During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius' thought of "plowing three things and doing one more thing" was quite representative. According to Confucius, if the grain harvested every year can be stored for 1/3, it can be stored for three years continuously, which is enough to store 1 year of grain, that is, "surplus grain one".
There used to be a mutual fund organization among masons in ancient Egypt, which collected membership fees from each member to pay for the funeral expenses of individual members after their death. Soldiers' organizations in the ancient Roman army, after soldiers were killed in battle, used the membership fees collected as pension expenses for their survivors.
Marine insurance originated in14th century. At that time, Italian lending was prevalent in various cities. Because of its harsh conditions and amazing interest, both sides have great risks, and the ratio of profit to risk responsibility is very different, so it is called risk lending. Gradually spread to Phoenicia (an ancient country in the eastern Mediterranean, now Lebanon and Syria) and the owners of ships and goods in ancient Greece. Accepting usury from the owner of the fund, repaying the principal and interest when the ship and the goods arrive at the destination safely; If the goods suffer losses on the way, according to the degree of loss, all or part of the debts in the loan relationship can be exempted. Because the loan interest is extremely high, which is about 1/4 or 1/3 of the principal, it was later banned by the church. Later, it gradually changed into the form of paying insurance premiums, and insurance contracts or insurance policies appeared.
1347+0654381The Ship Transportation Insurance Contract signed by the merchants in Genoa, Italy on October 23rd is the oldest insurance policy discovered so far. /kloc-The two Anglo-Dutch wars that broke out in the second half of the 20th century deepened people's understanding of the role of marine insurance. Some countries have established relatively strong insurance institutions, such as the Royal Foreign Exchange Insurance Company and the London Insurance Company, which have obtained the permission of the British Royal Family to specialize in marine insurance. 1February 8, 688, Lloyd's was founded. 187 1 year, the house of representatives passed Lloyd's law. Lloyd's has been established for more than 300 years and has become the oldest and most influential insurance organization in the international insurance industry.
The insurance industry has accelerated in this century. It was born in Britain, the cradle of modern capitalism. Driven by the development of commodity economy and the increasing prosperity of maritime trade, the British insurance industry has gradually prospered. Insurance institutions are all over the ports in Britain, and London has formed a strong insurance market.
Commercial insurance is produced in the process of long-term economic and social development, which conforms to modern insurance principles.
First, the emergence of marine insurance.
The earliest commercial insurance was marine insurance. Marine insurance originated from the principle of average allocation in navigation (* * * same as average) and marine lending. * * * General average occurred in 2000 BC. At that time, the risk of maritime navigation was great, and the owner and owner of maritime trade often sailed in the same boatman. If a ship is in danger at sea, the usual measure is to throw some goods into the sea to reduce the burden on the ship. In order to avoid disputes in the process of dumping goods, a customary practice has gradually formed, that is, in an emergency, the captain makes a decision to abandon the goods, and the losses caused by the abandonment are shared by all parties who benefit from it. This is the so-called general average principle of "one person for all, all for one". Maritime mortgage loan system is a combination of loan and loss guarantee. This loan method was first popular in ancient Greece, Athens and other places (800 BC-700 BC). At that time, the ship was sailing at sea. In order to repair ships and replenish supplies, ship owners often borrow money from local businessmen with their goods as collateral. After the ship arrives at its destination, the owner is responsible for returning the principal and interest. If a ship or cargo suffers losses due to shipwreck or piracy during the voyage after borrowing, it may be exempted from part or all of its debts according to the degree of loss. This kind of mutually conditional lending, because creditors have to bear greater risks, so the interest rate is very high, and some are said to be as high as 36%. The part of the debtor's expenditure exceeding the general loan interest is actually the insurance premium expenditure in modern insurance. Later, people regarded this mortgage loan as a virtual loan contract, thus gradually completing its development and transformation from insurance germination to modern marine insurance.
At the end of 12, after the Crusade, Italian businessmen controlled the intermediary trade between East and West. At this time, the Mediterranean coastal cities in northern Italy, such as Lombardy, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Venice and so on. To become the hub of maritime trade, marine insurance first developed in these areas. With the expansion of trade, Lombardy businessmen who held the real power of trade at that time spread marine insurance to London, England and Bruges, the Netherlands. 13 16, the merchants established the insurance chamber of commerce in Bruges, and worked out the insurance rate of sea freight. The oldest existing insurance policy in the world is 1347 10. 123, it was issued by Genoa businessman George Lukewei, and it involved the voyage of the Santa Clara from Genoa to Macciocca.
The Mediterranean used to be the baby and cradle of insurance, but due to the shift of European economic and trade focus, the Atlantic coast, especially Britain, soon became the "arena" of insurance. Due to the dominant position of Britain in Atlantic navigation and the rapid expansion of foreign expansion, plunder and large-scale colonial activities at that time, two insurance centers quickly formed here: one is the insurance activity center formed by Lombardy Street in London, where Lombardy businessmen lived; The other is Lloyd's Cafe in London, which was developed by a British insurance company. 1688, EdwardLloyd opened a cafe on the Thames in London. Ship owners, crew members, businessmen, bank owners and loan sharks often exchange shipping news, talk about business news and negotiate marine insurance business in cafes. The boss Edward Lloyd seized this opportunity and made great efforts to provide convenience for insurance buyers and sellers, thus turning the cafe into an insurance market. 169 1 year, Lloyd's Cafe moved from Tower Street in the financial center to Lombardy Street to operate insurance business. 1696 founded Lloyd's News, a tabloid specializing in maritime shipping news. It has gradually developed into a major insurance center, which is Lloyd's, one of the largest insurance monopoly organizations in the contemporary world insurance market.
Second, the rise of fire insurance.
The history of fire insurance can be traced back to the Middle Ages. At that time, mutual fire insurance was implemented within European handicraft organizations, and members were given certain economic compensation after suffering fire losses. But the real fire insurance system originated in modern Germany and Britain.
159 1 year, a fire broke out in the German brewing industry. After the disaster, a "fire insurance cooperative" was established to raise the funds needed to rebuild the brewery and guarantee the credit of the real estate. 1676, in order to enrich the financial strength of fire insurance, 46 fire insurance cooperatives jointly established the public "Fire Insurance Bureau". Fire insurance was established and developed in Germany.
Britain is the first country to have private fire insurance. 1666 On September 2nd, a fire broke out in London caused by the Royal Bakery. The fire lasted for four days and nights and destroyed 85% of the houses in the city. 1, 1, more than 1,000 households were affected, leaving more than 200,000 people homeless. The following year, a doctor named Nicola Bapon started the house fire insurance. The calculation of insurance premium is based on the rent of the house and the building structure (this principle of determining the insurance premium rate separately according to the building structure is still in use today). Due to limited personal funds, his business has been restricted. It was not until 1680 that he founded a fire insurance company with 40,000 pounds of funds under the sponsorship of others. This earliest insurance company has existed for more than a century.
Third, the emergence of life insurance.
The emergence of professional life insurance is inseparable from the development of marine insurance. /kloc-In the 5th century, European colonists sold African slaves on a large scale. In the process of maritime transportation, in order to prevent slaves from dying and suffering losses, slave traders insured slaves as goods in marine insurance. Later, it was developed to insure the ransom paid by pirates for sailing passengers and the personal safety insurance of the captain and crew, which was the original personal accident insurance. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, annuity insurance came into being, and its founder was Italian banker L. Tonting. 1656, he designed a common pension scheme, which was later called "general formula". More than 30 years later 1689, King Louis XIV of France adopted "Tonti method" to solve financial difficulties. According to this law, people are divided into several groups according to their age, and each person pays a certain amount of francs. Pay interest after a certain number of years, and pay 10% every year. The older people pay more interest.
Payment will stop when all members die. The state raised 654.38 million+400,000 francs through this law. 1693, British mathematician and astronomer a. Hally compiled the world's first life table based on breslau's death statistics, which accurately expressed the death rates of people of all ages and provided a basis for calculating life insurance premiums. /kloc-In the middle of the 8th century, the British Simpson and dodson initiated and organized "London Fair Insurance Company", which used the death table to calculate the life insurance premium rate for the first time. According to the age of the insured, the insurance premium is calculated according to the death table, and additional insurance premium is charged for abnormal risks. This makes life insurance develop rapidly on a more scientific basis.
Fourthly, the origin of liability insurance.
Liability insurance first appeared in Britain. 1855, Britain started the railway carrier liability insurance. For the damaged goods in railway transportation, the carrier should bear the liability for compensation, and this risk is passed on to the insurance company through the purchase of insurance contracts. Later, employer's liability insurance, accountant's liability insurance and doctor's occupational liability insurance appeared one after another, so that the civil liability of employers for employees' occupational injuries, accountants' civil liability for losses caused to employers due to negligence and negligence, and doctors' civil liability for damages caused to patients due to negligence, negligence or accidents in the practice process were passed on to insurance companies through insurance contracts. Liability insurance developed rapidly in the early 20th century. In the early stage of the development of liability insurance, it was criticized by many people. Some people think that this kind of insurance does not meet the moral standards of society, and some even say that liability insurance encourages people to commit crimes. But this has not stopped the development of liability insurance. Since the 20th century, most western developed countries have implemented compulsory insurance for various public liabilities. Some countries implement strict responsibility management system for all kinds of products produced by enterprises. No matter whether the product of an enterprise is defective or not, as long as it causes personal injury or property loss to others, it must bear the responsibility of economic compensation, which further promotes the development of liability insurance.
Five, guarantee the emergence and development of insurance
Guarantee insurance is actually a guarantee business. It is produced and developed with the development of capitalist financial industry and the frequent occurrence of various moral hazards in economic activities.
1702, an insurance company specializing in guarantee insurance-Owner's Loss Insurance Company was established in the United Kingdom to carry out the business of good faith guarantee insurance, mainly to bear the economic losses caused by illegal acts such as theft and misappropriation of public funds by the employees of the insured. 1840 and 1842, Britain set up guarantee associations and guarantee companies one after another to start guarantee insurance business. The United States also launched the guarantee insurance business on 1876. With the development of economy and trade, the guarantee insurance business has expanded from loyalty bonds to contract guarantee insurance, supply guarantee insurance and export credit guarantee insurance.