According to the author's experience in marking college entrance examination compositions in recent two years, I found two interesting phenomena: first, most candidates write argumentative essays, and second, most argumentative essays are not like argumentative essays. The main manifestations are: 1, and the argumentative structure does not fit. If no argument is put forward at the beginning, only a few arguments are written in the middle, without analysis and argument; Even when enumerating arguments, there are a lot of language descriptions and psychological descriptions. This idea is illogical. For example, the argumentative argument put forward at the beginning is "think twice before you act". According to logical thinking, the next argument should focus on "why do you have to think twice", that is, the importance of thinking twice, or the good results that thinking twice can bring; But some students focus on "what is thinking twice" or "how to think twice", which makes people feel uncomfortable. 3. There is a lack of necessary adhesion between argumentative essays and argumentative essays, which means that no matter what is stated, there is no evidence to analyze. To this end, the author believes that argumentative writing in senior high school must take the following three steps, namely, structural fit, proper thinking and adhesion.

First, the structure of argumentative writing.

To demonstrate, analyze facts and demonstrate truth, of course, we must follow certain laws of thinking; This law of thinking is reflected in the external form of the article, which is the article structure with a certain style. How to write an argumentative essay is "in tune"?

First, according to the general thinking mode of discussing problems, it should be composed of three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems (or introduction, theory and conclusion). "Asking questions" means to clearly put forward the central argument at the beginning of an argumentative paper, "analyzing questions" means to analyze and demonstrate the central argument in the middle of the article, and "solving problems" means to draw a comprehensive conclusion or forward-looking hope at the end of the article. Everyone knows this, and I won't repeat it here.

The second is to analyze the problem, that is, the part of this theory, which should be discussed in layers according to a certain dimension. The so-called "dimension" is the direction of discussion. There are four dimensions: what, why, how and what. Under normal circumstances, a middle school student's argumentative essay can be expanded by choosing one or two of these four dimensions. But no matter which direction you look at it, there must be some connection between its arguments. Generally speaking, there are three types: parallel type, progressive type and contrast type.

The so-called juxtaposition is to list several arguments from the same direction around the center and demonstrate them one by one. If you only write around one dimension, then the relationship between several sub-arguments is mostly parallel. For example: argumentative essay 1 (please click to browse this argumentative essay).

Compared with the parallel structure, the progressive structure is the same except for the different meaning connection between arguments, so I won't talk about it any more.

The so-called contrast is to start from the positive and negative aspects of the topic, make positive and negative comparative arguments, and draw a conclusion. Its advantages are simple structure, sufficient demonstration and convenient use. The simplest contrast is that after putting forward the viewpoint, one section demonstrates the viewpoint from the positive side, the other section demonstrates the viewpoint from the negative side, and finally draws a conclusion. Another comparative structure is to discuss or put forward arguments from the front, and then discuss them from the opposite side through turning points or assumptions. For example: model essay 2 (please click to browse model essay)

Second, the idea of entering the grid.

Argumentative writing is to discuss problems, of course, there must be ideas, that is, there must be inevitable internal relations between all parts of argumentative writing. As we all know, argumentative writing is an argument. After you make an argumentative argument, you should put facts and reasons, so that your argument can be convincingly established. Therefore, there should be a causal relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, that is, the central argument is "fruit" and the sub-argument is "cause". This causal connection is the "case" of argumentative writing thinking.

As an argumentative composition of senior high school students, there should be a causal relationship between at least the central argument and the sub-argument, and between the arguments.

After students put forward the central argument, they can find the direction of putting forward the sub-argument as long as they ask a "why" around the central argument. For example, the central argument is that "only persistence can sublimate people's ideology and morality and achieve something." After a little analysis, we can find that this view is talking about the importance of persistence, so the argument should answer the question of why persistence is important, so we can demonstrate it from two dimensions: why and what results. For example, "persistence is a kind of persistence, turning despair into hope", "persistence is a kind of belief, making the ordinary noble" and "persistence is a duty, making the ordinary great". If we want to test whether these three sub-arguments and the central argument are necessarily related, we just need to add "because" before these three sub-arguments and "so" before "persistence is very important" and read them together.

Similarly, there should be a causal link between arguments and argumentative essays. For example, after the sub-argument that "persistence is the duty to make ordinary and great", it can be discussed as follows: "The persistence of border guards makes the country stable and peaceful; The persistence of the people's teachers has made peaches and plums all over the world; Angels in white's insistence made the disease yield. " Another example is the argument that "freedom is the flight of ideas": "Action can be subject to objective reality, but ideas will always enjoy absolute freedom. With this freedom of thought, Li Bai, a poet, was born. This is Li Yu, who is still in prison and lamenting that' the old country is unbearable to look back on the moon'; Haizi, a talented poet, yearns for' facing the sea and blooming in spring'. In short, because of this freedom of thought, society will continue to make progress under its traction and create a human miracle that will never go down in history. "

Third, adhesion has surgery.

A decent argumentative essay, in addition to its rigorous structure and unique thinking, has a more important aspect, that is, the proper elaboration of the argument and the pertinent analysis of the argument; Without such elaboration and analysis, the argument of argumentative paper can not be adhered to, and this persistence is "technical"

(A) point of view+transition+case+analysis

The most important thing in this step is "transition" and "analysis". The so-called "transition" is to connect ideas and examples with appropriate words, connect the literary atmosphere, and make ideas and argumentative materials unimpeded in language form. The so-called "analysis" means that after the case is described, it is necessary to make appropriate analysis and comments on the case, point out its essential characteristics, and link the case with the argument in content. For example: model essay 3 (please click to browse model essay)

(2) viewpoint+transition+demonstration+analysis+induction

This way of argument is to add a "induction" to the first one. The so-called induction is to extract the inevitable from multiple examples. Since it is necessary to extract from multiple examples, the "argument" part should be two or more. For example: model essay 4 (please click to browse model essay)

(3) Universal Truth+Individual Truth

That is, deductive reasoning. The previous analysis and induction is from the individual to the general, and deductive reasoning is a method to prove a special argument (argument) with universal truth from the general to the individual. Example: model essay 5 (please click to browse model essay)

If you have completed the above three steps, you will probably be able to write a decent argumentative essay. (Excerpted from Chinese Teaching and Research in June 2007, original: Zhang Zhu's Trilogy of Argumentative Writing)