(A) knowledge objectives

1. Learn the wonderful character language of this article-thorough reasoning, good at rhetoric, ups and downs and lively plot.

2. Master the common sense of ancient Chinese in the article, and pay attention to the different meanings and usages of polysemous words in different contexts.

(2) Ability goal

1. Train students to read ancient Chinese sentences and summarize.

2. Accurate identification and application of interchangeable words

(3) Emotional goals

1. Correctly realize that when the country was in danger, Candlewick was ordered at a critical moment to persuade Qin Jun to safeguard the patriotic spirit of national security alone.

2. Understand the way Candlewick persuaded Qin Bo-be good at using contradictions and adopting the method of disintegration to understand Candlewick's witty and eloquent diplomatic ability.

Important and difficult

Key points: Grasp the image of candle characters. Ups and downs, lively plot.

Difficulties: By studying this lesson, students can understand the language characteristics of Zuo Zhuan.

Course arrangement: 3 class hours

Teaching steps: Understanding Zuo Zhuan → Familiarizing with the background → Dredging the text → Mastering the words and expressions → Understanding the beauty of the structure → Appreciating the art of lobbying → Characters.

first kind

teaching process

I. Introduction

1995, the famous scientist Qian Xuesen broke through many obstacles and returned to China. At that time, US Navy Director kimball said, "I would rather shoot this guy than let him leave the United States. No matter where he is, he is worth five divisions. " This story can be described as a modern version of "one person is a million teachers". In fact, there are countless such figures in the history of China: Zhang Yi, Su Qin and Zhuge Liang. Today, we will visit their "founder" and ask the students to transfer to "Stop Teacher Qin from using candles".

Second, about Zuo Zhuan

Zuo Zhuan is China's first chronological history book. Legend has it that it was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Based on the chronology of Spring and Autumn Annals, this paper describes the history from the first year of Luyin (722 BC) to the twenty-seventh year of Lu Aigong (467 BC) and * * * 255 years in chronological order, and describes in detail the internal affairs and diplomacy of various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. The outstanding characteristics of Zuo Zhuan are that he is good at describing the rhetoric of war and pedestrians, and his annotations are clear and accurate, detailed and appropriate, and concise; The screenwriter is concise, precise, gentle and vivid. It is often a few words that can make readers see this person and hear his voice. It not only has high historical value, but also has high literary value. It set an example for later narrative prose. "Biography" means annotation, and Zuo Zhuan is an explanatory text of the Confucian classic Spring and Autumn Annals. Zuo Zhuan is also called Zuo Chunqiu and Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan. Together with Biography of Ram and Biography of Guliang, it is called Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn.

Third, related information.

History book style

① General history: an uninterrupted narrative of historical events from ancient times to the present, such as Historical Records.

(2) Chronological style: related historical events arranged in chronological order, such as Zuo Zhuan.

(3) State style: the history recorded by the state as a unit, such as the Warring States Policy.

(4) dynastic history: record the history of a certain period or a certain dynasty, such as Hanshu.

⑤ Chronicle: With events as the center, relevant thematic materials are gathered together, which was first created by Yuan Shu in the Southern Song Dynasty, such as Yuan Shu's Chronicle History as a Mirror.

⑥ Biography: Reflect historical events by describing the activities of characters, such as Historical Records.

Four. background information

(1) Li Qin Jin Jun

In 65 1 year BC, Jin Xiangong died and the state of Jin fell into civil strife. Rick, a doctor in the state of Jin, killed Qi Yi and Zhuozi, illegitimate children of Jin Xiangong. And sent someone to see Zhong Er's son Zhong Er. Later, I sent someone to see my second son, Yiwu, who accepted the opinions of the ministers Lu Province and Cherui, bribed Qin with gifts and promised to cede the land east of Jinjiang to Qin. So Qin Mugong made me king.

Gong Hui broke his promise.

In 650 BC, after Jin acceded to the throne with the help of Qin, he regretted ceding his land, so he sent a minister, Pi Zheng, to Qin, and broke his word on the grounds that my ancestors were not allowed to land.

③ Crossing Zheng.

In 637 BC, Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, lived in Qi for five years and then left Qi. Cao and Song conquered the State of Zheng. Zheng's doctor advised to be polite, but said, "If the prince dies, it's all right!" He was rude to Uncle Zhan because he didn't listen to his advice.

(4) Zheng Chu formed an alliance

In April 632 BC, Chu Jin fought in the Central Plains and Chengpu, and the Chu army was defeated. I respected Zhou very much and became one of the overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, Zheng was fighting in four countries, and he was very unfriendly to Chu, so he helped Chu. Therefore, Zheng Wengong went to Chu to encourage the king of Chu to send troops to fight. When Chu was defeated, he was afraid and sent a doctor to Jin to plead guilty and make peace. In May, Jin Hou and Zheng Zaiheng Yong (now Yuanyang West, Henan Province). Zhou Tianzi ordered an alliance with the four governors (west of Hengyong), thinking that Zheng was the leader of the alliance, but the gap between Jin and Zheng was not eliminated. Zheng not only encouraged Chu to send troops to attack Jin, but also made an alliance with Jin, which is the "Er" in the text.

"The Battle of Candles Defeated Qin Shihuang" took place in 630 BC, only two years after the Battle of Chengpu. Therefore, Qinhe can be said to be the aftermath of the battle of Chengpu.

Fifth, dredge the text, master the basic knowledge of ancient Chinese, and be familiar with the plot of the text.

1, record reading, students listen, teachers demonstrate reading, students read freely. By reading aloud in various forms, students can be guided to read correctly and perceive the plot of the text and the rhetorical art of candles.

2. Students refer to the notes and use their brains. First, they dredge the meaning of the text themselves, circle the sentences they don't understand and annotate the contents in doubt. Then teachers and students work together to solve the puzzles and summarize the phenomena of notional words, function words, interchangeable words, ancient and modern synonyms, flexible use of parts of speech and special sentence patterns in classical Chinese.

Intransitive verbs sum up words and phrases.

key word

1, night out: (noun as adverbial)

2. Dare to disturb the deacon: (adverb expressing modesty and respect) (honorific title for the other party)

3. The country you crossed is far away: (use adjectives flexibly as nouns, distant countries)

4. How to use the dead man Zheng to accompany the neighbors: (interrogative pronoun, why)

5. Set up one edition in the morning and one edition in the evening: (here. Also)

6. Feng Zheng Zidong: (masterpiece) (Make ... a border town and use it)

7. Fu Jin, what do you hate: (the first sentence) (prepositional object)

8. Tan Qin Jin: (Make … cut, make … profit and use)

9. If she thinks she is the host: (Ancient: Lord on East Road; Today: generally refers to the owner)

10, luggage exchange: (ancient: the person who sent the task; Today: things brought by people who go out)

1 1, Mrs. Wei can't do this. (if not, negative adverb) (that person)

12, I don't know: preach "wisdom"

13, I also: express the tone of discussion, or

Flexible use of parts of speech

1, Han Ling of Jin Army, Fan Nan, Qin Junjun: Garrison, noun as verb.

2, because of human power. We: damage and form words as verbs.

Third, and second to Chu. Two: subordinate to two masters, numerals as verbs.

4. Everything is sealed. Seal: Take ... as the boundary.

5. Come out at night. Night: night, overnight noun as adverbial.

6. Make an alliance with Zheng. Alliance: alliance, nouns as verbs

Sentence pattern:

1. What do you hate? What is satisfaction? (prepositional object)

This is unreasonable for Kim. (Preposition structure is postpositioned)

It's good for you if you die. (Preposition structure is postpositioned)

Common words

1. I don't know what that is. Know: wisdom, wisdom

Qin Bo said that he made an alliance with Zheng. Say: Yue, happy.

3. Baggage exchange, * * * is just tired. * * *: supply, supply, provide

There's nothing I can do. Already: easy

5。 Why not? Tired: ashamed, satisfied

6。 How does Zheng Zhi's death accompany his neighbors? Companionship: double, increase

Different meanings in ancient and modern times:

1, luggage exchange. Luggage: the person on the mission.

She thinks she is the host. Moderator: The host on Dongfang Road.

polysemy

if

If you let the candle power see Qin Jun, the teacher will retreat.

You, pronoun, I am sad, say: if it is poisonous.

Like, verb, the mountain has a small mouth, as if there is light.

know

I see. Yue is far away, and you know its difficulty.

Wise. Lose one's position, don't know

can

Talent, a noun, can't do anything when you are old.

Yes, I can't use the verb long ago, and now I'm anxious that it's my fault.

say

Chen said, verb, and county, righteous satrap, so to speak.

Miscellaneous sayings, nouns, so say it out to observe the folk customs.

Children's Yue Qin Bo said

give up

Escape, verb, hard work.

Farewell, verb, stop for a few days and resign.

Decline, verb, say: I am as strong as a man.

low

A remote place, noun, is not as good as a humble monk in Shu?

Border, a noun, is far from crossing national boundaries, and you know it is difficult.

Shallow, vulgar, adjective, carnivore contempt, failed to make a visionary plan.

about

To, verb, on the ridge of dropping out of school

Please hit them, pronouns, criminals.

Help, word, it's my fault.

Structural auxiliary words are meaningless, and I am not as good as others.

Seven, homework.

Appreciate the structural beauty of this article; Recite the text.

Second lesson

Familiarize yourself with this text again.

1, students summarize the story of this article. (1~2 students tell in their own words, and the teacher will guide you to outline)

2. Students discuss and summarize the general idea of each paragraph in groups. Each group chooses representatives to speak, and the teacher guides everyone to screen and summarize:

Paragraph 1: Kevin·Z, Qin Jin. The second paragraph: take orders at critical moments. The third paragraph: Quit Teacher Qin. The fourth paragraph: the abolition of the Jinshi branch

Second, appreciate the structural beauty of this article.

1. Ask the students and check their appreciation. (Each group sends a representative to express his opinion in the form of a paper. )

2, collective discussion, the teacher summed up the students' views and added.

(a) Symmetrical beauty of two starting points and two ending points

Throughout the whole article, you will first feel the symmetrical beauty of the text layout. The full text consists of five natural paragraphs, which can be divided into three levels according to the event process. The first and second natural sections are the first floor (omitted), the third natural section is the second floor (detailed), and the fourth and fifth natural sections are the third floor (omitted), showing the overall structural layout of "2 12". The first natural paragraph reads "attack": unity, the army encircling Zheng, menacing and unstoppable; The state of Zheng is in jeopardy. The second paragraph describes "longevity": when the national disaster strikes, Zheng and his subjects are in a panic and at a loss. Candles are at stake, and they go forward and go to the national disaster together. These two paragraphs naturally start from both sides of the conflict and write "attack" and "defense" to isolate Lian and Zheng from danger. The middle paragraph is the main brain part of the full text, which tells in detail the art of candlelight to persuade Qin Bo to alienate Qin Jin, learn its disadvantages, lure its advantages, tell its story, step by step, make Qin Bo convinced, and thus change course. At the end of the two paragraphs, we put pen to paper from both sides of the strait, first writing back to Zheng and moving troops back to the DPRK; Write again that Jin Fang sized up the situation and had to withdraw his troops because he was isolated and helpless. At the front line, they joined forces, and Zheng kept up the fight. Finally, they broke their word, and Qin and Zheng formed an alliance to isolate Jin. It starts in two stages and ends in two stages, with simple beginning and end, full middle, symmetrical response, accurate early warning and round beauty.

(2) no trace, corresponding to beauty.

The plot structure of the full text can be said to be different inside and outside, with a line running through it and orderly levels. The narrative of Zhang Chi is moderate and graceful. In the first paragraph, there are two hidden lines. One is the reason for encircling Zheng: "Because it is rude to Jin, the other is to Chu"; The second is the position of the two armies: "Han Jin Junling, Yinan, Qin Jun." From the reason, the encirclement of Zheng is mainly based on Jin, supplemented by Qin, and has nothing to do with Qin. There is no need for Qin to reinforce Jin. This provided an opportunity for the spirit of the candle to alienate each other, and also prepared a prerequisite for the Zheng people to turn their enemies into friends and strive for Qin. However, the defenders were divided into two, lacking careful deployment and unified command, which not only facilitated the division and secret communication between Qin and Zheng, but also made Zheng's plan possible.

With the above presentation, the article naturally enters the main part, "rhetoric is the master of the article", which is divided into four layers. First of all, it is pointed out that "destroying Zheng" can only "accompany neighbors", that is, expand the sphere of influence of Jin State, which is unfavorable to Qin State, because there is still a state between Qin State and Zheng State. Even if Zheng State is destroyed, it is impossible for Qin State to cross Jin State and incorporate Zheng into its own territory. This kind of situation, once pointed out, it is impossible for Qin people not to be impressed. So, what about the other way around? Therefore, the second floor pointed out that if Zheng did not attack, Qin would develop eastward, but there would be a channel to replenish rations, which would be harmless and affordable to Qin. This is undoubtedly attractive to Qin, who is located in a remote corner of the west and always wants to expand eastward, and is naturally easily accepted by Qin. However, as a lobbyist, Zhu can't help but estimate another possibility, that is, Xu Qin ceded part of the land in the west of Jin in exchange for the support of Qin. Therefore, the third layer takes Qin Yue in northern Shanxi as an example, which shows that Jin is treacherous and unreliable, completely breaking the fantasy of Qin's traditional ally Jin. At this point, the gains and losses have been clearly stated, but the power of candles is not enough. It is further pointed out that the result of Zheng's death is not just to "accompany neighbors". More importantly, after Jin became powerful, its greed was even greater. After Zheng's death, he will expand eastward and westward, so "lack of Qin" is inevitable. There are four meanings, three evils, one benefit and reasonable language. Every sentence is tempting, especially when it comes to unbelievability. When its western seal is bound to be two layers of Qin, it is even more creepy and can't help but shake it, and it has the feeling of pulling out of the clouds.

"Candle-fighting lobbying has finally achieved the expected results," Qin Bo (Yue) and Zheng said. Not only that, but also left the soldiers guarding Zheng to guard against the invasion of 8 Jin Army and led their troops back to China. When Jin people saw that Qin people had broken their promises, the tide was gone. Despite the anger in my heart, I had to withdraw my troops after many considerations.

As can be seen from the above, the first two foreshadowing have actually become clues throughout the whole text, and the development of the situation, the rhetoric of candlelight, and even the final outcome are all restricted by this foreshadowing. It is under this looming "foreshadowing" that the article narrates the event in a ups and downs, exciting, closely integrated and seamless way.

(C) The plot beauty of three suppression and three promotion

In addition to the deepening and pressing of the main part of the story, the narrative of the first and last natural paragraphs is concise, but it is ups and downs and exciting. Generally speaking, its plot structure can be summarized as "the plot beauty of three suppression and three promotion"

At the beginning, they joined forces to attack the city and plunder the land, which matched the capital of Zheng. This is intense and unstoppable. When Zheng was sickly and unstable, readers would naturally feel a cold sweat for Zheng's life. The second paragraph writes that foxes know heroes, and recommends the use of candlelight to Qin Jun at a critical moment. "The country is in danger!" If you let Candle see Qin Jun, the teacher will retreat. "Simple fourteen words, let us see from one side that candlelight martial arts is a wizard who can save the people from fire and water and save the country from being turned upside down. The meanings of "must", "certain" and "inevitable" show that the fox has a deep understanding of the art of candles and firmly believes in its wisdom and talent. After reading this, we feel that Zheng's safety depends on one person, and everyone's life and death depends on a little hope (Yang). This is a kind of suppression, but also a kind of promotion.

Zhu Wu was called to see him, but he said, "I am not as strong as people;" Now that I am old, I can't do anything. "At the age of seventy, he retired to the' right post' (equivalent to an official position like that). The hero is at the end of the road and his ambition is not paid. Naturally, he is full of complaints and remorse. Did he get cold feet or cold feet? Readers can't help worrying about him (depression), and even more worried about the fate of Zheng Guo. When Zheng Bo reflected on himself, blamed himself and apologized, and then had a clear understanding of righteousness and benefit, this sincere remorse and thorough analysis greatly touched the heart of Candlewick. He finally took care of the overall situation and shouldered the heavy responsibility, which shocked our hearts. (Yang) Is there any hope? This is two suppression and two promotion.

At the end of the article, the author suggests attacking the state of Qin. At this sensitive moment, the state of Qin broke its promise to help Zheng. This fragile alliance is full of more uncertainties and potential dangers. Reading makes people feel nervous, as if "something unexpected is coming" (inhibition). However, Jin Wengong's rational analysis and sober judgment of "carelessness, ignorance, and incompetence" decisively rejected the prisoner's suggestion and finally withdrew his troops, which made our hearts relaxed (promoted). This is three suppression and three promotion.

To sum up, the narrative of "The Battle of Candles Beats the Qin Dynasty" is ups and downs and exciting, while Zhang Chi is gentle and tortuous, which is also an important reason for its attractive plot.

Third, recite the text. (Ask one or two students in each group)

Fourth, arrange appreciation homework: the lobbying art and character induction of this paper.

The third category

First appreciate the language art of this article: the lobbying art of candles.

1, ask the students to pick out the language of the candle and explain what he said under what circumstances.

2. Discuss in groups, and one person in each group summarizes their views.

3. The teacher summed up and added.

"Jin Hou, Qin Bo surrounded Zheng", the army of Enemy at the Gates, Zheng Wei is in danger. At the critical moment, they were ordered by candlelight. They only used a short phrase of 125, without a single shot, but the Qin Jin League broke up and the two of them withdrew automatically. The ingenious lobbying art of candlewick left a deep impression on people.

(1), skillfully use "profit" to attack psychology.

The siege of Zheng by the state of Jin had nothing to do with Qin, who sent troops. First of all, in the Chengpu War in 632 BC, Qin Jin belonged to a military group, and there was a covenant relationship between them. Second, Qin Mugong wants to make profits to expand his power. Of the two reasons, the second is the main reason. Wu Zhu saw clearly his psychology and said bluntly, "When you besieged Zheng, Zheng knew that he was dead. If Zheng's death is good for you, dare to bother the deacon. " As a citizen of Zheng, Candlewick Wu first talked about the situation of his own country, which means that Zheng's demise is an established fact, so he can't help but consider Zheng's interests. But was Zheng's land finally acquired by Qin or Jin? This is still unknown. From this point of view, speaking from the standpoint of Qin not only eliminated Qin Mugong's wariness, but also won the favor of Qin Mugong. "Give up Zheng's thought that the host, luggage exchanges, * * * it is exhausted, and you are harmless." Through the concession hypothesis, the benefits of not attacking Zheng are inferred, and Qin Bo is tempted by interests; I hope that for the benefit of Qin State, I will give up the plan of besieging Zheng and keep my word, thus strengthening my determination to tear up the contract with Jin State.

(2) Using "harm" skillfully to analyze the situation.

From a realistic point of view, "Qin Jin encircles Zheng, and Zheng knows his death." What happened after Zheng died? If the state of Qin gets the land of Zheng, it will be difficult to "cross-insult", and even if it does, it will be difficult to govern; If the state of Jin wins the land of Zheng, "the neighbors are thick and the princes are thin." In a word, Zheng Can's death will only benefit the state of Jin, not only the state of Qin, but also the state of Qin with "thick neighbors". Second, from the perspective of development, "If you want to seal Zheng in the east and seal it in the west, there is no shortage of Qin. How can you take it?" With Kim's insatiable greed, he really felt the danger and made a quick decision, otherwise it would cause endless harm. The rhetoric of candles is to the point, powerful and prominent with questions. It's really powerful and sharp.

(3) Use "history" to sow discord.

The art of "Candlelight Lobbying" played an important role in the critical autumn of Jin, Qin and Kevin·Z.

Candlewick knows the relationship and contradiction between Qin Jin and China. After meeting with, he never mentioned Zheng's interests again. While attacking his psychology with "profit" and skillfully analyzing the situation with "harm", he did not forget to alienate the relations between the two countries. If the dispute between "Zheng Wu" and "Shezheng" is still hidden, then he took out historical facts and said, "You have tasted the kindness of Jin Jun, and Xu Jun is anxious and flawed, and he made a version late." He pointed out that Kim's kick down the ladder, ingratitude, and * * * are all naked to provoke relations, which not only makes Qin Mugong feel futile, but also makes him feel that danger is coming. It's amazing that the candle in the candle only uses the word 125 to play tricks.

The success of candlelight lobbying also depends on the appropriateness of language. An envoy of a small country facing the danger of national subjugation, facing the monarch of a big country, was originally asking for help, but he was humble and calm, did not stimulate the other side, did not lose his dignity, and was earnest, forcing the other side to submit. It can be said that it is reasonable, beneficial and restrained, thus successfully completing the lobbying task.

Second, the image analysis

1. Students summarize the content of this article in concise language.

"Candle Fighting Qin Shi" tells the story of Qin Jin encircling Zheng State. Surrounded by two superpowers, Zheng Dangshi, a small country, is in danger. At a critical juncture, Zheng Wengong, who had the courage to blame himself, took the advice of a wily old fox with an eye for talents and sent someone to light an eloquent candle to persuade Qin Bo to withdraw.

The central figure of this article, Candlewick Takeshi, is full of grievances and grievances because Zheng Wengong had blindly buried talents before, but he has a deep understanding of the national tragedy and never forgets the past. With a sense of mission to defend national sovereignty, he resolutely went to the enemy camp alone. With his witty and eloquent diplomatic skills, he skillfully used Qin Jin's contradiction to persuade Qin Bo to divide and disintegrate the Qin Jin League. Qin Bo not only stopped the siege of Zheng, but also formed an alliance with Zheng people, thus eliminating the crisis of Zheng.

2. Character image induction

(1), Candlelight: A patriot who understands justice. A brave man who never looks back. A eloquent debater.

(2) Zheng Bo: Good at being taught. Dare to blame yourself. Good at arguing.

(3) Qin Bo: greedy, selfish, dishonest and selfish.

(4), Jin Wengong: greedy, but rational, patient, improvise, assess the situation, brilliant.

Third, inquiry learning.

How to treat the characters of dying tigers? (Bole or Fox)

Please read the sentence of the lost fox: the country is in danger! If you let Candle see Qin Jun, the teacher will retreat!

Let the students talk about their views on the lost fox. Most students will say this is a bole.

Undeniably, the lost fox is a "Bole with an eye for heroes". It was he who discovered and recommended the Maxima candle wood to Zheng Bo, thus saving the fate of the demise of Zheng State. Undeniably, the lost fox is an outstanding person with clear mind, fearless in times of crisis, able to make good decisions and far-sightedness; He turned a blind eye to the world situation. "The country is in danger. If the candle is used to see Qin Jun, the teacher will retreat. " . A few words are remarkable.

Ask the students to think about the following questions: Is he really Bole who knows heroes? According to historical records, the first person who advised Qin Bo was Fan Fox, who may not be unable to dissuade Qin, but why did he recommend Candlelight instead of going by himself?

Guide students to think and answer.

The teacher knows very well: as the name implies, the fox on the lost fox is too heavy. Can you convince Qin Bo that no one is sure if you go to the land of tigers and wolves alone? If you accidentally make Qin Bo angry, your head won't count. You may also be firmly nailed to the shame column of history for future generations to point at. Developing the skill of candle can not only improve the chances of success, but also make yourself a "Bole". So he is a sly fox!