First, the direction of the topic is professional. How to find problems and determine topics? The following points can be used for reference: (1) From the research topics designated by the competent authorities, professional societies, various seminars, etc., select typical problems that conform to your own work practice and research expertise as topics, conduct research, and write them in words; In practice, pay attention to careful observation, be diligent in thinking, inspire, refine, rise to a certain theoretical height and form a topic where you are deeply experienced and interested; By reading books and magazines carefully, and on the basis of synthesizing and drawing lessons from other people's scientific research achievements, I can get inspiration from relevant arguments and questions, find topics, sum up experience, bring forth the new and express my unique opinions. In short, the key to finding problems lies in "attention". As long as you pay attention to accumulation, good topics may appear in your mind at any time. Once you have an idea, you should write it down immediately to prepare for screening or refining the topic in the future.
Second, we should consider the subjective and objective conditions and make a correct objective estimate of ourselves. For example, mastering the depth and breadth of materials, mastering the ability of materials, and understanding the theme. According to their own specialties and hobbies, give full play to their subjective advantages. At the same time, we should fully understand the research status of academic circles, such as the results of this research, what problems still exist, the problems to be studied and solved and their urgency, social needs and scientific development trends. Only by combining subjective and objective conditions can we choose the subject that suits us best.
Third, the topic selection time is appropriate, and the topic selection should be as early as possible, so as to have enough time to accumulate materials. But it is not appropriate to choose a topic too early, because my professional knowledge is still relatively thin. If I know little about this academic research, it is inevitable to choose a topic rashly. With a certain professional foundation, you will not be at a loss, but you can prepare, read and accumulate information more calmly, and you will have enough time and energy to conduct in-depth discussions. If you only consider the topic when evaluating the professional title, it will be very hasty, and you will have no time to consider the problem maturely and thoroughly, and the chances of successful submission are very small.
Fourth, the topic is difficult and the size should be moderate. The difficulty of topic selection should be moderate. Difficult topics are of course more scientific, but for people with short working hours, it is often beyond their power and difficult to complete.
When choosing a topic, I should make a comprehensive investigation and choose a suitable topic according to my professional foundation and time and other related factors, such as information conditions and funds. Otherwise, the topic is too big, it is difficult to study the problem in depth, and it may be anticlimactic and hastily collected; The topic is too small to fully tap one's potential and give full play to one's talents, and the paper can't reach its due level and depth.
Specifically, the topic can be selected from the following aspects.
3. 1 Ask for Requirements-List Requirements.
Combined with your actual work, carefully analyze the following questions:
1) Young comrades: What are the shortcomings in the current work? Where is there room for further improvement? What have other comrades and units done better? What else do I need to know, but I don't know? What should we do next?
2) Comrades who have worked for many years should consider, in addition to the above issues, what other issues have they paid attention to? In what areas have you made efforts? What aspects have different experiences and understandings from others? Where can I use and promote my own new ideas and practices?
Choose the research direction from the above questions, learn relevant knowledge, discuss and study hard, and the topic selection problem will be solved.
3.2 deep-further
Before choosing the topic, we should make clear the following questions: the history and present situation of this research; Past thoughts and important research results; Problems that have been solved; Controversial issues; The focus, problems and crux of the dispute; Representative opinions, figures and works of both parties to the dispute; Weaknesses in research and areas to be explored; In a word, we should find out the basic situation of this problem from a broad perspective, so as to be clear-headed, clear-headed, and open up new research areas. In a word, standing on the shoulders of predecessors, rather than staring at the soles of your feet. Standing on the shoulders of predecessors, on the one hand, it means choosing those "frontier" topics on the premise of deeply understanding and mastering the knowledge and research results of predecessors; On the other hand, it refers to the enlightenment gained from previous people's thoughts or research. It is a main idea to study the problems that predecessors have just approached but have not solved and raised. This topic has both inheritance and development. Going further often means innovation and breakthrough.
3.3 Odd Numbers-Choose a topic from an easily overlooked place.
Human's understanding and transformation of nature is not completed at one time, but is always in a process, which needs to be deepened and developed continuously. In many phenomena that people think are unremarkable, there are often new realms for study, and these new realms are easily ignored by people. A studious and curious person always asks why when something happens. There are many neglected places, and many common phenomena often do not attract people's attention. If we can observe all kinds of things carefully and ask why, it is easy to find the topic that needs to be studied. This is the story of Newton and Apple.
3.4 Innovation-Select a topic from pioneering and innovating.
Mr. Lu Xun said: "There is no road in the world, and more people will become roads." In scientific research, we should be good at exploring and dare to explore new fields. The topic selection itself is a kind of creation. The strength of people's creativity depends on the amount of knowledge storage, the skills and imagination of applying knowledge. If you have profound knowledge and rich imagination, you dare to step into unfamiliar subjects from your familiar subjects, and you dare to attack the so-called insurmountable restricted area. The choice of this kind of topic, in addition to the knowledge of the selector, must also have courage, without a high sense of responsibility and serious spirit of the cause is impossible. Only by concentrating on exploration and not being afraid of difficulties can we open up new fields of science and technology.
3.5 Smart-Choose a topic from the windfall
Scientific research is exploring one new topic after another. In the course of these studies, unexpected accidents sometimes occur. When this phenomenon occurs, we should not easily correct or eliminate it, but should study it deeply. Even if it is not within the scope of its own research topic and professional problems, it should be discussed in depth. This unexpected discovery will give us new enlightenment, and if it is followed up, it will often produce new valuable topics. For example, X-rays were found in an accident.
3.6 Reality-Choose topics from practical work
Some people think that scientific research and writing scientific papers are the business of professional researchers, which is extremely one-sided. In fact, in addition to scientific researchers, engineers, technicians, managers, teachers, students, workers and farmers from all walks of life can conduct scientific research and write scientific papers in combination with their own work. Combined with practical work, the topics are very extensive and the content is very rich. Papers written in combination with practical work can be eclectic and varied. Such as theoretical derivation and exploration, analysis and summary of practical experience, research on problems in product development and production management, periodic summary of scientific and technological research, popularization, application and deepening of new technologies, theories and methods, suggestions and ideas on products, processes, organization and management, and discussion on theoretical and practical issues. People who are not engaged in scientific research should get rid of the mystery of scientific research and scientific paper writing, and be brave in practice and writing, thus promoting the development of science and technology and making it more prosperous.
3.7 Reform-Selecting a Topic from Reform and Progress
We are fortunate to be in the era of reform and opening up, in the torrent of world economic integration, and we can feel the touch of reform and progress every moment. The reform of political system makes the country more democratic and open, the reform of economic system makes people realize a well-off life, and scientific and technological innovation makes us catch up. All these provide a broad world for us to choose the topic. Port science and technology workers have made remarkable achievements and made outstanding contributions in process improvement, quality research, technical improvement, learning, digesting, popularizing and applying advanced technologies at home and abroad, preventing and eliminating major hidden dangers, and installing, debugging, operating, repairing and maintaining large-scale precision equipment, which is worth popularizing. Although it is not an invention, it can write projects that have created direct or indirect economic benefits for enterprises and society. Choose one aspect that you are best at and the most prominent as the content of your proposition, and then choose one of the most representative items to sort out and concentrate as the basic material of your proposition.
As long as we look at everything with a strong sense of responsibility, self-motivation and innovative spirit, inspire wisdom, inspire inspiration and capture information, we will certainly be able to select topics suitable for our own exploration and research and lay a solid foundation for writing scientific and technological papers.
(2) I. Title
The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.
(1) general title
The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:
(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.
2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.
(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, correctly handling the relationship between the central government and local governments, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization, etc.
4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.
⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring management system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.
There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.
(2) Subtitles and Subtitles
In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title.
In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, how to look at the current labor remuneration difference-also talk about the bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources and improve the utilization efficiency of protein-and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating.
The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels.
There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will make people feel cumbersome and cumbersome, and they will not get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, it must be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Not unconventional, unconventional, fascinating and pleasing to the eye, thus arousing readers' interest in reading.
Second, the directory
Generally speaking, long graduation thesis has no subtitle. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.
The purpose of establishing a directory is mainly to:
1. Let readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading this article, so that readers can decide whether to read it, whether to read it intensively or skim it.
2. It is convenient for readers to choose a sub-argument in the text. A long paper has many sub-arguments besides the central argument. When readers need to know more about a sub-argument, they can rely on the table of contents to save time.
The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. In order to make the table of contents really play the role of guide map, we must pay attention to:
1. Exactly. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text. In other words, the title, subtitle and content of this paper are one-to-one correspondence.
2. Clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct.
3. complete. Because the table of contents is the guide map of the paper, it must be complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted.
There are two basic types of directories:
1. Text directory.
2. Digital catalogue. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method.
Three. Platform for action
Abstract is the epitome of the full text. Here, the author outlines the overall appearance of the full text with extremely economical pen and ink; Put forward the main arguments, reveal the research results of the paper, and briefly describe the framework of the full text.
Abstract is an accessory part of the text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper.
The purpose of writing the executive summary is to:
1. In order to make the instructor have a general understanding of the main contents of the article before reviewing the full text of the paper, and know the main results and main logical order of the research.
2. In order to make other readers have a general understanding of the problems studied by the author by reading the executive summary, if there is a curse, they should read the full text further. Here, the abstract has become an "advertisement" to recommend papers to many readers.
Therefore, it is necessary to prompt the main points of the paper so that readers can understand the main points of the paper at a glance. The abstract of the paper should be concise and comprehensive, and should not be too verbose to grasp the main points or just a few dry ribs, lacking materials to explain the views.
Executive summary can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary.
The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article.
Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Graduation thesis generally adopts indicative abstract. Examples are as follows:
● The government under the condition of market economy should, of course, obey the overall planning and deployment of the higher authorities, but the main focus should be on being responsible for the lower authorities, the local economic development and the improvement of the living standards of the local people. This is the premise of developing the overall economy, which naturally conforms to being responsible to the upper level.
● Changing departments to "grasp * * * and manage" enterprises to serve enterprises should be the main focus of departmental work. (Excerpted from Government in Market Economy)
How to locate ")
The writing requirements of English can be summarized as "completeness, accuracy, conciseness, truthfulness and vividness". Specifically:
1. The content summary should be complete. That is, the main contents (or viewpoints) expounded in the paper cannot be omitted. It should be written as a complete paper and can be used independently.
2. Focus should be highlighted. The research results (or central arguments) and the content of conclusive significance of the paper should be highlighted, and other items can be written concisely.
3. Use words concisely. Writing should be carefully worded and expressed in concise and general language, and it is not appropriate to demonstrate every content.
4. The statement should be objective. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to write only the objective situation of the research, make a subjective evaluation of the work process, methods and research results, and make a comparative explanation with other people's research. The value of a research achievement has its own public opinion, and there is no need to advertise itself. Therefore, seeking truth from facts is also the basic principle of writing abstract.
5. The language should be vivid. Writing should be concise, vivid and fascinating, and literary color should be reflected as much as possible in terms of text polishing, expression and structure, so as to arouse readers' desire to read the text.
Fourth, the text.
The text includes introduction, theory and conclusion. This is the most important part of the graduation thesis, which is discussed in detail in other chapters, so I won't repeat it here.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference
References, also called bibliography, refer to the books, newspapers and periodicals consulted by the author in the process of writing his graduation thesis, which should be listed at the end of the graduation thesis. There are three advantages to listing references: first, when the author himself finds that there is an error in the quotation, it is easy to find and correct it. Second, teachers of graduation thesis defense committee can know the breadth of students' reading materials as a reference for graduation thesis review. Third, it is convenient for readers who study similar problems to consult relevant viewpoints and materials.
Of course, the references listed in this article must be major monographs, papers and other materials that are closely related to this article and have played an important reference role in writing my graduation thesis. Don't make too many lists, no matter how light or heavy.
The listed references should generally clearly indicate the title of the book or article, author, publisher and publication year.
(3)