(1) According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, Sun Bin's The Art of War has 89 articles and four volumes. Unfortunately, this masterpiece was later lost, which is really a great loss for the Chinese nation! It's a little comforting that 1972, in April, in the Han Tomb in Dabie Mountain, Linyi, Shandong Province, we accidentally found 30 incomplete bamboo slips of Sun Bin's Art of War, with 1. 1 10,000 words, which were compiled and published by the Cultural Relics Publishing House, slightly making up for some losses.
Sun Bin's The Art of War is also called Qi Sunzi to distinguish it from Sun Wu's The Art of War. It is enough to see from the existing 30 articles that Sun Bin's The Art of War inherits and develops Sun Tzu's art of war thoughts of famous military strategists such as Sun Wu and Wu Qi. In Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Bin combined his own characteristics of the times, and incorporated his rich experience and carefully studied achievements.
Sun Bin inherited and surpassed his predecessors and formed a unique military theory system. His works are profound and profound, from the position and role of war, to the strategic and tactical thinking of using troops, to the methods of fighting, offensive and defensive tactics, the selection of generals and their cultivation and quality requirements, to the ideological and theoretical basis of strategy and tactics, all of which are profound and incisive, and are indeed precious wealth left to future generations.
From Sun Bin's The Art of War, we can see the following main points of Sun Bin: (1) He not only advocated "surviving the victory", but also pointed out that "those who enjoy the war with soldiers will die". He believed that reunification could only be achieved through war, which was undoubtedly correct in his time. However, he opposed the abuse of war, and even more opposed to fighting an unprepared war. He emphasized "be prepared before you move".
(2) He believes that it is not the strength comparison between the two sides that determines the outcome of the war, but the nature of the war. He pointed out that "fighting without justice makes the world weak and strong."
(3) He believes that soldiers and people's hearts are the foundation of a powerful and invincible army. He said, "The victory of soldiers lies in choosing soldiers", and soldiers should be "loved if they are clever children, and respected if they are strict teachers". He mentioned the issue of popular support many times, and clearly pointed out that the army that made the people suffer would be defeated.
(4) He believes that the key to Qiang Bing is to "enrich the country", and the way to "enrich the country" is to cherish and accumulate people's strength, with special emphasis on recuperation and accumulation of people's strength.
(5) His leading strategic and tactical thoughts are "If you don't report surprise attacks, you will win" and "If you report more surprise attacks, you will win". We strongly advocate adapting measures to local conditions, guiding the situation and winning by surprise.
(6) He advocated that "we must attack rather than defend". It is believed that active attack is the magic weapon to win, and passive defense is doomed.
(7) He emphasized that leading generals must know, and asked the commanders of all armies to know astronomy, geography, benevolence and humanity, and really know how to use troops.
(8) He attached great importance to correctly handling the internal relations of the army, and advocated that the king should entrust him with full power for life, the generals should work together, and the officers and men should work together to establish harmonious internal relations.
Sun Bin is a great thinker and an outstanding strategist. Sun Bin's The Art of War is an important work with rich content and great value, which is worth reading, chewing carefully and comprehending attentively.
(2) Looking at Sixteen Articles of Sun Bin's Art of War, on the basis of inheriting Sun Bin's and Wu Bin's military thoughts, there is a new development. First of all, Sun Bin expounded the view that war is a tool of political struggle in Wang Wei Question.
He made it clear that the war was just a "Tao" spread by the former king, that is, a political tool. It's not that the former king didn't want to create a peaceful living environment for the society by "blaming righteousness, saluting pleasure, hanging clothes and forbidding competition". But it is impossible to preach by empty talk, so he "mobilized troops" and banned competition by means of war. However, as a tool of political struggle, war cannot be used frequently. Of course, victory can "survive the country", but once defeated, it will "cut land and destroy the country." Therefore, we should be cautious about war. A country that loves war is bound to perish, and those who covet victory are bound to be humiliated. Sun Bin's view of war is obviously more profound than Sima Fa's thought of "stopping war with war". War, as a means of spreading the word, must be done according to righteousness. "Fighting without righteousness makes the world weak and strong." Economy is the foundation of war. As long as there is sufficient material preparation, the small town can still be consolidated and persisted. In Qiang Bing, Sun Bin further pointed out that the urgent task is to "enrich the country", clearly revealed the dependence of war on economy, and theoretically developed Sun Wu's proposition that "food is used for the country because of the enemy". Secondly, it developed Sun Wu's military theory of "guiding according to the situation" and clearly put forward the operational principle of "guiding according to the situation". Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: "Sun Bin is precious", which points out the characteristics of Sun Bin's art of war. The situation is a war situation and the layout of military forces (including troops, weapons and equipment, military supplies, etc.). ) both sides. As early as in Thirteen Articles, Sun Wu put forward the idea of "winning by taking advantage of the situation", that is, the idea of controlling the war situation. Sun Bin, on the other hand, put forward various principles to create and strive for a favorable operational situation on the basis of "following the trend". In "The Question of the King of Wei", he said: "Those who gain power must strive for it", and the struggle between scholars should be carried out under the condition of creating advantages. For example, Qi Weiwang asked: The strength of the two armies is equal, and the generals of the two armies confront each other, and their positions are very stable. Nobody dares to move first. What shall we do? Sun Bin replied: First, send a small number of troops, led by humble and brave generals, to test the attack. After the war, only defeat is allowed, not victory. Put the main force in a hidden position. When the enemy divides his troops to pursue our small army, our army will attack the main enemy from the flank and win a great victory. When dealing with the war situation of "the enemy is outnumbered, the enemy is strong and we are weak", Sun Bin proposed "submission to power". That is, to avoid the enemy's sharp edge and hide the follow-up troops so that our army can move at any time. The main force will put the soldiers with long weapons in the front, the soldiers with short weapons in the back, and send crossbowmen to help the emergency. Wait for the enemy's attack ability to decline, and then fight back. This is also to make full use of the conditions of the enemy and ourselves, create a favorable situation for us, and thus reverse the unfavorable situation in which the enemy is outnumbered. The war situation is changing rapidly, so we should seize the favorable fighters in time. Sun Bin compared the crossbow to "potential", which also shows that war is the most favorable moment to try to launch the crossbow. Sun Bin also pays attention to using various terrains to create a favorable situation. In Guan Yi, he said, "If you fight a mountain, you should let go of Taniguchi and lead the enemy out of the valley to fight.". When fighting in overgrown places, we should use false flags to lure the enemy deep and destroy him. "Easy (flat terrain) means more cars, dangerous (steep terrain) means more riding, and Er (narrow ravine) means more crossbows." I want to seize the favorable terrain and attack the enemy in the unfavorable terrain. This is called "killing alive". In short, Sun Bin advocates grasping the favorable fighter plane and making use of all possible conditions to create a situation favorable to us and unfavorable to the enemy, so as to win the war. Thirdly, Sun Bin pointed out the important role of man in the war. He said in the Moon War: "Between heaven and earth, it is more valuable than people", which is an important embodiment of humanistic thought. China's humanistic thought originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and formed a strong ideological trend in the Warring States Period. In the autocratic era when people were not treated as people, it was undoubtedly progressive for Sun Bin to point out the important role of people in the war. Starting from the topic of humanism, Sun Bin, like Mencius, also proposed that the three major factors that determine the outcome of a war are weather, geographical location and human harmony. He said: "The weather, geographical location and people can't be harmonious. Although we won, we will suffer. " The so-called "harmony between people" is to win the hearts of the people. "Those who win the crowd win" and "those who lose the crowd are invincible". Sun Bin's people-oriented military thought obviously originated from the "benevolence-oriented" thought in Sima Fa, but its formulation surpassed Sima Fa and was an important embodiment of the people-oriented thought in the military theory during the Warring States Period. Fourthly, Sun Bin's other important contribution to military science is to enrich and develop the array method since the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the prevalence of phalanx warfare dominated by chariots, the array methods were mostly "three arrays" and "five arrays". During the Warring States period, due to the formation of multi-arms coordinated operations with infantry as the mainstay, chariots and cavalry as the wings, large-scale field and siege wars appeared, so the formation of military formations became more complicated. In Guan Yi, Sun Bin pointed out more than a dozen array methods, such as: rope array, used to enter and suppress the enemy; Captives go against the array to tire the enemy; Risk-array, Yan Bing to the enemy; Cloud array, shoot at the enemy with crossbows; Array, besiege the enemy; Closed array, used to destroy the enemy striker; Pi Fu array, used for storm and rescue; Staggered arrangement, prestige and military prestige; Cut the array and attack the enemy of Gaoling; Yan zhen is suitable for being placed on winding and prickly roads; The cone array is suitable for burning the enemy's trench, grain and grass, and supporting chariots. This has greatly enriched and developed the military array method since the Spring and Autumn Period. Sun Bin also summed up a theory of fighting with eight arrays, saying, "If you use three points in the array, every array has its front and every array has its back, you must wait.". Fight one and defend two, invade one enemy and collect two. " In other words, to fight with eight arrays, the forces can be divided into three forces: the main force, the vanguard force and the follow-up force. In combat, only one-third of the troops are used to meet the enemy, and the other two-thirds are used as mobile troops to save strength for the enemy. If the enemy is weak and chaotic, strike it with elite soldiers; If the enemy is strong and strict, lure him with old and weak soldiers and attack after his forces are dispersed. Sun Bin's explanation about the use of the Eight Arrays is a classic explanation, which can help us understand the mystery of the ancient army's array operations. This is a summary of his years of practical experience in unified operations. Fifth, Sun Bin also put forward many valuable guiding principles in a series of strategies and tactics. For example, he advocated adhering to the strategic policy of active attack, saying in "Wang Wei Question": "Those who must attack but fail to defend are also in a hurry", arguing that there is no defense or weak defense, and attacking the enemy has no focus. This statement obviously inherits Sun Wu's thought that "the attacker must take it and the attacker will not keep it". However, Sun Bin did not simply absorb it, but sublimated it from a general strategic principle to a strategic principle, making it a top priority for the whole army. Sun Bin also gave full play to Sun Wu's military principle of "attack if you can save", and skillfully combined this principle with "criticizing weakness", "expressing doubt" and "expressing ignorance" and won the battle of Guiling. Sun Bin also creatively developed Sun Wu's tactical principle of "I specialize in dividing the enemy" and surpassed the enemy in number. He proposed to avoid the sharp edge of the strong enemy, seduce and confuse the enemy, disperse the enemy's strength, and then "attack it with my strength." Sun Bin put forward the principle of selecting generals in building the army, that is, "the knower", that is, knowing the way of heaven above and the reason of earth below; Win the hearts of the people at home, know the enemy's situation abroad, and know the experience of the eight major battles in battle; Dare to fight when you see victory, and dare to remonstrate when you don't see victory. He also put forward a set of military education principles, namely, teaching the country, teaching the line, teaching the army, teaching the array and teaching the war. It also advocates selecting a group of brave soldiers as soldiers in the army, who should be the main force in the charge. He believes that with a well-trained army, this country will "defeat Qiang Bing, so that the whole world will serve it". (See Wang Wei) Of course, Sun Bin's Art of War, as a historical and cultural heritage more than 2,000 years ago, naturally has limitations and shortcomings. For example, the mysterious elements of yin and yang are mixed, and it is believed that the sun, the moon and the stars can affect the outcome of the war. Sometimes the material conditions such as terrain in war are too one-sided and absolute. But these shortcomings and deficiencies do not affect its value. It is a theoretical summary of the war practice in the Warring States Period, which inherits and creates the outstanding achievements of predecessors and occupies an important position in the history of China's military thought.
(3)
A Summary of Sun Bin's Military Thought
Sun Bin was a famous strategist, theorist and military commander in the middle of the Warring States Period. Together with Sun Wu, he was honored as "Sun" by later generations.
Son ",because its main activity is in Qi State, it is called" Qi Sunzi ". According to legend, Sun Bin is a descendant of Sun Wu, who studied under Guiguzi.
Guiguzi in Sun Tzu's Art of War was awarded by Sun Tzu's Art of War, indicating that Sun Bin's military thought inherited Sun Tzu's Art of War in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Many ideological factors. During the Warring States period, many countries coexisted, and the seven heroes competed for hegemony, and many new situations appeared. In practice, Sun Bin
Constantly improve and develop what you have learned and form a relatively complete ideological system. These thoughts are all embodied in Sun Bin's The Art of War.
The following is a summary of Sun Bin's military thought.
On the view of war, Sun Bin advocated attaching importance to war and treating it cautiously.
Sun Bin believed that the education of "benevolence and righteousness" could not eliminate the war, and the models of "benevolence and righteousness" such as Three Emperors and Five Emperors and Duke Zhou were still needed.
To eliminate riots by means of war, only by means of war can the war be stopped in the era of hegemony between countries. He Qiang
Adjusting the war is a very important means to solve the problems in the country's political life, which can only be guaranteed by strong force.
It is enough to make the country stable and prosperous and achieve "victory and strength."
Sun Bin attaches importance to war, but fighting is not easy. He opposed belligerence and realized that war was a cruel double-edged sword, which "won".
You can "survive and be immortal", and "invincible" will "cut the land and endanger the country." He realized that "the happy soldier died,
The winner will be humiliated. If soldiers don't like it, it's useless to win. "Blindly belligerence is bound to bring about self-destruction and bring shame to ourselves, so we must be careful.
We must take war seriously. We can't use it or abuse it.
It is precisely because he realized the objectivity of war and its importance to the country that he advocated actively doing a good job in war.
Do a good job in preparing for winning, and suppress the war with war. He pointed out that political and economic conditions determine the victory of the war.
Negative foundation, "Qiang Bing" must first be a "rich country", and only with strong political and economic backing can it "be prepared and move".
He also pointed out that the morale of the people is the decisive factor in winning the war, so the war must conform to the people's hearts and achieve "winning the people's hearts."
"with the crowd"
In the aspect of war epistemology, it is proposed that generals should "know" and "Tao" is the law of war. Reflects simple materialism.
Dialectical point of view.
Sun Bin believes that factors such as the number of people, the amount of food, and the sophistication of weapons and equipment are not enough to guarantee victory, such as
If these can really affect the outcome of the war, it is enough to have an accountant, so why fight! Only by mastering the laws of war and understanding the enemy and ourselves.
Only by correctly guiding the situation of both sides can victory be guaranteed.
From the dialectical point of view, he expounded six pairs of contradictions, such as many a mickle makes a muckle, surplus makes a muckle, thoroughness, impetuousness and fatigue, and made a deep analysis of the special topic of military theory "Zheng Qi". It is believed that only when the generals truly realize the role of these contradictions and master the transformation law of these contradictions can they take advantage of subtle changes.
Surprise wins. These conscious reflections on the laws of war from the philosophical point of view are rare treasures in the treasure house of our military philosophy.
In strategic thinking, Sun Bin emphasized "to attack but not to defend".
Sun Bin denied that "reward, punishment, power, potential, intrigue and deception" put forward by Tian Ji was one of the most important factors to win the war.
Later, it was emphasized that "attacking but not defending" was the most important factor to win the war. Sun Bin's dialectical understanding of attack and defense is "attacking and not defending".
Correct strategic thinking based on knowledge. "Must attack" requires active attack, and "not defending" refers to the enemy's defense system.
Relatively weak and important links. When the enemy is outnumbered and the enemy is strong and we are weak, we should actively attack the weak defense of the enemy.
Links can not only effectively destroy the enemy's effective strength, but also change the offensive and defensive posture and grasp the initiative in the war.
"We must attack and not defend" also contains an important ideological factor of active attack. As a famous strategist in the Warring States period, Sun Bin's
The strategic thought of active attack reflected the enterprising spirit of the emerging landlord class at that time.
Tactically, Sun Bin put forward the ideas of "taking advantage of the situation" and "creating momentum".
Lu Chunqiu Shen Shi said, "Sun Bin is a noble person". Sun Bin thought that "the cleverness lies in the emotion", and in the chapter of "potential preparation",
He used the crossbow as a metaphor to analyze what "military potential" is. He not only has a deep understanding of "potential", but also is "cause potential".
A master of "creating momentum" was "full of energy" and "creating momentum" in the two battles of Guiling and Maling, and finally won. laurel
In the Battle of Ling, because of Pang Juan's arrogance, Sun Bin first sent doctors and Gao Tang who didn't understand the art of war to attack Wei, which was not easy to capture.
Ling ",make Pang Juan more despise qi, and angry. After Qi Cheng and Gaotang were destroyed, they were sent to Xi Chi without pomp.
Liang jiao, want to anger his anger. Divide the pawn from it and show it as a widow. "Finally led to Pang Juan" abandon its trench, with interest ".
Finally defeated Wei Jun and captured Pang Juan. In the Battle of Maling, Sun Bin feared the enemy because Wei Jun despised Qi.
Potential, lured Wei Jun into the encirclement, and defeated Wei Jun, drove Pang Juan to commit suicide, and captured Prince Wei.
In specific tactics, Sun Bin specifically discussed the method of battle formation, and also discussed the problem of siege. He is not only interested in everyone.
This paper discusses the methods of various battle formations, and then analyzes the countermeasures to attack various battle formations. He divided cities with different terrains into cities that were difficult to attack.
And easy to attack, reflecting the siege strategy and technology at that time.
Sun Bin put forward a series of important thoughts on army construction and management.
First, he analyzed the relationship between the monarch and the general. People think that the monarch should not "obey the general", that is, the monarch should not.
Intervention in the specific military affairs of generals should make them "autocratic" and have independent military command. Of course, these have to be built.
Based on the loyalty of the general to the monarch.
Secondly, he discussed more about the quality of generals. It is believed that a general should have five elements: righteousness, benevolence, virtue, faith and wisdom. Contrastively analyzed the shortcomings of generals' failure.
Finally, he discussed the management team. These can be summarized as appointing talents, strict discipline and rewarding and punishing the public.
Peace, reward and punishment in time.
On the basis of inheriting the excellent military thoughts of the previous generation, Sun Bin further developed and enriched ancient China through war practice.
Military theory. However, influenced by the prevailing astrology theory and the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Sun Bin's military thoughts were inevitably mixed.
Some superstitious ideas were introduced. For example, like all military strategists at that time, he believed that the main punishment of Yuezi was killing, and the fighting should be carried out at the peak of Yuezi.
Influenced by the theory of five elements, he put forward the view that "five soils win each other", which reflected the limitations of the times. However, this does not affect the soldiers in Sun Bin.
The Law is a masterpiece of China's ancient military theory, which shines brilliantly in military history.