After the teacher agreed, I was writing. If you don't know anything, you can ask me directly. I hope I can help you, and I wish you a smooth writing process. Literature review format and writing skills (with literature review mode) Abstract is the result of information research on the basis of reading, selecting, comparing, classifying, analyzing and synthesizing documents, and it is the researcher's comprehensive description of a research situation in his own language.
The collection, arrangement and analysis of literature laid the foundation for the writing of literature review. The format of literature review generally includes: introduction of literature review: including the reason, significance, scope, text title and basic content overview of literature; Literature review body: It is the main content of literature review, including history (seeking the development process of research problems), present situation, basic content (seeking the progress of understanding), research method analysis (seeking the reference of research methods), solved problems and remaining problems, and paying attention to the current influence and development trend in detail, which not only enables researchers to determine the research direction, but also facilitates others to understand the starting point and breakthrough point of this study. The conclusion of literature review: the conclusion of literature research, summarizing my own research viewpoints, existing different opinions and problems to be solved, etc. Appendix to literature review: list the references and explain the materials on which the literature review is based, so as to increase the credibility of the review and facilitate readers' further retrieval.
Literature review is an academic paper written by collecting a large amount of information on a certain topic and making comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document. Literature review reflects the latest progress, academic viewpoints and suggestions of an important subject in a branch or field. It can often reflect the new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies of related issues.
Asking students to learn to write abstracts has at least the following advantages: ① Through the process of collecting documents, they can be further familiar with the retrieval methods of scientific documents and the accumulation methods of materials; In the process of searching, we also expanded our knowledge; (2) Searching for literature and writing literature review is the first step of selecting topics and conducting scientific research, so learning the writing of literature review is also a process of laying the foundation for future scientific research activities; (3) By summarizing the writing process, the ability of induction, analysis and synthesis can be improved, which is conducive to the improvement of independent work ability and scientific research ability; ④ Literature review covers a wide range, which can be large or small, difficult or easy. The summary of graduation project should be written in combination with the nature of the project.
Literature review is similar to "reading report", "literature review" and "research progress", all of which are summarized from a special research paper or report. However, literature review is different from "reading report" and "literature review". It simply summarizes the first-class literature objectively, and does not only pay attention to the scientific process like "research progress". Its characteristic is "synthesis", which requires comprehensive analysis, induction and arrangement of literature materials to make the materials more concise, clear and logical; "Narration" refers to a more professional, comprehensive, in-depth and systematic discussion of the comprehensively sorted literature.
In a word, literature review is a scientific paper in which the author comments on the historical background, predecessors' work, controversial focus, research status and development prospect of a certain issue. Writing a literature review generally goes through the following stages: selecting a topic, collecting and reading literature, drawing up an outline (including induction, collation and analysis) and writing.
1. Choosing a topic and collecting reading literature and writing a literature review are usually out of certain needs, such as choosing a topic for an academic conference, engaging in a certain scientific research, and accumulating literature for a certain aspect. Therefore, the author is generally clear about the topic of literature review, not as difficult as the topic of scientific research. Literature review has a wide range of topics, from large to small, from a field and a discipline to an algorithm, a method and a theory, which can be determined according to your own needs.
After selecting the topic, we should collect the related documents around the topic. Relevant methods of document collection, such as reading monographs, yearbook, browsing, snowballing and retrieval, are not described here.
The more complete the document collection, the better, so the most commonly used method is retrieval. After collecting the references related to the topic, it is necessary to read, summarize and sort out these references. It is very important to choose a representative, scientific and reliable research document from these documents. In a sense, the quality of reading and selecting documents directly affects the level of literature review.
Therefore, when reading literature, you should write "reading notes", "reading experience" and "document extract card" Having one's own language to record the inspiration, experience and ideas gained in the reading process and extract the essence of the literature will not only provide useful information for writing a summary, but also help to train one's expression ability and reading level, especially organizing the literature into a document excerpt card, which is extremely beneficial for writing a summary.
Second, the format and writing method The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects.
Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.
The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text. The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format.
It can be summarized in chronological order, according to different problems, or according to different viewpoints.
2. 1500 words or so of literature review (including research progress, topic selection basis, purpose and significance) refers to a paper that the author summarizes, analyzes and refines a large number of data, materials and main points in the original research paper for a certain topic in a certain period of time.
The summary is a three-phase document, with strong topic, small scope, certain depth and timeliness, which can reflect the historical background, research status and development trend of this topic and has high information science value. After reading the review, we can know the latest research trends and some original research papers on this subject in a short time.
Most medical journals at home and abroad have abstract columns. Searching and reading literature is an important prerequisite for writing a review.
The quality of the review depends largely on the author's mastery of the latest literature related to this topic. If you don't do a good job in literature retrieval and reading, you will certainly write a high-level summary.
The writing format of a review generally includes four parts: preface, text, summary and references. The preface should use concise words to explain the purpose and necessity of writing, the definition of related concepts, the scope of review, the present situation and trend of related issues, and the focus of current major issues.
The preface is generally 200-300 words, not more than 500 words. Writing is the focus of review, and writing has no fixed format. As long as the comprehensive content can be better expressed, the author can creatively adopt various forms.
The text mainly includes two parts: argumentation and argumentation. By asking questions, analyzing and solving problems, we can compare different scholars' views on the same problem and their theoretical basis, and further clarify the context of the problem and the author's own views. The author can also put forward different literary views from the historical background, present situation and development direction of the problem.
The body part can be divided into several subheadings according to the content. Abstract is a brief summary of the main body of the abstract. The author should make a comprehensive evaluation of various viewpoints, put forward his own views, and point out the existing problems and the direction and prospect of future development.
A simple summary can also be omitted. References are an important part of the review.
The number of general references can reflect the breadth and depth of the author's reading. Different magazines have different requirements on the number of references for review papers, generally less than 30 articles are appropriate, with the latest documents in the last 3-5 years as the main ones.
Several points for attention in writing a summary paper: (1) The topic should not be too big. Generally speaking, if the topic is too big, it is difficult to grasp the center of the paper and understand it thoroughly.
⑵ The references are too old. The review must reflect the latest research of others. If the cited documents are all old references from previous research institutes, they cannot reflect the latest research trends.
(3) Don't cite too many references. Literature review writers sometimes see the phenomenon of quoting indirect literature.
If the author quotes other people's references, it is better not to quote them indirectly. (4) The summary is too long.
Magazine editorial departments generally have a certain number of words to review manuscripts. When the author writes a summary for the first time, he often doesn't pay attention to this point, which leads to more empty talk and cliché s, and the focus is not prominent.
The summary should not exceed 4000 words. 5] Summary is not a simple literature list, but must be synthesized and summarized by the author himself.
Some reviews only list the literature behind, which looks like a running account, without the author's own comprehensive analysis, which makes people feel that we should pay attention to the problems in writing literature reviews repeatedly. After choosing a topic, they should collect documents related to the topic around the topic. The author should pay attention to the following points when collecting and reading documents: 1. Collecting literature should be as comprehensive as possible, which is the material basis for writing literature review. After selecting the review topic, we should collect and read a large number of relevant Chinese and foreign documents.
The more complete the document collection requirements, the better. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good summary, otherwise it is impossible to write a lot of summaries by collecting a little information casually, and even the articles written will not be a summary at all.
2. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. After collecting the references related to the topic, we should read, summarize and sort out these references. How to select a representative, scientific and reliable single research document from these documents is very important. In a sense, the quality of reading and selecting documents directly affects the level of literature review. Therefore, when reading literature, you should write "reading notes", "reading experience" and "document extract card"
Having one's own language to record the inspiration, experience and ideas gained in the reading process and extract the essence of the literature will not only provide useful information for writing a summary, but also help to train one's expression ability and reading level, especially organizing the literature into a document excerpt card, which is extremely beneficial for writing a summary. 3. The cited documents should be faithful to the contents of the documents. Since the literature review has the author's own comments and analysis, it is necessary to distinguish the author's views from the contents of the literature when writing, and not to tamper with the contents of the literature.
4. References cannot be omitted. The references involved in literature review mainly reflect the whole theme and are directly read by the author. They reflect the author's understanding of the research field and the preliminary research status of the subject, so they can't be omitted. Five, how to write a good literature review skills one: collect information for mainstream literature, such as core journals, classic works, research reports of full-time departments, opinions and expositions of important people. , is a "compulsory course" for literature review.
Most of the related reports or comments in the mass media, though somewhat valuable, can be simplified due to the limited time and energy. How to find out the mainstream in this field? It is suggested to start with the following aspects: First, Chinese and foreign academic journals in the library should "follow the trail" after finding one or two "classic" articles and pay attention to their references.
High-quality academic articles usually do not ignore the mainstream and classic literature in this field. Secondly, we can find some early classic documents by using China Periodical Network, Foreign Periodical Database Search, Superstar Digital Library and the reading room of Chinese and foreign back issues in the school library.
The third is to use other network resources. Tip 2: organize at any time.
3. What is the research purpose, significance, value and requirements of your thesis opening report and literature review? How many words does the paper opening report need? No, you can tell me the specific typesetting format requirements, I hope it will help you. I wish the success of the paper opening report mainly includes the following aspects: (1) The name of the paper is the name of the topic, and the name should be accurate and standardized.
Accuracy means that the title of the paper should clearly explain what the problem is and what the research object is. The name of the paper must be consistent with the content of the study, neither too big nor too small, and you should accurately summarize your research objects and problems. Second, the name should be concise, not too long.
Whether it is a paper or a topic, the name should not be too long. Try not to use words if you can, generally no more than 20 words. (2) The purpose and significance of the research, that is, why we should study and study its value.
This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role this research has, and then writing the theoretical and academic value of the paper. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly.
The main contents include: (1) the relevant background of the study (the proposal of the subject): that is, what is the basis and inspiration of this study. ⑵ By analyzing the local (school) education and teaching practice, point out why we should study this topic, the value of the research and the problems to be solved.
(3) The history and present situation of this thesis at home and abroad (literature review). It should be standardized, and minor items can be omitted.
Generally, it includes: mastering the breadth, depth and achievements of its research; Look for the problems that need further study, so as to determine the research platform (starting point), research characteristics or breakthrough point of this topic. (4) The guiding ideology of this paper is what direction should be adhered to and what requirements should be met. This direction or requirement can be philosophy, political theory, educational development planning, and guiding opinions on research issues.
(5) The goal of thesis writing is the specific goal to be achieved at the end of the topic, and the specific problem to be solved, that is, the predetermined goal of this thesis: the goal of this thesis writing, the goal should be closely related to the topic, and the words should be accurate, concise and clear. Common problems are: not writing research objectives; The target deduction is not strict; The target word is inaccurate; The goal is set too high, and the predetermined goal has not been studied or can not be studied.
When determining the goal of thesis writing, on the one hand, we should consider the requirements of the subject itself, on the other hand, we should examine the actual working conditions and work level. (6) Basic contents of the paper. The research content should be more specific and clear.
And a goal may be achieved through several aspects of research, which are not necessarily one-to-one correspondence. When determining the research content, people often don't consider it very specifically. The research content of writing is particularly general and vague, and the purpose and significance of writing are taken as the research content.
The basic contents generally include: (1) the definition of the topic of the paper. Three points should be clarified as far as possible: research object, research problem and research method.
⑵ Definition of theories, nouns, terms and concepts related to this writing. (7) The specific writing methods of the thesis can be selected from the following methods: observation, investigation, experiment, experience summary, case analysis, comparative study, literature review, etc.
(8) The steps of thesis writing, that is, the arrangement of the time and order of thesis writing. The steps of writing a thesis should fully consider the relationship and difficulty of the research content. Generally speaking, it starts with the basic problems and is carried out in stages. When each stage starts and ends, there must be rules.
The main steps and time schedule of the study include: what stages are the whole study divided into; I hope I can help you with the start and end time of each stage. How to write an opening report? First of all, we should sort out the information collected in the preparatory work, including the name, content, theoretical basis, participants, organizational arrangements and division of labor, estimated time and funds, etc.
The first is the drafting of the title. The topic has been established in the preparatory work, so the topic of the opening report is not a problem. Just write down your research topic directly.
For example, I once instructed a group of students to study the Lunjiao culture, such as "Lunjiao cake", Lunjiao woodworking machinery, and Lunjiao cultural relics. The proposed topic is "Research on Lunjiao Culture". The second is the writing of content.
The main contents of the opening report include the following parts: 1. Research background. The so-called discipline background mainly refers to why we should study this discipline, so some disciplines simply call this part "asking questions", which means why we should ask this question, or why we should ask this discipline.
For example, the background of a project I directed, "Research on Lunjiao Culture", said that in the wave of reform and opening up, Lunjiao, as a corner of the Pearl River Delta, developed rapidly in economy, and at the same time, how did her culture develop, what achievements she made, what impact she had on residents, and what needs to be improved. Of course, there are many contents of background description, which can be social background or natural background.
The key is what we have determined. Second, the content of the study.
The content of the subject research, as its name implies, is what our subject should study. For example, the subject "The New Eight Scenes of Foshan" directed by Mr. Huang Shu of our school, the research content is: "Focusing on the New Eight Scenes of Foshan, investigating the yesterday, today and tomorrow of Foshan's historical and cultural precipitation, and combining with the economic development trend of Foshan, making a feasibility report and development plan for developing cultural tourism with the new eight sceneries and new weather."
Third, the purpose and significance of the study. The purpose of the study should be to describe what you hope to achieve in this study or what you hope to get.
For example, the research topic of "Re-taking the Long March Road" directed by Mr. Ye in our school is described in the column of research objectives: 1. By recreating the course of the Long March, we recall the great achievements of the Red Army soldiers, the general situation of the Long March, what difficulties and obstacles we encountered during the Long March, and what we recalled.
4. The purpose and significance of the thesis opening report How to write the thesis opening report, please consult CNKI website? First, how to choose the question that I have been haunting is the question that my tutor Professor Lan Xue repeatedly asked during more than a year of writing the opening report of the doctoral thesis: "What is your confusion?" How many times have I answered, "My question is, why can't China's semiconductor industry develop?"
Mr. Xue's question is just a smile with his unique savings. I was annoyed and depressed: what's wrong with such a simple truth and such an obvious answer? ! The secret lies in the "level" of asking questions.
Different from policy research reports, academic articles gather theoretical aspects to solve theoretical problems. A theory is a logical system composed of a series of premises and terms.
Theories in specific fields have their specific concepts, categories and research paradigms. Only under the same concepts, perspectives and paradigms can theories talk; Only through dialogue can theory develop.
Few master's and doctoral dissertations create new theories, which is of course the best, but it is difficult. Most of us have developed on the basis of existing theories, so when asking questions, we should use terms and clear logic that "experts" can understand.
Look at my initial question, "Why can't China's semiconductor industry develop?" This is only an exploration of phenomena, not a theoretical proposition to be verified. My theoretical proposition is: "Is China's industrial policy process an elite-led knowledge process?" In this proposition, the three terms "policy process", "elite politics" and "pursuit of knowledge" outline the theoretical scope and perspective of the study.
Secondly, multiple-choice questions are a process of "peeling bamboo shoots". Theoretical problems are always hidden behind the complex reality, and the ability to use theoretical thinking is needed to discover theoretical problems.
The training of theoretical thinking is a long-term accumulation process. However, novices need not be discouraged. Generally speaking, there are three steps: the first step is to define an "interest range", such as semiconductor industry, information industry, rural medical care, higher education system and so on. , and extensively browse relevant media reports, documents and academic articles to find out the "crux" or "hot spot".
The second step is to summarize the theoretical perspectives and theoretical tools used by researchers in the past to analyze "crux" or "hot spot", such as public finance perspective and social conflict paradigm. The third step is to investigate the feasibility of the problem, which is our own research space and feasibility.
For example, can't western theories explain China's problems? Or can the same problem be explained by different theories? Or is the premise and logical deduction of the theory itself flawed? By answering these questions, we found the foothold of our own research. However, we should also pay attention to whether it is possible to complete our research within the specified time of one or two years. Is data acquisition feasible? Wait a minute.
Finally, how to state the problem? In essence, stating the problem is the process of condensing the core idea. Views should come from thinking and summarizing practical problems, rather than "cutting feet and fitting shoes" in order to establish a theory.
China's political, economic and social development is full of vitality and rich scenes. How can we express it in proper terms and accurate logic? Ambitious beginners often put forward grand concepts or frameworks, but my suggestion is to narrow the scope of research as much as possible and clarify the research object, so as to clarify the memory logic of the object and ensure the completion of standardized academic papers in a limited time. For example, China Semiconductor Industry Policy Research is a very vague statement. We can narrow down the topic from several aspects: (1) Time: from 1980 to 2000; (2) Target: * * * rebels and decision-making behavior, not market, enterprise, governance structure, etc. ; (3) Perspective: elite research in politics and * * * theory; (4) Case: Project 908, Project 909, document 13 and electronic revitalization were two major projects and two important documents in the field of semiconductor policy during the period of 1980-2000.
Through such a clear definition, we will focus on several obvious concepts such as "policy process", "elite" and "* * * knowledge", and the problem will come to the bottom. At the same time, the problem is clear, and we have clear standards when screening information and materials, which can greatly improve the research efficiency in this era of "information redundancy".
Second, how to do literature review first needs to distinguish between "literature review" and "background description". When we choose to study the problem, we need to know the background and context of the problem, such as "the development of semiconductor industry in China" and "the policies and problems of developing semiconductor industry abroad". These contents belong to "background description" and pay attention to practical problems. Strictly speaking, they are not "literature review".
"Literature review" is the arrangement of academic viewpoints and theoretical methods. Secondly, literature review is critical (review is "comment"), so we should summarize and comment on the literature with the author's own critical thinking, not just "piling up" academic research in related fields.
The main line of comments should be based on the question, that is, how do other scholars view and solve your questions, and whether their methods and theories are flawed? If other scholars have solved your problem perfectly, there is no need to repeat the research. The significance of literature review is clarified. Now let's talk about how to do literature review.
Although it is a responsible research attitude to collect information as widely as possible, it is easy to lead people into the quagmire of literature without standards. Tip 1: aim at the mainstream.
Mainstream literature, such as core journals, classic works, research reports of full-time departments, opinions and discussions of important compounds, etc. , is a "compulsory course" for literature review. Most of the related reports or comments in the mass media, though somewhat valuable, can be simplified due to the limited time and energy.
How to find out the mainstream in this field? It is suggested to start with the following aspects: first, Chinese and foreign academic journals in the library should "follow the trail" after finding one or two "classic" articles and pay attention to references. The quality is better.
5. What is the significance of literature review for paper writing?
1. Definition: an article genre that takes discussion as the main way of expression and directly expresses one's views and opinions by telling facts and reasoning.
2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view of the issues discussed; ② Use sufficient convincing arguments; ③ Be reasonable and logical.
Refute a paper
1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other side's point of view and explain your own point of view at the same time.
2. Methods: ① Propose arguments; ② Prove arguments; ③ Summarize arguments.
4 formal classification
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If analyzed from the logical relationship of the content of the article, the specific structural forms of argumentative essays can be divided into two categories:
vertical
Discuss the structure layer by layer.
Example 1. In the "step-by-step" style, first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it step by step, gradually expand the truth, and finally summarize it.
Example 2. "Positive and negative argument" type: first put forward the argument, then demonstrate it from the negative side, and then further discuss it from the positive side.
horizontal
Discussion structure of parallel expansion
For example:
There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;
There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.
There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.
In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.