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1, title of paper format: (signature attached below) Requirements are accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

2, the paper format directory

A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

3. Summary of paper format:

It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and concise content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.

4. Key words or subject words in the paper format

Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

5. Text format of the paper:

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.

(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:

A. Questions-arguments;

B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;

C. problem solving-demonstrating methods and steps;

D. conclusion.

6. Paper format references

Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents".

English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date)

English: Author-Title-Publication Information

The requirements of the listed reference documents are:

The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.

(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

Argumentative writing

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Argumentative writing is a style that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing and shows one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument.

The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoints, serious generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.

When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.

Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative essays.

Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.

2. How to write the paper 1, the title of the paper format: (with signature below) requires accuracy, conciseness, striking and novelty.

2. The table of contents in the paper format is a brief table of the main paragraphs in the paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents) 3. Summary of paper format: it is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short, accurate and complete.

The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words. 4. The key words or subject words in the paper format are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper.

Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

5. Paper body in paper format: (1) Introduction: Introduction, also called preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing.

The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme. (2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions.

The main part includes the following contents: a. Asking questions-arguments; B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments; C. solving problems-demonstrating methods and steps; D. conclusion. 6. The reference of the paper format is the main document that can be referenced or quoted in research and writing, and it is listed at the end of the paper.

References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents". English: title-author-publication information (edition place, publishing house, publication date) English: author-title-requirements for references listed in publication information: (1) The references listed should be official publications for readers' textual research.

(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

3. How to write an introduction to the paper: An academic paper is an article used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research results, referred to as a paper.

It is not only a means to discuss problems in scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers, etc. , collectively referred to as academic papers.

A comparative study of English and Chinese idioms (topic: No.2, bold and centered, all words should be capitalized except English small words; In addition, except for the title, all English fonts in the paper are "Times New Roman" (college, major, student number, author's name, instructor's name (small font No.4, bold), which are printed in turn under the title of the paper and two lines above the center). The title of this paper is "Times New Roman" No.5, bold, placed in bold square brackets and placed in the top box; There is a space between the back content and the bold square brackets in front, without any other punctuation marks; Use the font "Times New Roman" No.5, not bold; Single spacing. ) keyword idioms; Parison; English; Chinese (English keywords: No.5 font titled "Times New Roman", bold, with the first letters of the two words capitalized, placed in bold square brackets and placed in the top box; There is a space between the following contents and the bold square brackets in front, and no other punctuation marks are used. The font is "Times New Roman" No.5, not bold. Except proper nouns, the initial letters of other words are not big, and semicolons are used between words. Separate, a space after semicolon; Don't use any punctuation marks after the last keyword; Single spacing. )

1. Introduction (capitalized, except the first word and proper nouns, do not capitalize the first letter of other words; There is no punctuation at the end of the topic, and there are both Chinese and English ... Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the differences between English and Chinese idioms from three aspects: basic meaning, idioms and typical expressions (Sean,1993: 44; Li Guangling, 1999). (The first line of the paragraph is indented by four English characters; Marking method of brackets: the author appearing in brackets must form a one-to-one correspondence with the references after the text; Pay attention to punctuation, time, page number, etc. between one or more authors. In addition, the authors of Chinese references should appear in pinyin form, and Chinese surnames cannot appear; Parentheses appear before punctuation marks) 2. The similarity between English idioms and Chinese idioms, ... can be clearly seen in the following example: (1) I don't know. I don't know.

I am not a poet. I am not a poet. (The examples in this paper are arranged in the order of (1) and (2) ... until the last example; And ①, ② … are superscript numbers in footnotes or endnotes) 3. The difference between English idom and Chinese idom 3. 1 characters of English idom (text chapter number: chapter number: 1. ,2., 3., …; Section number: 1. 1. 1.2…, 2. 1, 2.2 …; The number of this section is:1.1.1.1.2 ...

At all levels below this section, Greek numerals are arranged in the order of brackets, such as (i), (ii)...；; Then use letters and brackets, such as (a), (b), …; The title of each chapter is in the upper left box, and the small number four is bold; The title of each part (and the following part) should be in the upper left box, with the small number four, not bold but italicized; The titles of all chapters are on a single line without punctuation at the end. The characteristics of Chinese idioms Feng (1998) found some problems, such as: (9) We didn't know the value of water until the well was dry. People don't realize the value of time until they lose it. ... 3.2.1Analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms ... (i) There are no punctuation marks in ..........................................................................................................................................................) Sanved, ed. Oxford American literature anecdote book. New york: OUP, 198 1. 1. Title of English Thesis A long English thesis (such as an English graduation thesis) usually needs a title page. The writing format is as follows: the distance from the title of the first line to the top of the printing paper is about one-third of the total length of the printing paper, and the distance from the title to the bottom line (generally lower and center) is 5cm. The third and fourth lines are the author's name and date respectively (both in the middle). If the English thesis is written by a student for a course, the academic title and name of the teacher (such as Dr/Professor C Prager) and the number or name of the course (such as English 734 or English novel) should be marked between the author's name and date.

When printing, if there is no special requirement, each line should be double-spaced, that is, interlaced printing, with a line spacing of about 0.6cm (the line spacing of other parts of the paper is the same). As far as students are concerned, if English papers are short, they can also type the contents of the title page in the upper left of the first page of the text instead of making the title page (and outline page).

The first line is the author's name, about 2.5cm from the top of the printing paper. The following lines are the teacher's title and surname, course number (or name) and date in turn; The left side of each row is aligned up and down, leaving a margin of about 2.5cm (the same below). Then there is the title and body of the paper (between the date and the title, between the title and the first line of the body, you only need to print alternately, without leaving more blanks).

Second, the English paper outline page includes the topic sentence and the outline itself. Its standard format is as follows: first, add the word "paper" and a colon at the beginning of the first line (the distance from the top of the printing paper is still about 2.5cm), and then leave a space.

4. What graduation thesis is mainly written, generally referring to junior college graduation thesis, undergraduate graduation thesis (bachelor's degree thesis), master's degree thesis (master's degree thesis), doctoral degree thesis (doctoral degree thesis), postdoctoral graduation thesis, etc. That is, the papers that need to be written and submitted before completing their studies are one of the important components of teaching or scientific research activities.

1. Title: Be concise, clear and general, with no more than 20 words (different institutions may have different requirements). 2. Abstract: It needs to be highly summarized, and the language is concise and clear. The Chinese abstract is about 100-200 words (different institutions may have different requirements); 3. Keywords: Choose 3-5 words from the title or text of the paper (different institutions may require different things) as keywords.

4. Contents: Write the contents and indicate the page numbers. 5. Text: Generally, the number of words in the text of a university graduation thesis should be more than 3,000 words (different institutions may have different requirements).

Text of graduation thesis: including preface, thesis and conclusion. The preface is the first part of the paper, which mainly explains the purpose, practical significance and understanding of the research problems, and puts forward the central argument of the paper.

The preface should be concise, not too long. This thesis is the main body of graduation thesis, including research contents and methods, experimental materials, experimental results and analysis (discussion).

In this part, we should use various research methods and experimental results to analyze problems, demonstrate opinions, and try our best to reflect our scientific research ability and academic level. The conclusion is the conclusion part of the graduation thesis, which is a conclusion made around this theory.

Its basic point is to summarize the full text and deepen the meaning of the problem. 6. Thank you: briefly describe my experience in writing my graduation thesis, and express my gratitude to the instructor and the relevant personnel who assisted in completing the thesis.

7. References: At the end of the graduation thesis, the monographs, papers and other materials cited in the thesis should be listed, and the listed references should be arranged in the order of references or citations. 8. Notes: In the process of writing the thesis, some problems need to be elaborated and explained outside the text.

9. Appendix: Some contents that are not suitable for the text but have reference value can be incorporated into the appendix. Graduation thesis is a link in the process of teaching and scientific research, and it is also an important way to assess and evaluate academic performance.

The purpose of graduation thesis is to summarize students' learning achievements in school, cultivate students' ability to comprehensively and creatively use all the professional knowledge and skills they have learned to solve more complicated problems, and enable students to receive basic training in scientific research. First, the title is the eye of the article.

The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.

(1) The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are: ① revealing the essence of the theme.

This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text.

Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.

2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think.

This title form is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.

(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article.

On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the content of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common.

For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, the correct handling of the relationship between the central and local governments, the relationship between departments and blocks, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization. (4) use judgment sentences.

This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad.

This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.

⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring governance system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.

There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice. (II) Subtitles and Subtitles In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title is supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled.

In particular, some controversial papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle similar to "discussion with * *" under the general title. In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added.

For example, how to look at the current labor remuneration difference-also talk about the bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources and improve the utilization efficiency of protein-and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating. The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article.

Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it should be closely related to the content of the level and closely related to the top and bottom.

Second, the catalogue Generally speaking, the graduation thesis with a long length is without subtitles. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.

The main purpose of setting the directory is: 1. Make readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading the paper, so that readers can decide whether to read it or not.

5. What are the stylistic features of graduation thesis? Papers are often used to refer to articles that conduct research in various academic fields and describe academic research results, which are referred to as papers for short.

It is not only a means to discuss problems in academic research, but also a tool to describe academic research results in academic exchanges. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers and so on.

A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. Types of papers In order to explore and master the writing rules and characteristics of papers, it is necessary to classify papers.

Because the content and nature of the paper itself are different, the research fields, objects, methods and expressions are different, and the classification methods of the paper are also different. Papers can be divided into theoretical papers, experimental papers, descriptive papers and design papers according to the nature of content and research methods.

In addition, there is a comprehensive classification, which divides papers into four categories: thematic, argumentative, comprehensive and comprehensive.

6. The graduation thesis is simple in style, including title, abstract, table of contents, text, references and thanks. Let me show you a model essay.

Decision method of optimal procurement

introduce

1. 1 Research background and significance

1. 1. 1 research background.

Speaking of purchasing, it has a long history in China. As the saying goes, "there are rules to follow", in modern society, especially after joining the World Trade Organization, China's procurement has made great progress and played its due role in perfecting the market economy. In the process of purchasing development, purchasing not only saves costs for enterprises. Secondly, procurement can enhance the cooperative interests between enterprises. In the process of purchasing, we should constantly follow up and urge the development of new industrial enterprises. Shop around, mainly from the quality, price, as well as the integrity of the company, the accuracy of delivery to choose.

1. 1.2 The significance of the study.

The significance of the research is mainly because I want to engage in procurement in the future and want to better understand procurement. And can innovate in the field of procurement.

Purchasing is an indispensable department of an enterprise, and all goods of the enterprise must be purchased through this department. Purchasing decisions directly affect the cost changes of enterprises. If you want to minimize the cost of materials, you must better understand the purchasing decision-making methods. Purchasing is not only reflected in enterprises, but also becomes a direct buyer when individuals go shopping. If you want to buy the best goods for yourself, you must study the location of the store, the price and quality of the goods, and compare them with the integrity of the store.

2 Definition, process and method of procurement

2. 1 Definition of procurement

It refers to the purchase of goods and services through exchange, so as to obtain resources of appropriate quality and quantity at the right time, place and price for enterprise operation.

Exchange the company's funds for the company's useful goods and services, that is to say, use the funds to build resources (goods+services), which will produce assets with the greatest added value through management, thus creating profits for the company.

From the conceptual stage of product design to signing a system contract with suppliers, procurement must be carried out.

2.2 Procurement process

2.2. 1 Collect information, make inquiry, compare prices, negotiate, evaluate, request samples, decide, apply for purchasing, place orders, coordinate and communicate, urge delivery, inspect goods and arrange payment.

2.2.2 Calculation of purchase quantity: the quantity to be purchased in the current period = production demand in the current period+scheduled inventory at the end of the current period-estimated inventory in the previous period-purchased inventory in the previous period.

2.2.3 How to reasonably reduce the procurement cost: Make a reasonable procurement plan in advance, inquire about the current market situation, and master the factors and events that affect the cost. Find many qualified manufacturers to quote, make the bottom price or budget, and use bargaining skills. Afterwards, choose the manufacturer with the right price to sign the contract, and use the quantity or cash discount.

1) Purchase price composition: supplier's cost, specifications and quality, supply-demand relationship of purchased materials, production season and purchasing opportunity, delivery terms and payment terms.

2) Cost components of outsourced goods: engineering or manufacturing methods, required special tools and equipment, direct and indirect material expenses, direct and indirect labor expenses, manufacturing expenses or outsourcing expenses, marketing expenses, taxes and profits.

2.2.4 What is the right price? The highest goal of purchasing price should be to reach the right price. The buyer must analyze the quality and price changes of materials according to the purchasing demand and market conditions, and choose high-quality and cheap materials for purchasing.

2.2.5 1) How to judge whether the purchase price is reasonable: conduct cost analysis, price analysis, market research and quotations from many manufacturers.

2) How to find suppliers: make use of the existing information, openly solicit, introduce by peers, read professional publications, associations or procurement consulting companies, and participate in product exhibitions.

2.2.6 Supplier classification: raw material suppliers, small service suppliers and temporary suppliers.

2.2.7 Criteria for qualified suppliers: excellent enterprise leaders, high-quality management personnel, stable staff, good machinery and equipment, good technology and good management system.

How to analyze suppliers: price, quality, service, location, inventory policy, flexibility.

I hope I can help you and adopt it.

7. How to choose the writing content of undergraduate graduation thesis 1) The style encourages students to write "work-research-oriented" graduation thesis, that is, to use the professional theoretical knowledge they have learned to explain and solve practical problems in social real life or their actual work and other types that pay attention to theoretical application.

If students have the necessary theoretical literacy, research interest, writing ability and research conditions, the topic is indeed valuable, and the graduation thesis can also be written as "theoretical research type", that is, the type of academic research focuses on discussing, questioning, dispelling doubts and demonstrating theoretical problems with certain value. Graduation thesis should not be written as "investigation report" or "work summary", which mainly reflects practical problems and lacks theoretical depth and organic connection with professional knowledge.

(2) The style of writing is serious. The theme of the argument should have certain theoretical and practical value, not too superficial and not completely based on personal interests.

Strict thinking. The argument should be correct, the argument should be substantial and reliable, the structure level should be clear and reasonable, and the reasoning and argumentation should pay attention to logic.

Simple language. Pay attention to learning and using the unique scientific language of scientific research papers. The writing style should be concise, simple, not too complicated, and don't use literary language that is too exaggerated, too emotional, and too straightforward and vulgar.

(3) The standardized graduation thesis should use the thesis template uniformly formulated by the college, and this template shall prevail whether writing the outline or the text. The paper template includes title, outline, text, notes, bibliography, etc.

Among them, notes and references are two contents that students can refer to according to the actual situation. When submitting the outline, the text item is empty.

When submitting the text, if the outline is passed at one time without modification, the outline item will be empty; If the outline is not passed, the students will make changes according to the teacher's requirements, and the outline items must have the contents of the revised outline. Generally, the number of words in the main body of graduation thesis is about 8000 to 10000 (the number of words in calculation papers can be about 6000 to 8000), and the number of words in the outline is about 500 to 1000 (the number of words in the outline does not include the main body).