Paper Keywords: the dialectical relationship between truth scale and value scale
Abstract: The measure of truth and the measure of value are two basic measures of human activities, which are different from each other, opposite to each other, interrelated and unified. Realizing the concrete unity of truth scale and value scale on the basis of practice is the internal condition of human progress and a basic principle. It is of great significance for people's understanding and practice to grasp the dialectical relationship between them comprehensively and accurately.
In the west, philosophy before modern times focuses on the study of ontology, while philosophy after modern times focuses on the study of epistemology. /kloc-Since the middle and late 20th century, the rapid development of western social science and technology and the increasing prosperity of commodities have brought unprecedented changes to people's social life, and also caused unprecedented social contradictions and spiritual crises. Value? Problems gradually emerged, and the research turned to the axiology of epistemology. The extensive study of value in China's philosophical circles began in the early 1980s. Its deep background is the great impact of reform and opening up and economy on people's ideological values, and its direct reason is the study of practical mechanism triggered by the discussion of truth standard. Its main symbol is an article published in Academic MonthlyNo. 1980, entitled "Marxist Understanding of Facts and Values and Their Relationship". In this paper, the problem of value is discussed in depth from the philosophical level, which has aroused widespread concern in academic circles. Since then, Guangming Daily, Philosophical Research, Social Science and other newspapers and periodicals have published some articles on the discussion and research of value issues, and the upsurge of axiology research has gradually emerged in China.
The relationship between truth scale and value scale has always been an important issue in the study of axiology, and there have been serious differences. There have always been two main viewpoints: one emphasizes the opposition between the two and the other emphasizes the unity of the two. This paper holds that both views are biased. In fact, the scale of truth and the scale of value are two basic scales of human activities, which are different from each other, opposite to each other, interrelated and unified. Realizing the concrete historical unity of truth scale and value scale on the basis of practice is an inherent condition for the progress of human society and a basic principle of Marxist philosophy. Grasping the dialectical relationship between them comprehensively and accurately is of great guiding significance to people's understanding and practice.
On the one hand, the scale of truth and the scale of value are different and opposite. The scale of truth is the scale of external things, which requires people to follow the nature and laws of objective things and understand and transform the world according to the true colors of the objective world, that is, people must pursue and obey the truth endlessly. The value scale is the internal scale of human beings, which requires people to understand and transform the world according to the subject's own purpose and needs, so that the objective world is suitable for human survival and development, that is, people must pursue and create value to the maximum extent. The scale of truth insists on starting from the object. What does it mean? What is this? Keep the objectivity of things or knowledge, insist on starting from the subject and expound the value scale. What should it be like? , keep the center position of the main body. The axis of truth scale lies in the object and the axis of value scale lies in the subject. Therefore, in the process of understanding and practicing the interaction between subject and object, there may be contradictions and conflicts between pursuing truth and creating value. The existence of these contradictions and conflicts, on the one hand, has caused many difficulties to human life and activities; On the other hand, it is these contradictions that constantly appear and are constantly solved that promote the continuous development of human society. It can be seen that the measure of truth and the measure of value are two completely different concepts with different characteristics and functions, which are irreplaceable and cannot be eliminated. Their respective division of labor and roles are the necessary conditions to ensure the progress and development of mankind.
On the other hand, the scales of truth and value are interrelated and unified. Truth and value are not only opposites, but also dialectical unity in the overall process of human practice and cognitive development. Marx said: animals are only built according to the scale and needs of their species, but people know how to produce according to the scale of any species and how to apply the internal scale to objects anywhere; Therefore, people are also built according to the laws of beauty. ? Here it is. The scale of species? And then what? The size of any species? It is an objective measure and an objective law of things; ? Internal scale? It is the measure of people and the subjective purpose of people. The unity of the two is the unity of truth scale and value scale, and the result of this unity is beauty, harmony and freedom.
First of all, the two contain each other and penetrate each other. On the one hand, truth contains factors of value, and truth itself has value. Without the measure of value, it is meaningless to talk about the measure of truth. Any practical activity of seeking truth always contains certain value goals. Marx and Engels pointed out: All the motives for action must pass through his mind and be transformed into his wishes and motives before he can act. ? History? It is not a special personality who regards people as a tool to achieve their goals. History is only the activity of people who pursue their own goals. ? More importantly, the truth itself has important value. All human activities are inseparable from the guidance of truth. Only when people master the truth can they effectively transform the world and meet people's needs. On the other hand, value also contains the factors of truth, and the realization of value can not be separated from the grasp and application of truth scale. It is futile to talk about value scale without truth scale. As an object attribute to meet the needs of the subject, value is characterized by the fact that it can't just stay on some subjective requirements, but must achieve the unity of subject and object through successful activities. All successful activities are always based on following or using certain truths in one way or another.
Secondly, the two interact and transform each other. In human activities, on the one hand, people pursue more and greater value based on their understanding of truth and realize the usefulness of things to people; On the other hand, driven by value, it seeks more comprehensive and complete truth and promotes people's understanding and transformation of the objective world. It is in the interaction and transformation between truth and value that practice can continue to advance, knowledge can continue to advance in depth and breadth, the comfortable world can continue to transform into the humanization of the world, and human beings can continue to gain freedom from necessity.
In addition, practice is the unified standard of both. In practice, not only the truth of human cognition and behavior is determined and tested, but also the value relationship and value evaluation between subject and object are determined and tested. Lenin pointed out that all human practices must be regarded as the standard of truth, as the relationship between things and the actual decider of what people need, including the integrity of things? Definition? Go to the middle? . What did Lenin say here? What's the connection between things and people in need? It means value. Practice is not only the unity of truth scale and value scale, but also the unified test standard of the two scales. In other words, whether truth and value are unified is also proved by practice. The value that violates the truth will eventually fail in social practice, and the truth that does not bring some value will not succeed in practice. The development of practice always promotes and ensures the unity of value and truth by proving and enriching truth, testing and correcting value goals. The embodiment and symbol of this unity in turn constitutes the success and development of practice. Therefore, the success rate and freedom of practice are the objective criteria to test whether value and truth are unified.
In a word, the scale of truth and the scale of value are not only opposite, but also unified in the whole process of human practice and cognitive development. Correctly grasping the dialectical relationship between truth scale and value scale is of great practical significance to our theoretical understanding and practical activities.
First of all, it helps us to correctly clarify and consciously overcome the metaphysical tendency that separates the dialectical relationship between the two. A metaphysical point of view is to deny the differences and contradictions between the two scales and try to completely replace or dissolve the other with one. For example, subjective pragmatism boils down truth to value, and uses the internal scale of people to melt and replace the scale of things, and advocates? Usefulness is truth? ; Dogmatism boils down value to truth, melts and replaces human scale with external scale, and denies the objectivity of value. Another metaphysical point of view is to exaggerate the differences and opposites between the two scales unilaterally and think that they are isolated and irreconcilable. For example, scientism and humanism in the modern west are essentially the external manifestations of this dualistic thinking: scientism unconditionally advocates science and rationality, ignoring the role and significance of irrational factors such as human emotions, wills, desires and motives, while humanism opposes science and rationality and unilaterally advocates irrationalism.
Secondly, it helps us to correctly understand and consciously adhere to the basic principles and realize the concrete historical unity of truth scale and value scale on the basis of practice. The unity of truth measure and value measure is concrete and historical. Lenin pointed out that the basic principle of dialectics is that there is no abstract truth, and truth is always concrete. ? The same is true of value. Different subjects in different times have different value pursuits and standards. In different historical periods, the unity of value and truth is always restricted by the social conditions of that period, which has the levels and characteristics of that historical stage. Under certain historical conditions, no concrete truth can have the value attribute that absolutely meets the needs of the subject; The value or requirement of any individual subject can't be absolutely true. Therefore, subjects in different historical periods must be based on reality, make full use of existing conditions and give full play to their conscious initiative. They should not only seriously reflect on the rationality and possibility of their own needs, but also try their best to excavate and grasp the value attribute contained in the truth and make it as harmonious as possible. Therefore, in the specific process of understanding and practice, we must fully understand and consciously adhere to the unity of scientific spirit and humanistic spirit, the unity of regularity and purpose, the unity of seeking truth from facts and emancipating the mind, and respect the unity of social development law and people's interests. Only in this way can our practice continue to achieve success and progress, and human society can continue to move towards a newer and higher ideal realm, that is, the realm of truth, goodness and beauty of harmony and freedom.
References:
[1] The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (Volume 3). People's Publishing House, 2002.
[2] The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (Volume 2/kloc-0). People's Publishing House, 1965.
[3] The Complete Works of Marx and Engels (Volume 2). People's Publishing House, 1957.
[4] Selected Works of Lenin (Volume 4). People's Publishing House, 1995.
[5] Selected Works of Lenin (Volume/kloc-0). People's Publishing House, 1995.
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