Keywords: Mandarin; Shaanxi dialect; Location; way
China Library ClassificationNo.: H0 Document IdentificationNo.: A DocumentNo.:1672-8122 (2010)12-01-02.
Language is the most important communication tool for human beings and a symbol of national identity. With the unification of the country, the flow of population, the popularization of education and the spread of mass media, the area where Putonghua is used is getting larger and larger, and the population used is increasing. However, due to China's vast territory, numerous nationalities, large population, cultural customs and lifestyle differences, language expressions and meanings are also different. Therefore, in today's language life, the "mashup phenomenon" between Putonghua and local dialects is widespread, and many differences in pronunciation and words affect people's communication. With the rapid development of market economy and the innovation of language information processing technology, people feel more and more urgent to solve the problem of language unification.
The relationship between Mandarin and dialects is parallel. Today's Putonghua has absorbed the essence of the languages of various regions and nationalities in China, and formed a homophonic * * * with wide coverage and strong expressive force, which is based on the northern dialect and takes the classical works of modern vernacular as grammatical norms. Dialect is a form of language communication formed by people's spontaneous perception in long-term life and labor, and it is also the basis of Putonghua today. As a standard language, spoken and written languages of Mandarin are consistent, while dialects can only adopt written languages of Mandarin as there is no independent written language corresponding to spoken languages. Pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar must be considered when learning Mandarin. Only grammar and vocabulary can be learned and standardized in writing, while pronunciation can only be learned and standardized through oral English and ear training.
The difference between Shaanxi dialect and Putonghua is highlighted in pronunciation. For example, a southern consumer bought a bag of children's food in a shop in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, and found it moldy, so he talked to the person in charge. The person in charge asked with concern in the local dialect, "Is there anything wrong? It's okay. " What consumers in the south hear is: "If you die, it's good not to die." It can be seen that the use of nonstandard phonetic expression will cause ambiguity and obstacles. Phonetic defects will inevitably bring obstacles to people's language and thinking development. This paper intends to start with the pronunciation parts and methods, and briefly analyze the differences between Putonghua and Shaanxi dialect in order to help Shaanxi people learn to speak Putonghua. Because the tones of the two phonetics are similar, the examples in this paper are not marked with tones.
First, the difference between initials.
Putonghua pronunciation divides a syllable into three parts: initial consonant, vowel and tone, which not only embodies the coordination of sound, rhyme and tone, but also shows the evolution and corresponding relationship between ancient and modern pronunciation and dialect. Initial, also called prefix, is the beginning of a syllable. Playing with consonants is characterized by long duration and weak sound potential, which is easy to eat words. The correct pronunciation of the initial consonants in Putonghua requires "the prefix is pronounced and the position is accurate".
Influenced by oral culture, Shaanxi dialect has obvious differences in the position of pronunciation organs and the intensity of exhaled airflow, which affects the articulation and intelligibility of pronunciation.
(A) the difference between non-aspirated sound and aspirated sound
Non-aspirated and aspirated consonants in Putonghua refer to the state of airflow. No aeration and aeration are relative. The airflow is weak and short, and there is no aspirated sound when it flows naturally. Exhaled breath is called aspirated sound, which has the function of distinguishing meaning in Putonghua. The initial consonants in Shaanxi phonetic syllables have changed non-aspirated sounds into aspirated sounds because of the strong exhaled airflow during pronunciation.
1. pronounce b as p.
Postscript b of putonghua pronunciation? B? N cell b? O Bei
Phonetic Postscript P of Shaanxi Dialect? With p? N cell p? O cup Pei
2. pronounce d as t
Is Mandarin pronounced big D? Mi d? Aleckdi? N duo
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation datuo rice t? O lake ti? Northern Doto
3. release? Read k
Mandarin pronunciation gong? Open? Rules? User Interface(UI)
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation gong kon? Guikui
4. pronounce j as q
Mandarin pronunciation distortion ji soaked ji film J? N sedan? o
The pronunciation of Shaanxi dialect is distorted. Q? N cars together? o
5.zh is pronounced ch
Is Mandarin pronounced straight? n？ Zhe Zhe Zheng Zhen?
Shaanxi dialect is pronounced straight in Zhang Chi ch? n？ This Chen Zheng?
6. pronounce z as c
Mandarin pronunciation consultation zi za z? In z? I did z? o
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation consultation ci za c? Use c? I did c? o
(B) the difference between tongue sound and flat tongue sound
To distinguish these two groups of sounds, we must first be able to distinguish their own obstacles, and then find out where the differences between the two groups of pronunciations are. Their similarity is that the whole tongue is saddle-shaped, that is, there are two focuses, the tongue is at the back (the back of the tongue and the hard palate), the front is high and the back is low, and the middle of the tongue is concave. One is in front (the tip of the tongue and the upper gum), and the first focus of the flat tongue sound is in front of the tongue sound. But the second focus of flat tongue sounds is later than tongue sounds. The tongue surface of sticky tongue sound is deep and concave, and the middle and lower part of flat tongue sound is shallow.
1. pronounce zh as z.
Putonghua pronunciation tied to zh? Pick zh? I owe zh? I chop zh? n
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation z? Pick zei debt z? I chop z? n
2. pronounce ch as C.
Mandarin pronunciation difference ch? Chai ch？ I'm fucking ch? N super ch? o
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation difference c? c？ I hang out with c? N super c? o
3. pronounce sh as s
Mandarin voice yarn sh? Screen sh? I should shush? short for Shenyang/a surname
Shaanxi dialect phonetic yarn s? Screen s? I mountain s? N-parameter sensing
(3) Distinguishing the middle and tongue sounds on the tip of the tongue
They are similar in that the focus is on the front of the tongue. The alto on the tip of the tongue focuses on the tip of the tongue and the upper gum; The focus of tongue sound is that the front of the tongue is close to or close to the front of the hard palate. When Shaanxi people pronounce their tongues, their tongue position is relatively backward. Pay attention to the accuracy of the position, the strength of the tip of the tongue, and don't touch the teeth or between two teeth.
1. pronounce d as J.
What are the drops of Putonghua pronunciation? N diaodi? O mold
What is the pronunciation of Shaanxi dialect? N Diao Ji? Dad ajie
2. pronounce t as q
Putonghua phonetic style celestial body? N ti？ O tie tie
Shaanxi dialect phonetic style Qi Tianqi? N qi? O Hou qi
(d) The difference between lingual sounds and lingual root sounds
The pronunciation method of the two is the same, both are "unvoiced". The pronunciation method of "clear fricative sound" is that the two points of the resistance part are close but not in contact, and there is an extremely narrow gap between the two points of the pronunciation part, so that the breath can be squeezed out from the narrow gap and will make a fricative sound when squeezed. The difference between the two is in the resistance part. Tongue sounds are when the tongue is close to the hard palate. The root of the tongue sounds close to the hard palate.
Read x as h
Will Mandarin pronunciation scare xi? Xi 'an Xi? Ryan Xi? n？ thank you
Shaanxi dialect pronunciation scares h? Salty h? N lane h? n？ Shoes h? I
Second, the differences of vowels.
A vowel is the part of a syllable after the initial. Consists of a rhyme head, a rhyme belly and a rhyme ending. Play with single vowels or polyphones. According to the phonetic structure, it can be divided into single vowel, compound vowel and nasal vowel. According to the lip characteristics of vowels at the beginning of traditional vowels, they can be divided into open vowels, straight vowels, closed vowels and clamped vowels. The correct pronunciation of vowels in Putonghua requires a standard neck shape and a soft transition. The belly of the word was pulled open and stood up, round and full; The suffix is in place and complete. Influenced by traditional dialects, Shaanxi dialects are prone to confusion such as single vowels and complex vowels, kaiyuan sounds and sandwiched vowels, which affects the meaning of words.
(A) the difference between single vowel U and I
Monovowels are played by monophthongs. In Mandarin pronunciation, the vowel U has a higher tongue position and a rounder lip shape. Vowel I, tongue in front, high. I am "not round lips". The lips of the hair are u convergent, and the corners of the mouth of the hair are flat to both sides. For example:
The pronunciation of Putonghua is from Chu to Qu.
Shaanxi dialect sounds are never late.
(B) the resolution of polyphonic vowel width contrast
A compound vowel is a combination of two or three vowels. Compound vowels and compound nasal vowels in Putonghua, except ue and ion? Outside, there is a relationship between width and contrast. Width refers to the contrast of tongue movement in the process of vowel pronunciation. In each pair of vowels with width contrast, the first thing is that the direction or curve of their tongue movement is similar or similar. The difference between the two is mainly manifested in the level of vowel tongue position in the abdomen, that is, the size of the opening tongue position, while the vowel phoneme at the beginning or the vowel phoneme at the end is the same. Influenced by language varieties, people in Shaanxi dialect area will find it difficult to distinguish the width of vowels in Putonghua, so they need to listen to changes to experience pronunciation and strengthen their ability to distinguish.
1.？ Artificial intelligence discrimination:
Mandarin pinyin white b? I'm uncle b? I'm a hundred b? Me, Mike m? I
Shaanxi dialect phonetic Bai Beibei Bo Bai Beimei
2.？ O-ou discrimination:
Mandarin phonetic medicine y? O key y？ o
What does Shaanxi dialect phonetic medicine have?
3. ie-me? Resolution:
Putonghua pronunciation sister
What is the pronunciation of Shaanxi dialect?
(3) nasal vowel en? Wait a minute. resolution ratio
The premise of distinguishing these two groups of vowels is to distinguish the endings first, and their endings are all nasal? . The difference is that it rhymes e and o, and it should be noted that en? In pronunciation, the tongue position of e prefix is higher and lower than that of single tone. Open? In pronunciation, the beginning of o is different from the vowel o, it is between u and o, and its mouth is relatively wide. In practical application, we can't just have the pronunciation trend without the real pronunciation position, otherwise the two will be confused. For example:
Is the pronunciation of Putonghua constant? Hey, hen?
Is the pronunciation of Shaanxi dialect horizontal? Axillary, dear.
Third, different tones.
Mandarin tones are inherent in Chinese syllables, which can distinguish the level and rise and fall of meaningful sounds. In addition to soft voice, it can be divided into upper voice, second voice, third voice and fourth voice. The correct pronunciation requirements of Putonghua tones are: flat and smooth; Yangping is weak and strong; The voice drops, the gas rises steadily and becomes stronger; Strengthen the voice to make weak gas unobstructed. On the premise of the same pronunciation in Shaanxi dialect, the second pronunciation of the two pronunciations is the same. Such as "people", "model", "trade union" and "auspicious" are basically the same. After careful consideration, it is not difficult to find that there is a universal law between Shaanxi dialect and Putonghua when Shaanxi pronunciation changes from flat tone to upper tone. If the tone is changed from a flat tone to a flat tone, four tones to an upper tone, and one tone to four tones, most Shaanxi phonetics can be turned into Mandarin. For example:
Mandarin pronunciation mountain shān river hémei méI Li Li
Hé mei mèi Li l: and in sh m 4 n River, Phonetic Mountain, Shaanxi Dialect
The study of Putonghua pronunciation needs to master the correct pronunciation parts, methods and skills, and master the scientific pronunciation rules. According to the correct position and method, it is necessary to pronounce every phoneme and syllable accurately, not only with the brain, but also with catchy words. Through repeated practice, we can deepen our memory and correct the phonetic habits influenced by dialects with systematic phonetic knowledge. Therefore, the transformation from local dialect to standard Putonghua pronunciation also needs a long-term learning and accumulation process. But as long as you study hard, it is not difficult to change from local dialect to standard pronunciation.