Longxing Northern Expedition is also called Longxing Restoration. The so-called "Restoration" refers to the military and diplomatic efforts made by Song Xiaozong to restore the lost land in the north and improve the position of the Southern Song Dynasty in the Song-Jin relationship after he ascended the throne. From April of the first year of Longxing (1 163), the Southern Song Dynasty declared war and ended in November of the second year of Longxing, marked by the signing of the Longxing peace talks.

background

After the defeat of Yan Hongliang, the gold patron, in the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Song Gaozong declared himself a Buddhist in May, and the crown prince Zhao Kuangyin was renamed Zhao Shen. In June, Zhao Shen officially ascended the throne as filial piety. Xiaozong was a monarch who wanted to make a difference in the Southern Song Dynasty and was also determined to restore his old land. The second month after he acceded to the throne, he rehabilitated Yue Fei and further dealt with other unjust cases framed by Qin Gui.

After Hailing invaded the south, Emperor Gaozong restored Zhang Jun, a representative of the main war faction who had been deposed for nearly 20 years. After Xiaozong acceded to the throne, he was appointed as Fu Xuan, the envoy of Jianghuai, and returned to Beijing. In the first month of the first year of Longxing, Zhang Jun was appointed as a Tang Dynasty envoy and commander-in-chief of the Jianghuai Army, with Chen as the left.

At the end of the thirty-second year of Shaoxing in Jin Dynasty (1 162), Yong () took power and successfully swept away the opposition forces. He tried to make peace with the Song Dynasty, but was rejected by the Southern Song Dynasty, so he sent a servant, a loyal marshal, to command all the Jin armies south of the Yellow River in Kaifeng and adopted a policy of suppressing peace with war against the Southern Song Dynasty.

In the spring of the thirty-third year of Shaoxing (1 163), a general named Ge's Liezhining entered Lingbi (now Anhui) and sent a letter to Zhang Jun, threatening to fight. In April of the first year of Longxing, in order to prevent the opposition from interfering, Xiaozong bypassed the three provinces and the Privy Council and directly issued the imperial edict of the Northern Expedition to Zhang Jun and the generals. The Northern Expedition in Longxing officially began.

result

At this time, Xiaozong heard that the conditions of the Jin people's peace talks were too harsh, and angrily said that "it is better to die than to surrender", and the voice against Jin was once again high. 1 1 month, Xiaozong ousted Tang Situi and moved to Yongzhou. When Downs abdicated, Chen Bokang was appointed as the left phase, in charge of the overall situation. However, Song Jun was at a disadvantage again and again, and Xiao Zong had to send Wang Jian as a special envoy to reconcile with his servant. When the rulers saw that the goal of promoting peace through war was basically achieved, they stopped attacking and resumed peace talks.

At the end of the second year of Longxing, Song and Jin reached a peace agreement, which was called "Longxing Peace Treaty" in history. Its main clauses are as follows: Song Jinshi is an uncle country, and the "annual tribute" is changed to "annual currency", with 200,000 pieces of silver and silk each. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Shanghai, Si, Tang, Deng, Shang and Qin were abandoned, and the border between the two sides was restored to the original state during the Shaoxing peace talks. The two sides exchanged prisoners of war, excluding defectors.

Compared with Shaoxing peace talks, the position of Southern Song Dynasty in Longxing peace talks has been improved. The emperor is no longer a vassal, and the annual tribute is changed to the annual currency, and the number is also reduced. This is the biggest concession of the rulers, and the return of all the six countries, namely the sea and Si, recovered after the stone-picking battle in the Southern Song Dynasty is the biggest concession in the Song Dynasty.

evaluate

Despite the opposition of Zhao Gou and some ministers, Song Xiaozong launched the Longxing Northern Expedition. After several small-scale victories, Song Jun was defeated by Suzhou. In Longxing Northern Expedition, Taiwan remonstrance, imperial power and relative power influenced each other, and Taiwan remonstrance group became the most powerful force under imperial power.

It is worth mentioning that during the Northern Expedition in Longxing, Shi Hao participated in the decision-making of the Jinhe War in the early years of Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Battle of Deshun, Shi Hao advocated withdrawing troops voluntarily in the Southern Song Dynasty, which led to Song Jun being pursued by 8 Jin Army and suffered heavy losses. But Shi Hao advocated withdrawing troops, not for stealing peace and not striving for progress, but for taking another route of the Northern Expedition and expanding the achievements of the Northern Expedition, which was a mistake of not understanding military affairs.

affect

After the Longxing Northern Expedition, the Longxing peace talks were based on the new balance of power in political geography. The concession of the rulers was political instability, and the compromise of the Song Dynasty was disappointment on the battlefield. Without this, it is meaningless to talk about whether the peace talks are equal or humiliating. After the Longxing peace talks, the relationship between Song and Jin returned to normal again, and it was not until the Northern Expedition in the Jubilee that they tried to break this geopolitical balance again.