possible. Enterprises pay 12% endowment insurance premium for employees, which will inevitably increase the production cost of enterprises. Therefore, business owners are unwilling to participate in insurance, and from time to time they try to avoid paying insurance premiums and conceal the number of people participating in insurance. [5]
Third, the countermeasures and suggestions to construct the endowment insurance system suitable for migrant workers.
(1) As the main responsible body of social security, the government should not only introduce relevant legal systems as soon as possible, but also give appropriate financial support.
1. The institutional guarantee of the government.
The government should establish and improve the endowment insurance system for migrant workers as soon as possible. Only by legislating first can we provide the corresponding legal basis for law enforcement.
(1) Establish a multi-level, classified, low-payment, wide-coverage and compulsory old-age insurance system.
For migrant workers' old-age insurance, it is necessary to design more than two schemes, so that migrant workers with stable jobs (long-term labor relations and stable jobs) and migrant workers without stable jobs (often in a state of mobility) can choose independently and make them a national policy. [ 1]
At present, migrant workers can be roughly divided into three categories: one is mainly farming, supplemented by going out to work. This kind of migrant workers eventually belong to the countryside and can benefit from the new rural social endowment insurance; The second category is migrant workers all the year round, and their jobs are very unstable. For this kind of migrant workers whose final ownership is unclear, a temporary transitional independent endowment insurance system can be established; The third category is the group that has been basically urbanized in the city for many years, the new generation of migrant workers. These groups have a strong sense of urban identity and have basically integrated into the city, which can be included in the urban social endowment insurance system.
At present, China's social security does not require enterprises and migrant workers to participate in old-age insurance, which leads to many enterprises and migrant workers leaving the old-age insurance system. The state can effectively stop the problem of low participation rate through legislation.
(2) In solving the transfer problem, China can learn from the practice of American Social Security Number.
In the United States, every citizen must register his social security number from birth, which records all kinds of personal information, including work, residence, tax payment, reputation, rewards and punishments, etc. The computer system for storing social security number information has been truly networked in the United States, and all regions, industries and departments can query a person's personal situation through social security numbers.
[6] This social security number is somewhat similar to China's resident ID card, which can expand the function of the ID number. In addition to proving identity, it can also be used as a social security number. This can effectively solve the problem of difficult transfer of pension insurance relationship in different places.
2. The government gives financial support.
The government gives financial support. On the one hand, the government can subsidize the old-age insurance. Migrant workers are formed during the social transformation period, and the government should bear the transformation cost during the transformation period. On the other hand, tax incentives are given to enterprises that actively pay social insurance for employees, so as to improve the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in endowment insurance.
3. Strengthen publicity, so that the majority of migrant workers have a basic understanding of the old-age insurance system.
Migrant workers have very limited access to information in cities, which requires the government to actively organize personnel to publicize the relevant knowledge of endowment insurance to migrant workers, so that they can understand the purpose, function and significance of establishing endowment insurance in China and familiarize them with the ways, ways and methods of participating in endowment insurance.
4. Establish corresponding supporting measures.
In order to realize the unified use of social security numbers throughout the country, it is necessary to realize the networking of management services as soon as possible and accelerate the popularization of the network. Strengthen the transparency of social insurance, let migrant workers know where their money has gone, let migrant workers also participate in the management of social endowment insurance, and improve their sense of ownership.
(2) Enterprises, as the main body of social security, should fulfill their payment obligations.
Enterprises should change the traditional concept, do not take paying social insurance premiums for employees as a heavy burden, and look at the survival and development of employees from a long-term perspective. Human capital is the most important capital of an enterprise. With the development of society, many people not only pay attention to salary, but also pay attention to cultural paper "target =" _ blank "> The importance of corporate culture and welfare benefits is gradually deepening.
(3) As the ultimate beneficiaries of endowment insurance, migrant workers should also bear corresponding obligations.
The principle that rights correspond to obligations is an important principle of social security. Migrant workers can only enjoy their final rights if they bear the obligation of paying fees in the early stage. Migrant workers should change their ideas, strengthen their understanding, raise their awareness of participating in insurance and actively participate in the social security system.
The government should bear most of the responsibility of endowment insurance for migrant workers. Through the dual support of policy and finance, enterprises and migrant workers actively cooperate. Only with the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and migrant workers can we finally solve the problem of endowment insurance for migrant workers in China.