A paper generally consists of title, author, table of contents, abstract, key words, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. Of course, the format and content of scientific papers are very different. The following is a detailed introduction.

1. Paper title

The title generally does not exceed 20 Chinese characters, and a subtitle can be added if necessary. Titles should conform to the relevant principles of compiling title records, indexing and retrieval, and reflect the specific content of the article with concise and accurate words, which is helpful to select keywords. Unknown and uncommon abbreviations, characters and codes should be avoided, and mathematical formulas and chemical formulas should be avoided as far as possible.

2. Author's signature and work unit

The author's name is placed under the title, and the author of the mass author can also be indicated in the footer of the first page or at the end of the article. The author's signature is the symbol of literary responsibility and copyright. The author should indicate the full name and postal code of the work unit, and leave a word between the work unit and postal code.

3. Summary

The compilation of the executive summary should comply with the provisions of GB6447-86. The content includes the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the study, among which the results of the study and the author's conclusions are the core parts of the abstract. Generally speaking, it should be written as a report summary, which should provide the key information of the full text concisely, be independent and self-evident, and should be a complete essay, generally about 300 words. Generally, it is not segmented, and charts, formulas and symbols that are not widely known and commonly used are not used.

4. Keywords

Keywords are words or phrases that can reflect the theme of the paper and are convenient for document indexing and retrieval. Choose 3 ~ 5 keywords for each paper, which can be selected from the title and abstract, and can also be marked with important terms and names such as regions, people, documents, products and important data as keywords.

Step 5 introduce

Introduction is also called preface or introduction. The serial number of the introduction can be omitted or written? 0? When the serial number is not written? Introduction? This word can be omitted. The introduction should be concise and state the relevant research results, theoretical and practical basis of predecessors, including the purpose, significance, main methods, scope and background of the research. Don't be an abstract annotation like abstraction. No need? As we all know? 、? Everybody knows? Don't write such an opening statement. Only a little knowledge? 、? Don't hesitate to teach? Wait for pleasantries

6. Text

The text is the main body of the paper, which is the part after the guideline and before the conclusion, and should be written in the format specified in GB 77 13-87 87. The form of this part mainly depends on the author's intention and the content of the article.

Papers or technical reports using experiments as research methods include the following aspects:

(1) experimental raw materials and preparation method. This paper mainly describes the reliability, balance and randomness of research materials.

(2) Equipment, devices and instruments used in the experiment. Specification and model of general equipment shall be indicated. If it is a special device, the schematic diagram should be provided, and the accuracy of the instruments used in the test and measurement should be attached to let readers know the credibility and accuracy of the experimental results.

(3) Experimental method and process. Methods include measuring instruments, determination methods, sample treatment, calculation methods, etc. , how to carry out the process, and operational considerations. If there is a technical economy, we should correctly handle the relationship between academic exchanges and technical secrecy.

(4) Experimental results. The results show the experimental effect after processing, including the data and images of various indicators. Analyze the results, explain the data and phenomena obtained from the experiment, and clarify your new findings or new ideas. The number of charts should be the most important.

When writing this part, we should pay attention to: first, we must carefully and realistically select data; Secondly, it is necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary phenomena, grasp the essence, and carefully design charts at a glance; Finally, the analysis of problems must be based on theory and facts.

When writing theoretical or analytical articles, we should pay attention to the following contents:

(1) analysis method. Including preconditions, assumptions, analysis phenomena, applicable theories and calculation procedures;

(2) The results of analysis. You can sort by charts and formulas.

(3) Analysis and discussion. Reliability and error of evaluation results.

7. the ending

The conclusion is based on the results and discussion, to evaluate the error of the analysis results, and to refine and summarize the arguments of the results. At the same time, the existing problems and the prospect of solving them in the future are put forward. The conclusion should be coherent, accurate, concise and complete.

8. philology

Whenever citing previous research methods, arguments and important data, references should be listed. The recording format is as follows:

A publication serial number, author, title [J], publication name, publication year, volume number (issue number): page number;

B. the author of the serial number of the prose collection. Title [C]. See the editor-in-chief The name of the prose collection. Place and year of publication: starting and ending page numbers;

C author serial number, title [M], edition, place of publication, year of publication: starting and ending page numbers.

D report serial number, speaker, title [R], meeting name, meeting place and year.

E. patent serial number patent applicant. Title [P]. National patent number and release date.

9. Several problems in thesis writing

9. Question 1

Titles at different levels should be short and clear, and titles at the same level should be related in meaning and consistent in tone, and numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals; Use dots between different levels of numbers? . ? Separate, there is no dot after the last number, for example? 1? ,? 2. 1? ,? 3. 1.2? Wait; The serial numbers of all levels are in the upper left box, followed by 1 space to arrange the titles.

9.2 Chart processing

In the process of various research and experiments, a lot of data and charts will be involved. Data collection must be serious, true, accurate and representative. The chart should be carefully designed, with moderate size and even lines, and try to find out the rules. The units of measurement, symbols, terms, units, words and legends in the chart should be consistent and clear at a glance. All the units in the table are the same, so the units should be marked in the upper right corner of the table without writing? Unit? Can't this word appear in the table? Ditto? 、? Same left? 、? The same below? Replace related content. Drawings shall be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and have concise titles (such as? Figure 1? 、? Figure 2? )。 There is a gap of 1 between the order of the graph and the title, which is generally arranged at the bottom of the graph.

Tables are generally arranged with the text. See the table before the text. Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals (if there are only 1 tables, can the order of the tables be named? Table 1? ) and concise table questions. There is a gap of 1 between the preface and the title of the table, which is placed in the center above the table.

9.3 Mathematical Formulas, Reactions, Numbers and Letters

The mathematical formulas and reactions mentioned in this paper can occupy another line and be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals. The serial numbers in brackets are arranged in the top grid. When a line needs to be represented by two or more lines, the symbols involved should be close together, and it is best to break them with some key symbols. All kinds of formulas should comply with the relevant provisions, and pay attention to strictly distinguish all kinds of confusing letters and symbols.

Where Arabic numerals are used properly, they should be used. Please refer to the publication GB 15835- 1995 for the use of numbers. Century, year, date and time are all Arabic numerals, and the year cannot be abbreviated. For example, 1998 cannot be written as 98. Date and time can be written in all numbers, such as March 8, 2003, March 8, 2003 or March 8, 2003; When the time is 16 and 15 minutes and 30 seconds, write 16: 15:30. The number before the unit of measurement and counting is Arabic numerals. Multiple Arabic numerals cannot be unpacked. If the percentage range is 20% ~ 30%, it cannot be written as 20 ~ 30%, (85? 2)% can't be 85? 2%; Deviation range such as (25? 1)℃ cannot be written as 25? 1℃.

Special attention should be paid to the italics, upper and lower marks of foreign letters, confusing foreign letters in manuscripts, and the distinction between full-width and half-width characters when writing directly by computer. Use dots after numbers, letters and symbols? . ? Replace.

9.4 Quantity and unit

The symbols of quantity are generally single Latin letters and Greek letters. In order to distinguish different situations, a corner mark can be attached to the symbol of quantity. When expressing quantities, international unit symbols are always used in formulas, charts, tables and text descriptions. There should be a proper gap between the unit symbol and the numerical value, and it is not allowed to decorate the unit symbol. The names, symbols and writing rules of quantities and units specified in GB 3 100 ~ 3 102-93 shall be strictly implemented.

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