? Paper Keywords: space radius energy space conservation relationship Abstract: This paper demonstrates that energy and space are unified, deduces the energy space conservation relationship, and gives a reasonable explanation for the Big Bang theory and the accelerated expansion of the universe.

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1.？ The relationship between energy and space

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Derivation of conservation relation of 1. 1 energy space

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? Because the universe is an isolated system, it is not affected by any external force, so the center of the universe is absolutely static, and the center of the universe is also the center of mass of all substances (including photons) in the universe.

? Firstly, it is explained that the mass defined by the law of universal gravitation should be the mass corresponding to the total energy of an object. Take a photon as an example, the rest mass of the photon is zero, but the photon itself is gravitated because of its energy, which is proved by the gravitational lens effect. If two objects have the same mass at rest, and an object absorbs a lot of light energy and its energy increases, then it will be more attractive than an object that does not absorb light energy.

? Let the energy of two objects. Moreover, the distance is, according to Einstein's mass-energy relationship, the corresponding masses are sum, so the attraction between them can be expressed as:

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First, consider the case where only two particles with the same energy are far away from each other:

Let the total energy at a certain moment be,? What is the distance from the center? In an instant, the distance between a particle and the center changes as follows: One particle is attracted to another particle as follows:

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The change of energy is:

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The above formula is deformed to obtain

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Then synthesize the above formula, and you get

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that is

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? Figure 1

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? Secondly, consider the case where four particles with the same energy are far away from each other:

As shown in figure 1, let the total energy at a certain moment be? What is the distance from the center? Instantly, the distance from the center of the particle changes as follows: One particle is attracted by the other three particles as follows:

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The change of energy is:

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The above formula is deformed to obtain

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Then synthesize the above formula, and you get

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that is

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? For a spherical shell with uniform energy distribution and radius, the attraction of any point to other points is equivalent to the attraction of the center of the spherical shell:

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The change of energy is:

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The energy change of instantaneous uniform expansion of spherical shell is as follows:

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Then synthesize the above formula, and you get

? In order to explore the relationship between cosmic energy and space transformation, a coordinate system with the center of the universe as the origin was established. Let the total energy of the universe at a certain moment be that there are particles in the universe. Their energy is, the ratio of the energy of each particle to the total energy of the universe is, and the corresponding distances from the center of the universe are. We define the space radius at this time as:

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For an isolated system with a certain total energy, the spatial radius and energy distribution coefficient are different because of the different energy distribution.

The attraction of any particle is the vector sum of the attraction of each particle to the particle. Assuming that the universe expands uniformly in an instant, we can calculate the energy distribution coefficient of the universe in this state.

For the above three cases, the corresponding energy distribution coefficients are? And ...

For the energy distribution in various states, the following equations are correct:

? ( 1)

This formula is the conservation relation of energy space.

In ...

? -Total energy of isolated system

-? Spatial radius

? -? Energy distribution coefficient (

- ? Constant of universal gravitation ()

? -? The speed of light in vacuum

- ? Energy space constant

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? The conservation relation of energy space is applicable to isolated systems. An isolated system is a system that is not affected by external forces and does not exchange energy with the outside world. The universe is an isolated system.

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Re-understanding of 1.2 potential energy

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? Convert the conservation relation of energy space into

Among them, it can be regarded as the space energy of the universe.

In this paper, the reciprocal of the universal energy constant is defined as, and the conservation relation of energy space can be expressed as

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? It can be seen that the sum of energy of matter and space is not conserved, but the sum of their reciprocal is conserved. We have learned in textbooks that an object with a mass of 0 starts to fall to the ground from a height of 0. At this time, its potential energy is 0, which is converted into kinetic energy after landing, that is, the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the object is conserved. Strictly speaking, the gravity of the object is getting bigger and bigger in the process of falling, so the calculation of the above potential energy is relative and approximate. The earth can be approximately regarded as an isolated system. In the process of falling objects, the total energy of the earth and objects is increasing, while the space energy of the earth and objects is decreasing. In fact, the process of falling objects is the process of transforming space into energy.

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? From this we can also understand that the energy of matter and space can be transformed into each other, but the energy constant of the universe is eternal, and the energy of matter or space is always greater than the energy constant of the universe.

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2.？ Application of conservation relation in energy space

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2. 1? Calculation of spatial radius and case analysis of conservation relationship of energy space

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? For spheres with the same radius and energy density, the spatial radius can be calculated by calculus. For a spherical shell with a distance from the center and a thickness of, its energy is, so the spatial radius of the sphere is.

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? Suppose there is an isolated system with uniform energy distribution. When the radius is 0, its energy is 0. Now calculate how much energy it becomes when it expands into a sphere with a radius of.

According to the conservation relation of energy space, there are

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Where the spatial radius

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The energy distribution coefficient of a sphere with uniform energy distribution can be obtained by calculus, so

If the radius is doubled from expansion to expansion, it can be found by substituting the above formula.

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? It can be seen that when the radius of this isolated system is doubled, its energy becomes one thousandth and its energy density becomes one thousandth, while when the radius is doubled, its energy becomes only about three quarters and its energy density becomes about one tenth. This is consistent with the statement that the energy density or temperature of the universe dropped sharply at the beginning of the big bang, and then the amplitude of the energy density or temperature change decreased.

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2.2 Apply the conservation relation of energy space to explain the changes of cosmic energy and space.

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? According to the conservation relation of energy space, a hyperbola as shown in Figure 2 can be drawn.

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Figure 2

? Although the energy space constant of the universe is not known yet, the shape of the curve is the same as the actual curve, but its scale cannot be given now.

Because the change of the expansion of the universe is very small, it can be regarded as a constant, so it is proportional to the cost.

From the conservation relation of energy space, the corresponding cosmic energy and space radius of each point in the diagram can be obtained. At this time,

So the energy of the universe at this time, the spatial radius of the universe at this time.

? It can be seen that in the early days of the Big Bang, with the increase of the radius of the universe, the energy of the universe decreased rapidly, which is consistent with the Big Bang theory. When the total energy of the universe is more than twice the energy constant of the universe, the change of the cosmic energy is greater than the change of the spatial radius, and its change rate decreases with the expansion of the universe. At this time, the change of space radius is greater than the change of energy, and the change ratio increases with the expansion of the universe, that is, the universe is in an accelerated expansion state. From 65438 to 0998, astronomers discovered that our universe was in this state through observation. But the universe will not expand to nothing. According to the conservation of energy and Figure 2, it can be seen that the energy of the universe is always greater than and gradually approaching the energy constant of the universe, that is, there is a minimum limit for the energy of the universe. Although we don't know what the energy constant of the universe is, we know that the energy constant of the universe is less than the total energy of the universe now, which is more than half of the total energy of the observed galaxies. On the other hand, looking at the situation in BIGBANG, the space radius of the universe also has a minimum. Therefore, according to the conservation of energy, the minimum limit of the radius of the universe is.

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2.3 Apply the conservation relation of energy space to calculate the energy change of objects on the earth.

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? The earth can be regarded as an approximately isolated system. Now, the energy changes of objects on the earth are calculated by using the conservation relation of energy space.

? Let the energy of the earth be, and the radius be, and suppose that balls with the same mass are thrown at both ends of the earth at the same speed. When the ball is thrown, the energy is, the radius from the center of the earth when it reaches the highest point is, and the energy is. It can be considered that the energy of the earth is constant, and only the energy of the ball is changing. The known mass of the earth is, in order to simplify the calculation, the mass of the ball is, because the combined force of gravity of all particles on the earth is equivalent to the energy of the earth.

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First, find the energy distribution coefficient of the initial state.

The force on the ball is:

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By integrating the above formulas, you get

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Let the space radius of the initial state be, and the space radius when the ball reaches the highest point be, then

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Substituting the above formula, you get

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therefore

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Because the energy change of the ball can be ignored relative to the energy of the earth, so

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Convert the formula (19) to

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Because, so.

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Because, so ...

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? This formula shows that the energy change of the ball is about equal to the gravity of the ball multiplied by the height of the ball, which is completely consistent with our current formula for calculating the energy change of the ball, and proves that the conservation relationship of energy space is correct. In fact, it is accurate to calculate the energy change of the ball according to Formula (3).

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References:

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[ 1] ? Peterson, Brandt. Observing the universe from Hubble telescope [M]. Taipei: Owl Publishing Company, 2000:181-185.

[2]? Halliday, resnick, Walker. Learning foundation [M]. Beijing: Publishing House, 2005:1184-1185.

[3]? David Appel. Pursuing the dark side of the universe [J]. Global science, 2008, 6:80-8 1.

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