One of the commonly used analytical methods in society and daily life.
Comparative analysis tries to ignore something.
Compare the similarities and differences between things, distinguish things, and achieve a profound understanding of everything.
So as to grasp everything.
survey data
In theoretical analysis, when it is necessary to compare the similarities and differences between two or more things or objects to achieve an understanding of something.
Generally, comparative analysis method is adopted.
When comparing and analyzing, we should grasp the following points:
1
Combination of horizontal comparison and vertical comparison
Horizontal comparison is to compare related things in the same period. This comparison can be made in different parts of the same thing.
minute
Between them.
Through horizontal comparison, we can find some differences between two things or different parts of the same thing.
Then divide it
The reasons for this difference are separated.
Vertical comparison is to compare the specific characteristics of the same object in different periods.
Longitudinal comparison can find that cognitive objects are different.
Characteristics of different stages and their changing trends.
Horizontal comparison and vertical comparison have their own advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of horizontal comparison is reality,
Easy to understand and master,
the other/opposite side
Distinguish cognitive objects qualitatively and quantitatively;
The disadvantage is the static comparison method,
It is difficult to reveal the essential laws and development trends of things.
Potential.
The advantage of vertical comparison is that it can reveal the organic connection between things.
Understand the development trend between things;
But it is often correct.
Insufficient attention is paid to the horizontal connection between things.
Therefore,
We should combine horizontal comparison with vertical comparison,
In order to achieve a deeper understanding of things.
Understanding and consideration.
2
Compare the similarities and differences of things
Comparisons can be made between different kinds of objects,
It can also be carried out between similar objects,
Can also be in different parts of the same object.
Between them. Analyze social survey data and pay attention to the comparison of the same object, different aspects and different parts of the same object.
Comparing the similarities and differences of things or objects are two contents of comparative analysis.
The first is the comparison of similarity.
Confirm things or objects
* * * Similarity includes two aspects: one is to find out * * *, that is, the "similarity" of similar things, such as the comparative analysis of male and female employees.
The same nature of "workers" means that they have the same nature of labor.
This is the premise of comparative analysis. The second is to find out the investigation.
Objects display the same characteristics.
The second is the comparison of differences.
This is the main and important work of comparative analysis.
Determine the difference,
Is to find out who you're investigating.
Show different characteristics.
three
Compare something comparable, not something incomparable.
For example,
When comparing social indicators with economic indicators, it is always necessary to make clear the comparable caliber of indicators.
Understand the meaning of the concept of indicators
And the calculation method of index value.
Statistical indicators with the same meaning and the same calculation caliber,
Comparable,
On the other hand, it is unparalleled.
For the comparison of respondents, we should choose comparable aspects for comparative analysis.
four
Select and formulate accurate and stable comparison standards.
The unit of measurement for quantitative comparison should choose accurate and unified standards.
If the basic unit of length is meters,
Basic weight unit
Gold, the basic unit of volume is liter, and so on. Another example is the standard of family life, which mainly depends on the per capita income level, based on RMB.
Unit, etc. The criteria for qualitative comparison should be relatively stable, such as the comprehensive and universal activities of the "five good families", and their selection and calibration.
Accuracy should also have relative stability.
Only by selecting and formulating accurate and stable comparison standards,
Comparative analysis has rules to follow,
Be firm
Hold on. ...& gt& gt
Question 2: How to write the "comparative analysis" of the paper Comparative analysis method is one of the commonly used analysis methods in natural science, society and daily life. Comparative analysis tries to distinguish things by comparing their similarities and differences, so as to achieve the purpose of understanding everything in depth and grasping everything. In the theoretical analysis of survey data, when it is necessary to understand something by comparing the similarities and differences between two or more things or objects, comparative analysis is generally used. Make a comparative analysis
Question 3: How to write 1 for the main contents and ideas of this paper? The theoretical framework of the thesis The argument of the thesis must have a theoretical framework, especially the master's thesis, and it can't just be a list of 1234. The theoretical level of the thesis is often highlighted from here, and the difference between theory and viewpoint lies in its systematicness. The theoretical framework is like an outline. If you look at the outline, the paper becomes a whole, otherwise you will be suspected of slapping your head, and others will question the coverage and value of the conclusion. ? 2? Please pay attention to abstract writing. When consulting several students' academic papers, it is often found that students can't write abstracts, which may be because they don't pay attention to abstract writing. It is very important for papers: it determines whether editors and reviewers will adopt your papers and whether readers will read your papers. On the other hand, the abstract also reflects your academic ability-simply and generally introduce your thoughts, opinions and achievements to others. Explain that you know what you are doing, your writing purpose, and your value recognition of what you are doing. If your abstract can't be a good advertisement for your paper, you don't even know why you wrote this article. When I was in primary and secondary schools, I hated that teachers often asked me to write paragraphs with general ideas and central ideas. Now that I think about it, this is actually training our reading ability-what you have read is also training our generalization ability-what have you read? Translated into the abstract of the paper is-what did I write in this article? This kind of writing skill really comes down in one continuous line. Through careful experience and constant practice, it is not difficult to write an abstract that people can understand and read. ? 3? Learn to write headlines. Good titles should be concise and to the point, and the style of full-text titles should be consistent. This is also an opportunity to train generalization ability. 4? When middle school students learn to write argumentative essays, teachers repeatedly emphasize the need for arguments and arguments. Reading students' papers, I find that people often pay little attention to putting forward arguments, collecting arguments, demonstrating, or expressing some feelings and guesses emotionally, or simply stating what I did, why I did it, to what extent I did it, and where I went. I often lack strong arguments and explanations, and I failed to do so. ? 5? Students who attach importance to conclusion writing often don't pay much attention to the final conclusion writing of the paper, perhaps because the paper can't stand it at the end, or because I don't want to do this kind of research in the future anyway, so I ended up in a hurry. I don't know if writing a thesis conclusion is a good opportunity to exercise people: the ability to summarize and the keen judgment. The first part of the conclusion is an overview of your work, which actually shows your understanding of the core content and value of your work. If you can't see the meaning of your work and can't tell the content of your work clearly, you don't have to write such a paper to avoid endangering the ecological environment. The second part of the conclusion is the analysis of the lack of research, and the reflection on the research process, methods and results is the basis for your further development. Every time you write a paper, you should consciously train yourself to reflect, and this quality will be transferred to other things you do, which will benefit you for life. The third part of the conclusion is suggestions for the next step of research, which reflects your grasp of the development trend of research in this field, cultivates your ability to judge the future trend consciously, and has an impact on your career development and the formation of leadership. It goes without saying. 6? In the final review of the paper, after discussion with the tutor and many revisions, before going to press, you must read it carefully and correct all the sentences that are not fluent and misspelled, otherwise a little carelessness will leave a bad impression on the reviewer. In addition, finally check the table of contents: are the chapter titles concise and to the point, and are the sentence patterns symmetrical and consistent? ? 7? The Structure of Graduation Thesis Students often don't know how to construct the structure of graduation thesis, so they will go to their brothers and sisters to observe the thesis. The method is right, but it won't help them much if they meet the wrong person. It is suggested to search for doctoral dissertations of foreign universities while searching for papers related work. Considering their thesis organization, generally speaking, the thesis writing in foreign universities is much more standardized than that in China. ? 8? Who should I show the finished paper to? I think writing a thesis has two purposes: 1) to introduce what you think is valuable to the public, which may be your research results or the work of others you see, hoping to be applied; 2) Reflect your research level and interest, and hope to be affirmed. From these two perspectives, it is obvious to whom a written paper should be read: when writing a paper for you, keep it in mind ... >>
Question 4: How to write a comparative research paper? The general routine is to discuss the two separately first, and then analyze the similarities and differences.
The third is to analyze the reasons for the differences.
Question 5: How to write research ideas, research methods, technical routes and implementation steps?
1, learn what? -How to determine the research topic?
All scientific research begins with problems-problems are topics; Teaching is research (mastering methods is very important, otherwise it is not research); Progress and achievement are growth.
Educational research topics mainly come from two aspects:
A source of practice-objective or potential practical problems in education and problems existing in education and teaching practice itself.
The contradiction between education and teaching and the outside (teachers and parents, teachers and schools, schools and society, education and social development).
B theoretical sources-problems revealed by existing educational theories and gaps and contradictions in the theoretical system (for example, the process of the article "Cold Thinking on the Integration of Information Technology and Curriculum").
2. How to demonstrate the research topic?
Since you have chosen a subject, you should know all about it. Understand the research status of this topic at home and abroad, including the achievements and existing problems, and understand the theoretical system to which this topic belongs. A comprehensive understanding of the subject can make us take fewer detours in the research process and establish the main direction of research. This is what we often say: "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle."
How to demonstrate a topic? The demonstration of a subject is mainly to clarify the following questions:
A. What is the nature and type of the problem to be studied?
B. what is the practical significance of the problem to be studied? Its theoretical value (that is, what breakthroughs are expected in theory? )
C. what research results have been achieved on the issues to be studied? What is the research direction?
D. analyze the conditions of the studied problem.
E. What are the research strategies and steps?
F. What are the results of the study and their manifestations?
3, the basic methods of educational research are:
(1) observation method (2) investigation method (3) test method (4) action research method (5) literature method (6) experience summary method (7) case study method (8) case study method.
⑼ Experimental method (in the research process of a subject, more than two methods are often used according to different research purposes and requirements).
3. 1 observation: in order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon.
Steps of observation method: the implementation of observation method is divided into the following three steps, one of which is the design of observation research, which can be divided into the following aspects:
3. 1. 1 for general investigation and exploratory observation.
The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so as to plan the whole observation process correctly. For example, to observe a teacher's teaching work, we should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, and so on. This can be done by talking with teachers and school leaders and consulting some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework and lectures.
3. 1.2 Determine the purpose and center of observation.
According to the characteristics of the research task and research object, what problems should be considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear provisions. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. Don't have a few observation centers, and don't have a wide range. All observations should be made around a center. If you have to observe several centers, then observe them in groups and cooperate with each other.
3. 1.3 Determine the observation object
First, determine the overall scope to be observed;
The second is to determine the case object to be observed;
The third is to determine the specific items to be observed.
For example, in our spare time, we want to study the business and culture of the graduates of secondary normal schools or junior colleges newly assigned to teach in primary schools, so the overall observation is the new teachers who have worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope, we will decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, place and specific observation items to be observed shall be determined.
3. 1.4 Make an observation plan
In addition to defining the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what data to collect, the observation plan should also arrange the observation process: observation times, density, duration of each observation, and how to ensure the normality of observation phenomena.
3. 1.5 planning and preparing observation means
Observation means generally include two kinds:
One is to get >>
Question 6: Background and significance of the paper. How to write the meaning depends on your topic.
It can be divided into practical significance and theoretical significance.
You can also write the purpose and meaning together without subdivision to highlight the novelty and importance of your own point of view.
Suggestions can be described from these two points, but according to their own topics, do not copy mechanically:
1. (Your topic) has not been studied by predecessors, which means that a novel and meaningful topic in the research field has been ignored by predecessors.
2. Previous studies have been made or elaborated, but the argument is not comprehensive enough. You should enrich it or refute the previous view.
In short, the meaning and purpose must be clearly stated and there must be some new ideas.
Secondly, pay attention to the theory you use. What theory do you use to prove your point?
Also make it clear, otherwise it will be difficult to be convincing.
There should also be a detailed literature review and evaluation basis of domestic and foreign research level.
Only in this way can you set off the meaning of your topic.
The purpose and significance of research is why we should study and study its value. This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role this research has, and then writing the theoretical and academic value of the paper. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly.
The main contents include:
(1) research background (proposal of the subject): that is, what is the basis and inspiration of this study.
(2) By analyzing the local (school) education and teaching practice, point out why we should study this topic, the value of the research and the problems to be solved.
Question 7: How should I write my graduation thesis? Where are you going to write your thesis? Did the teacher approve the topic? Is there an outline for the teacher to see the writing direction?
Did the teacher tell you which direction to write the paper? Be sure to write an outline before writing a paper, and let the teacher determine the framework to avoid big changes in the process of revising the paper in the future! !
Pay attention to the format requirements and writing specifications of the school, otherwise it is likely to be returned for revision. If you still don't understand or know nothing, you can ask me. I hope you can graduate smoothly and move towards a new life.
Writing skills of graduation thesis
First, we must first occupy and select materials around the topic.
That is to say, when your topic is determined, first, you should possess the materials around the argument and read as much as possible. Some topics come from topics that the teacher has studied. Quite a few students set their own topics, accumulate materials first, and then have arguments. Once the argument is established, go back and take possession of the material. In the possession of materials, it is similar to the basic writing I said. The first thing is to have the materials and real materials of the research object. For example, if you want to study several works of a writer at a certain stage, you should make in-depth and detailed research on these works to further determine your own arguments. If your paper is a report, not purely theoretical, but written in the form of experimental report, investigation report and summary, then your investigation materials and experimental materials should also be accounted for.
Second, we need epitaxial materials with research objects.
For example, if you want to study the writer's works, then you should study the background materials of the writer's writing, including the political and economic background, the background of literary and artistic thoughts and so on. There are also writers who talk about their own creative materials, and there are also materials that others have studied. With these materials, you can meet people and discuss the world, and you can make yourself as impartial as possible in your research. Therefore, fully possessing the materials will make your argument more complete. In this way, your argument will be deeper and wider in the future.
Third, we should choose materials on the basis of materials.
Never bring all the materials in, as long as you have them. This is a common problem when you write a paper. For example, if you write 10,000 words, you may write 50,000 or 60,000 words. Like that student just now, writing 60 thousand words is too rich. When you can't grasp it yourself, you can ask the teacher to help you and tell you what can and can't be used. More material is better than nothing, because it is always easy to delete. In the case of more materials, you choose better materials.
2. Select the paper type.
The second preparation is to choose the type of paper. The graduation thesis types are academic papers and reportage papers. For less applied disciplines, such as the study of writers' works and the study of poetry schools, it is easier to make academic papers. For highly applied subjects, such as teaching, journalism, therapeutics and experiments, papers are generally investigative or summative, and I summarize them as report papers.
3000-word papers published in magazines are usually report papers. The report paper mainly summarizes the experience. Whether it is a summary or a report, in short, we must sum up some regular things in the end. For example, the teaching experience of comprehensive learning in new textbooks has several rules: comprehensive learning can stimulate students to participate and learn actively; Comprehensive learning can stimulate students' innovative consciousness and cultivate students' innovative ability; Comprehensive learning focuses on extracurricular learning, which can strengthen the combination of in-class and out-of-class and strengthen the cultivation of ability; Comprehensive learning can strengthen students' experience and understanding of Chinese learning, and make students' emotional attitude and value orientation develop in a healthy direction. These experiences of his try to discuss theoretically and explain its significance.
Most students' papers are academic, and academic papers are mainly about a certain professional field. After full research, it is expressed in words and symbols. The basic requirement of this kind of paper is that commentators use their own knowledge to discuss and study the theoretical or practical problems of their major. Academic papers can also be subdivided into two types, one is an explanatory paper and the other is a comprehensive paper. The biggest feature of the so-called expository writing is that it is mainly based on discussion and has a strong theoretical color. It can be divided into argumentation type and refutation type. Argumentative type is to actively establish one's own views, while refuting type is to refute others' views. There are many comprehensive newspapers in our large newspapers and some magazines. For example, half a year has passed in 2003, and we can summarize the novels of this half a year.
If it is >>
Question 8: How to write the research object and research method of graduation thesis? The research method starts from the following aspects:
First, the research object
What are your research subjects and demographic variables?
Secondly, the questionnaire research tools used in the investigation and the instruments and tools used in the experiment.
Third, research procedures.
The specific operation process of the study, how to investigate and how to experiment, etc.
Fourth, research hypothesis.
The expected result of your research project is the hypothesis you want.
Question 9: Shortcomings and efforts of paper research. How to write a good topic is of great significance in academic paper writing. This is because only by studying meaningful topics can we
Obtaining good results is beneficial to scientific career and real life; And a meaningless research, no matter how well researched and beautifully written, has no scientific value. Professor Qian Xuesen said: "The research topic should be closely integrated with the needs of the country. ..... In terms of research methods, we should avoid going into a dead end and engaging in complex philosophy. At present, in the social sciences, some people make a big fuss about a sentence of the ancients, repeatedly textual research, and write a big paper. I don't think this is interesting. " Therefore, we should choose subjects with scientific value for research and writing.
So, what principle should we choose the topic according to?
(1) is scientific. It should include: problems that need to be solved urgently; New discoveries and creations in science; Fill in the gaps or gaps in the discipline; Correct the popular saying; Supplement to previous theories; Wait a minute.
(2) Conducive to development. Refers to: have a strong interest; Able to play professional expertise; Easy before difficult, moderate size; Have some information; Can get the guidance of the tutor; Can be completed in a certain time; Limit the topic.
Question 10: How to write the research status and research difficulties in the opening report of undergraduate graduation thesis? 20 Research Status: Point out how authoritative the subject research is and how far the mainstream research is.
Research Difficulties: What is difficult to study? Is it because things are complicated or research methods are backward?