First, the basic judgment of the current international ocean management situation
After the Second World War, with the rapid development of science and technology, and the emergence of world problems such as population expansion, resource shortage and environmental degradation, the world's understanding of the ocean has gradually deepened. The ocean shows its unique advantages in resources, environment, space and strategy more and more clearly. It is generally believed that the ocean will become a new space for human survival and development, an important guarantee for the sustainable economic and social development of coastal countries, and an important factor affecting national strategic security. The assertion that "2 1 century is the century of the ocean" has been widely recognized by politicians, militarists, economists and scientists all over the world.
It is precisely because of the special position of the ocean in politics, economy and strategy that the global maritime rights and interests are fiercely contested. 1973 The United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which lasted for ten years, basically reached an agreement and adopted the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the Convention). After the entry into force of the Convention, "blue enclosure movement" was directly created on a global scale. It is estimated that the sea area legally expanded by various countries according to the provisions of the Convention occupies an area of 654.38+0.3 billion square kilometers originally belonging to the high seas, making about 36% of the sea surface on the earth a sea area under the jurisdiction of coastal countries. It can be said that the Convention has enabled mankind to "carve up" the ocean through peaceful means for the first time in history, and has led to the following basic trends in world ocean management:
(1) The strategic position of the ocean in the world is increasingly prominent. The main coastal countries in the world have taken safeguarding national maritime rights and interests, developing marine economy and protecting marine environment as their main development strategies. For example, in 1999, the United States put forward the cabinet report "Returning to the Ocean, America's Future", emphasizing that the ocean is an inseparable whole for maintaining American strength and strategic security; Canada promulgated the law of the sea in 1997, and formulated the 2 1 century marine strategic development plan. Focusing on the comprehensive utilization and sustainable development of domestic marine resources, Australia has formulated a marine strategic plan for the 2 1 century. Japan's central goal is to become a maritime power in 2 1 century.
(2) Marine economy has become a new growth point of world economic development. The application of modern high technology in the process of marine development makes it possible to develop and utilize marine resources on a large scale. With the blue revolution of demanding food, resources and wealth from the ocean, the marine economy has become an independent economic system, and it has grown rapidly at a rate significantly higher than that of the traditional land economy, and the marine industry in a considerable number of countries has become a national pillar industry. The total output value of the world marine industry rose rapidly from less than $250 billion in 1980 to $0.8 trillion in 2004, accounting for 4% of the world GDP.
3) The efforts of integrated marine management in countries around the world have been significantly enhanced. Since 1998, the Secretary-General of the United Nations has submitted a special report to the General Assembly every year, advocating the strengthening of integrated marine management to all countries in the world. Driven by the international trend, coastal countries have introduced the management system of territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and the United States, Russia, France, Japan, South Korea and Canada have formulated more than ten maritime laws on maritime rights and interests, management planning, resource development, environmental protection and scientific research. In order to improve the maritime law enforcement ability. For example, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and other countries have set up coast guards, and Canada, South Korea, Indonesia and other countries have set up marine and fisheries departments.
(4) The struggle for maritime rights and interests among countries in the world has become increasingly acute, and military control has been strengthened. It is precisely because of the special strategic position of the ocean that after the end of the Cold War, although major countries have carried out a lot of disarmament, the arms race to strengthen naval construction is on the rise. Since the 1990s, international maritime disputes have emerged in an endless stream, with outstanding hot spots, and international conflicts caused by competing for fishing grounds and islands and dividing maritime boundaries have continued. For example, we are familiar with the battle of Malvinas Islands between Britain and Arab countries, the battle of Imia Island between Greece and Turkey, the battle of Zhudao between Japan and South Korea, the dispute of Diaoyu Islands between China and Japan, and the dispute of Nansha Islands between China and Southeast Asian countries. All countries in the world are facing the fishery disputes one after another.
Looking at the history of the world ocean and the new trends of the international ocean, we can draw the following enlightenment: First, the ocean strategy is related to the rise and fall of the national movement. The history that Britain, the United States, Russia and Japan, the four world powers, started from the sea, and the history of national humiliation caused by China's feudal dynasty's "closed doors" and "moving to the sea" all prove with strong contrast and eloquent facts that the status of a country is closely related to its marine strategic view and marine strength. If the ocean power is strong, the country will be strong and its international status will be high; Otherwise, it will be difficult to get rid of the fate of being bullied and slaughtered. Second, the ocean is inseparable from the sustainable development of the national economy and society. The management system and rules stipulated in the Convention are actually the redistribution of marine space and marine treasures that account for 7 1% of the earth's surface. Whoever has the initiative in the allocation of resources and space will have greater initiative in the survival and development of his country and nation. Third, ocean management is an important part of state functions. Marine management is closely related to national rights and interests, economic development and social progress, and the importance of comprehensive marine management must be re-examined.
Second, the historical conditions for China to implement the strategy of maritime power.
Looking at the international and domestic situation, China has the favorable conditions of favorable weather, favorable geographical position and harmonious people to implement the strategy of becoming a maritime power.
(A) timing-a good international environment
Judging from the international situation, the cold war has ended, the overall trend has eased, the world has accelerated towards multipolarization, and the new pattern has become increasingly clear. The international status of developing countries has been further improved, and relations between major powers have been further adjusted. World peace, human progress, national stability, national unity and economic development are the unanimous voices of most countries in the world. 2 1 century is the ocean century, and the development of marine industry has become an important part of the new round of industrial revolution. At present, an unprecedented "ocean fever" has swept the world, and all coastal countries in the world regard the development and utilization of the ocean as a strategic choice to accelerate economic development and enhance international competitiveness.
(2) Geographical location-superior geographical location and natural conditions.
The Pacific Age came quietly with the arrival of 2 1 century. The United States, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN countries, Australia and other Pacific Rim countries all hold a positive attitude towards the "Pacific era". The Pacific region will become an important stage of the economy in the 2 1 century and the world economic and technological center. China not only faces the Pacific Ocean, but also occupies an important position in the Northeast Asian economic circle and the Pacific economic circle, with obvious geographical advantages.
China coastal areas are the frontier of reform and development and the window of foreign economic cooperation. Since the reform and opening up 20 years ago, coastal areas have only occupied 13% of the national land area, nurtured 40% of the national population and created more than 60% of the national gross national product. China's coastline10.8 million kilometers, and island coastline10.4 million kilometers. There is a vast space for marine activities and abundant marine resources, which has great potential to transform rich marine resources advantages into powerful economic advantages.
(3) Harmonious humanity-the domestic marine development and management situation is gratifying.
Marine development and management has attracted great attention from the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategic plan of "implementing marine development". In order to promote the implementation of this strategy, on May 9, 2003, the State Council approved and issued the Outline of National Marine Economic Development Plan, which clearly put forward the grand goal of "gradually building China into a powerful marine economy" for the first time. The establishment of laws and regulations on marine development and management, the publication of the white paper "China Ocean Agenda 2 1 Century" and the white paper "Development of China's Marine Industry" indicate that China's marine industry has embarked on the track of governing the sea according to law, facing the world and developing its economy.
The marine economy has become an important part of the national economy and a new economic growth point. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the total output value of major coastal marine industries reached10.7 trillion yuan, which was twice as high as that in the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, with an average annual growth rate of 16.2%, which was higher than the national economic growth rate in the same period. In 2005, the total output value of China's marine industry exceeded10.6 trillion yuan, with an added value of 720 billion yuan, equivalent to 4% of GDP, close to the world average. Under the guidance of the strategy of maritime power, the climax of coastal provinces' sea-by-sea, sea-by-sea and deep development of marine resources has arrived.
Third, the significance and historical orientation of the strategy of maritime power.
The strategy of maritime power is the highest choice for China to pursue interests in the ocean. For a maritime power like us, the gains and losses of maritime national interests directly determine or influence the trend of national politics, economy, security and civilization progress, and determine or influence the future and destiny of the country.
(1) From the perspective of national politics, a nation can become a great nation by relying on or through the ocean.
Under certain historical conditions, marine affairs directly affect national sovereignty and survival and development space. Marine development is an important symbol of a country's opening up. With the entry into force of the Convention, the world's marine development has entered an unprecedented new era. Countries around the world have never paid so much attention to the ocean as they do today, and the ocean has become a new highland for world political, economic, military and scientific and technological competition in the 2/kloc-0 century. According to the relevant provisions of the Convention, the sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers. This major change not only increases the share of maritime sovereign interests, but also means that China's future survival and development space has been expanded. As a maritime power, China's political status in international maritime affairs has been significantly improved, and the country will gain more maritime benefits when it opens to the outside world, and the political share of the ocean in national interests will be more prominent.
(2) From the perspective of national economy, the ocean is the hope of human beings to solve the three major problems of land resources shortage, environmental degradation and population expansion.
The ocean is rich in biological, energy, space, tourism, minerals and other resources, and the potential of transforming the advantages of marine resources into economic advantages is huge, and the prospect of promoting the upgrading of marine industry by science and technology is very broad. The ocean is an important bridge and link to implement economic internationalization, which has important strategic value for enhancing the vitality and stamina of national economic development, establishing an open economy with characteristics, and realizing the leap from a maritime economic power to a maritime economic power. Ocean and land are equally important food production bases. Taking the road of marine agriculture and animal husbandry is a strategic measure to solve the problem of population and land shortage and ensure China's food security, and it is a correct choice in line with China's national conditions. The rapid development of coastal economy has also made great contributions to solving the employment problem.
(3) From the perspective of national security, the ocean is the outpost and gateway of a country and plays an important strategic role.
2 1 century, the development of marine military forces and military activities has shown the great advantages of land control by sea. The strategic position of maritime security has never been higher, and the struggle will be more intense. Whether the ocean power is strong or not has become an important symbol to measure the strength of a country, and will determine and affect the national security interests. Since the 1990s, the most influential, extensive and difficult hot spots in the world have occurred in the ocean or coastal areas, and the ocean has become a new highland of international strategic competition.
(4) From the perspective of social civilization, the ocean, as the support system of human life, provides a huge and solid foundation for the progress of human civilization.
Marine civilization occupies a very important position in the whole human civilization. Ocean consciousness is a kind of pioneering and innovative consciousness, government strategic orientation consciousness, adventurous competition consciousness and enterprising and realistic consciousness. The level of marine civilization directly determines the direction of social civilization and progress of a country. We should not only inherit and carry forward the splendid Yellow River civilization, but also enhance our marine awareness and make contributions to the continuous progress of our civilization.
Fourthly, the connotation of the strategy of maritime power.
Developing half the country and building a maritime power is a national event and a national event. Realizing the historical leap from a maritime power to a maritime power is the highest strategic choice for the interests of maritime countries and the only way for the Chinese nation to embark on the road to prosperity.
(1) The guiding ideology, strategic principles, objectives and tasks of the strategy of maritime power.
To formulate the strategy of maritime power in 2 1 century, we must proceed from the reality of China, focus on the global political, economic, military and scientific and technological development pattern in 2 1 century, obey China's "three-step" modernization strategy, adhere to the principle of simultaneous construction of marine economy and marine safety, firmly establish the national consciousness of building a maritime power, take the road of rejuvenating the sea through science and education, develop and protect the ocean, and strengthen comprehensive marine management. It is a historical mission and sacred responsibility to strengthen the strength of coastal defense, safeguard the national maritime rights and interests, rationally develop and utilize marine resources, comprehensively revitalize the marine cause, make the marine economic field and coastal defense construction take the lead in realizing modernization, and realize a historic leap from a maritime power to a maritime power. To build a maritime power, we should follow the following strategic principles: the principle of sustainable development, the principle of land and sea planning, the principle of quality and efficiency, the principle of healthy and coordinated development, the principle of shelving disputes for common development, and the principle of simultaneous economic construction and security.
(B) the overall goal of the maritime power strategy
By the middle of the 20th century, the added value of China's marine economy will reach 1/4 of GDP, further improving the level of coastal defense modernization, and making us rank among the world's maritime military powers, thus having a "land China" of 9.6 million square kilometers and a "maritime China" standing on a "blue land" of about 3 million square kilometers.
It can be implemented in three stages:
The first stage, 2006-2020 is the initial stage. At present, the development strategic goal is to make the added value of marine economy account for about 10% of GDP; Establish a market-oriented, benefit-centered, reasonable structure and coordinated development of the marine economic system; Integrated marine management has been strengthened, an integrated marine management system has taken shape, and a multi-functional modern marine law enforcement team has begun to take shape; The maritime defense forces have been strengthened and the modernization level of coastal defense equipment has been significantly improved.
The second stage, 202 1-2035, is an all-round development stage. Emerging marine high-tech industries have begun to take shape, and coastal economic industrial clusters, high-tech industrial belts and land-sea integrated urban systems with distinctive characteristics have basically taken shape; At this stage, the added value of marine economy accounts for about 18% of GDP, and marine economy has become one of the important pillars of national economy. Comprehensive marine management and marine environmental protection have reached the level of developed coastal countries; The modern coastal defense strategy system with China characteristics has been basically completed, and China's coastal defense military strength and coastal defense modernization level have been further improved, and it has entered the ranks of regional maritime military powers.
The third stage, 2036-2050, is the stage of comprehensive take-off of marine industry. At present, the added value of marine economy accounts for more than 25% of GDP, and emerging marine high-tech industries have entered the stage of all-round development; The comprehensive strength of marine research, marine development, marine protection, marine management, marine environment and marine industry ranks at the leading level in the world; With the modernization of maritime defense, China has become a maritime power in the world.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) is a strategic measure to build a maritime power.
In order to achieve the strategic goal of becoming a maritime power, it is suggested to implement the following strategic measures:
(1) Incorporate building a maritime power into the basic national policy.
Building a maritime power is the highest strategic goal for the country and the nation to obtain the interests of the maritime country, and it is also the direct embodiment of the interests of the country and the nation in the marine field. In order to accelerate the pace of building a maritime power, the state should incorporate building a maritime power into its basic national policy. It is necessary to regard the maritime power as an equally important development strategy, such as opening to the outside world, rejuvenating the country through science and education, and sustainable development, and put the development of the ocean and islands in the same important position as the development of the western region. The state should formulate a number of policies to speed up marine development and management, issue a decision to speed up the development of marine industry, formulate a plan for building a maritime power and an outline of the national marine economic development strategy in 20 10, and incorporate the construction of a maritime power and the implementation of the marine development strategy in 20 10 into the national economic and social development plan and the outline of long-term goals.
(2) Strengthening the organization and leadership of building a maritime power.
Building a maritime power is a huge systematic project, and marine development and management involve politics, economy, diplomacy, science and education, culture and other aspects. At present, the tasks of marine development and comprehensive marine management are getting heavier and heavier, and the contradictions are becoming more and more prominent. Without a strong comprehensive marine management department to organize and implement the development and management of the ocean, it will directly affect the implementation process of the strategy of building a maritime power. Therefore, it is suggested to set up the National Marine Management Committee, with Vice Premier the State Council as the director of the National Marine Management Committee, to comprehensively guide and coordinate marine affairs, and to make decisions, dispatch and command on major marine affairs such as marine development planning, maritime rights and interests safety, marine passage safety, marine ecological safety, marine disaster safety, cooperation between relevant marine departments and international cooperation. At the same time, the state has set up the Ministry of Marine Affairs, and coastal provinces, cities and counties have also set up corresponding marine departments and bureaus to specifically organize and implement marine development and management.
(C) to strengthen the study of maritime power strategy
It is suggested that the Central Policy Research Office, the State Council Development Research Center, China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Social Sciences should be the main forces to set up the National Institute of Marine Strategic Development, which is attended by marine functional departments, important marine universities and relevant experts and scholars, to study marine development strategies and provide decision-making reference for the strategy of maritime power. It also encourages qualified teaching and scientific research institutions to actively participate in strategic research on marine development and management. It is suggested that the country conduct special research on national maritime security, major marine policy formulation and sensitive marine hotspots as soon as possible.
(4) focus on strengthening the work in five aspects.
First, implement five major marine construction projects and accelerate marine development. The state will focus on organizing and implementing marine agriculture and animal husbandry construction projects, marine energy base construction projects, port shipping development projects, coastal tourism development projects and marine comprehensive development projects, so as to speed up the development and utilization of coastal zones, China sea areas and marine resources and accelerate the development of port economy and regional economy.
The second is to actively respond to the new challenges of maritime security strategy. In the face of increasingly complicated international relations and fierce maritime rights and interests and maritime security competition, China's national defense strategy should be adjusted to combine land and sea, optimize the army, focus on developing the navy and air force, and strengthen China's maritime and air control rights. In view of the special strategic position of islands and sea lanes, the state should establish a maritime safety emergency mechanism as soon as possible to ensure the safety of sea lanes. It is necessary to strengthen sovereignty control and resource development in the South China Sea and establish a new mechanism to shelve disputes and development.
The third is to build the commanding heights of talents in China in 2 1 century. Ocean will become the focus of global competition in 2 1 century. The depth and breadth of modern marine development depend on the breakthrough and progress of marine science and technology. The competition in the marine field, whether political, economic or military, is ultimately the competition of science and technology. The fiercest competition in marine science and technology is the competition for talents. Building a soft and hard environment conducive to training, attracting and retaining marine talents, optimizing the development of marine education and improving the quality of marine employees have become the most urgent tasks for China to build the commanding heights of marine talents in the 2 1 century.
Fourthly, rebuild the virtuous circle of marine ecology in China. At present, the waste of resources, environmental pollution and ecological environment destruction are serious in China's marine development, and the sustainable development of the ocean is facing serious crises and challenges. The sustainable development of the ocean is imperative. We should start with enhancing the awareness of marine sustainable development of the whole people, actively promote the construction of the rule of law, rationally utilize marine resources, improve the scientific and technological level of marine development, and strengthen the regulation and protection of marine ecological environment. So that the sustainable development of China's oceans can enter a benign track as soon as possible. The urgent task at present is to repair and protect the marine ecological environment. It is necessary to take the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea as a breakthrough, implement the "Blue Ocean Project" throughout the country, and fight a people's war to rectify and protect the marine ecological environment.
Fifth, strengthen comprehensive marine management and speed up integration with the international community. 1On May 5, 1996, the 8th the NPC Standing Committee adopted a decision and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The entry into force of the Convention provides a broader space for China to develop and utilize the oceans, provides an international legal basis for China to strengthen marine management, and marks that China's marine industry has embarked on the track of governing the seas according to law, facing the world and developing its economy. Therefore, strengthening comprehensive marine management and speeding up integration with the country are indispensable external conditions for building a maritime power.
In a word, the strategy of maritime power is a proposition of the times and a common goal that the whole nation needs to strive for. I firmly believe that under the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the guidance of Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, a maritime power with economic prosperity, political stability and strong national defense will surely stand in the east of the world.