Coping strategies of rapid transmission in simultaneous interpretation-insurmountable obstacles-enemies of simultaneous interpretation. Lack of professional knowledge and understanding of technical terms can be solved by preparing in advance. The speed of the speaker is not controlled by the interpreter. Even if you are familiar with your major, you can't cope with a speech that speaks too fast. There is a simple reason. The interpreter's energy is limited. When doing simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter should allocate his energy to different tasks: listening, speaking and coordination (Gile, 1995). When the speech speed is very fast, just listening and understanding consumes all the energy of the interpreter, so there is no energy to translate! The human brain is like a washing machine. When washing clothes, don't plug the washing machine too tightly, otherwise the washing machine will lose its operating space and the clothes will not be cleaned; Speaking too fast, the space in the brain has been occupied, there is no room for operation, and qualified translation cannot be produced. The harm of speaking fast may cause several bad consequences. First of all, it may lead to mistranslation and omission, which will affect the meeting communication. The translator's output per unit time is limited, and the more input, the greater the possibility of missing translation and mistranslation. Secondly, it directly affects the understanding of listeners who do not use translation. Even if you listen to your mother tongue, it is difficult to understand if you listen too fast. Third, many participants' English is a foreign language and their level is not high. Whether they speak English or translate English too fast, they may have difficulty in understanding and be put at a more disadvantage. Regarding the influence of speaking speed on understanding, Xie of Hubei People's Broadcasting Station pointed out that language, as a communication tool, has a limit to the speed of speaking and listening. If you speak too fast and your "ears" can't keep up with your "mouth", it will be difficult for the listener to understand. Xie said that with the accelerated pace of life, the speed of broadcasting news is also accelerating. Take CCTV news and newspaper abstracts as examples. In the 1960s, about 185 words were broadcast every minute. In the 1980s, 200-220 words; In the 1990s, 240-260 words; In recent years, it has been 250-270 words per minute, and the fastest is more than 300 words per minute. And speaking too fast will cause stress, make people nervous, and also affect understanding. A listener reflected in a letter to CCTV: "When the announcer of news and newspaper abstracts broadcasts news, the broadcasting speed is amazing, like thunder rolling by, and I can hardly breathe." It's too fast to breathe, which of course affects people's acceptance and understanding of information. How fast is it appropriate to speak in English? In order to ensure the normal operation of the brain, among other things, it is necessary to slow down the speech speed and let the interpreter set aside energy for language conversion. Studies in related fields show that the speed of speech directly affects the quality of translation. With the increase of speech speed, the accuracy of translation decreases (Barik, 1973,1975; Geffer, 1969,1975; Li, 1999). Therefore, in order to ensure the quality, translators generally think that the best speed for non-reading texts is 100- 120 words per minute (Seleskovitch, 1965). Gerver (1969) has proved that the word 100- 120 per minute is the best speed, although the best speed of different types of speeches is different. For the text without pause and redundant information (that is, a typical speech), the maximum number of words per minute should not exceed 100 (citation, 198 1, Setton, 1999) (Chang, 2005). These findings are also in line with the general understanding of simultaneous interpreters. There is a passage on the message board of AIIC website: We all know that it is totally acceptable for a speaker to speak 100 to 120 words per minute. But there are exceptions: there are not many redundant dense originals. Even if such a speech is given at the speed of 120 words per minute, it may seem too fast. However, under normal circumstances, any originality exceeding 140 words per minute is fast. My speaking speed is 180 words per minute. For reference, the VOA Special English program is 90 words per minute, which is three times the normal broadcast speed (140 words per minute). The broadcasting speed of China Radio International is 120 words per minute. How fast is it appropriate to say it in Chinese? Speaking Chinese should be slower than news broadcast. A study by Professor Zhou Tongchun, a phonetic expert at Beijing Normal University, shows that in a very short time (in a few seconds), the acceptance of a language that is very familiar with daily life can reach seven or eight words per second, or even more; Generally speaking, the receptive ability of human ears, that is, the discrimination rate, is four or five words per second, that is, 240-250 words per minute. Beyond this speed to a certain extent, it is difficult for the audience to understand and analyze. Xie believes that the broadcast is in Mandarin, and the discrimination rate of standard Mandarin is higher than 240-250 words per minute, which can reach about 280 words. If we follow the principle of taking care of the majority, it is more appropriate to choose a playback speed of 250-260 words per minute (Xie, 2006). Is this speed suitable for simultaneous interpretation? The author counts the number of Chinese and English words (English is the official translation) in part of the China government's white paper "Democratic Politics Construction in China", and calculates that the proportion of Chinese and English words is about 1.4: 1, that is, 1.4 Chinese characters, and one English word can be translated (different types of texts have different proportions, and if the translation is concise, it may reach/kloc. In this way, assuming that CCTV broadcasts at a speed of 260 words, if English is read synchronously, it is about 185 words per minute, which greatly exceeds the standard broadcast speed of English (the broadcast speed of BBC and VOA standard English is about 140 words per minute). Imagine how many listeners can understand such a speech, even if the translator can translate it? Every year at the National People's Congress, the speed of reading the government work report is not fast, but the English draft broadcast simultaneously on TV is surprisingly fast, which illustrates this problem. Feng, a senior translator, said, "In terms of the broadcast speed of CCTV news, it can be said that no one can translate it." (Feng, 2002) It can be seen that it is impossible to speak at normal broadcast speed in Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation. I personally tried it. Even if I read aloud synchronously, I can't keep up. There is a feeling that "the apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, but the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man". According to the English speaking speed (120 words per minute) suitable for simultaneous interpretation, the Chinese speaking speed should be 168 words per minute, which means it should be slower than the normal speaking speed. The standard playing speed of English is 140 words, and the suitable simultaneous transmission speed is 120 words, which is obviously lower than the former. The recording speed of NAATI interpretation test is 1 10- 130 words, which is well-founded. There are four ways to deal with fast speech: let the speaker slow down; Speed up translation; Make a summary translation; Termination of translation service. When an interpreter encounters a speech with fast speech speed, he can first remind the speaker to slow down. But reminders often don't work. Some people are used to speaking fast or in a hurry. After being reminded, they may be slow for a sentence or two, but they will soon forget and speed up again. Too many reminders hindered the communication at the meeting. Translators all over the world are troubled by this problem. A NATO translator even sought a technical solution on AIIC's website, and suggested whether it is possible to use a "speech speed detection device" to detect the number of syllables per minute of the speaker. When the speaker speaks too fast, the device will automatically give a warning. However, I don't think it will be very useful. I remember a few years ago, there was a button on the interpreter's operation panel of some brands of simultaneous interpretation equipment called slow down. If the translator thinks the speaker is too fast, he can press this button and the warning light on the rostrum will flash. I haven't seen this button for years. This shows that this button is useless. Even if you persist, the spokesman may turn a blind eye. Let the speaker slow down in several ways. One is the efforts of institutions, the other is the efforts of organizers, and the third is the efforts of individuals. For institutional users of simultaneous interpretation, such as the United Nations and the European Union, AIIC (International Conference Translators Association), an industry organization of simultaneous interpretation, will come forward to communicate and ask for a speech at the conference. Under the pressure of AIIC, the interpretation department in Council of Europe put forward some suggestions for the speaker. If the speaker can do it, it will be of great help to the translation. One of them is to speak naturally in rational space. For scattered simultaneous interpretation users, the interpreter should communicate with the organizer and ask the spokesman for speed through the organizer. In small-scale meetings, interpreters can also communicate directly with the speakers. Spokesmen are generally cooperative, and even ask interpreters to raise their hands at any time to remind them to slow down. In short, interpreters should let organizers and spokespersons know the difficulties of interpreters through various channels and cooperate with their work. The success of the meeting depends on the cooperation of all parties. The second is to speed up translation. If the speaker doesn't cooperate, the interpreter can only speed up the translation. But one can't talk infinitely fast. Moreover, as mentioned above, the speech speed is too fast, and the interpreter puts a lot of energy into understanding and has no time to produce a decent translation. Even if you barely translate, the audience can't understand it. The third is summative translation. If the interpreter can't keep up with the accelerated translation, he can only do summary translation. It is an effective translation method, which is used in speeches with redundant information (such as some impromptu speeches), and the translation may be more concise and easy to understand than the original. However, there is no compressed space for an information-intensive and logical speech. Any omission may cause logical interruption and make it difficult for the audience to understand, especially when the speaker reads a paper or red tape quickly. At this time, the interpreter can only do his best to translate in a limited time. However, the summary itself requires a lot of energy from the translator, and it cannot last for a long time.