The flexible use of the word 1. is different. Words in ancient and modern Chinese can be divided into two categories according to their lexical meanings and grammatical functions-notional words and function words. There are cases of flexible use of notional words in ancient and modern times, but there are also differences. It is rare for a word to borrow other words temporarily in modern Chinese. For example, "everyone says you are awesome, so you are really awesome." "Niu" in the sentence is a noun, which is borrowed temporarily as an adjective and verb. The flexible use of words in ancient Chinese is quite extensive, including:

(1) Nouns and adjectives can be used flexibly as general verbs, causative verbs and conative verbs. For example, "drum" is a noun used as a verb. "Meng Changjun is my guest." In Chinese, "ke" is the intentional use of nouns. "I want to eat, I want to be beautiful, I want to be safe, and I want to enjoy customs." "Gan", "Mei", "An" and "Le" are adjectives.

(2) Verbs are causative and passive, such as:

"When a strong man is born, he is shocked by ginger, so he is named for a living, so he hates it." "Surprise" is the causative usage of this verb, which means "scare ..." "Summer, I am thick, and ugly dad is right." In Chinese, "Yu" is a passive verb, and "Yu Qi Hou" means "building a car for Qi Hou".

(3) Adjectives can be used as nouns flexibly, such as:

"It's not enough for the fat man? Light warmth is not enough for the body? " In Chinese, "fat and sweet" and "light and warm" are adjectives, which are used flexibly as nouns, meaning "fat and sweet food" and "soft and warm clothes".

(4) Numerals can be used as verbs flexibly, such as:

"People with golden drums and banners are their own eyes and ears." In Chinese, "one" means that numerals are used flexibly as verbs, which means "unity". "People can do it, there are one hundred; People can do it in ten ways, and they have thousands of ways. " "Hundred" and "thousand" are used flexibly as verbs, that is, "do it over and over again" and "do it over and over again".

2. Some disyllabic language units are different in composition. Some language units are phrases composed of words in ancient Chinese, but in modern Chinese they are words composed of morphemes and morphemes. For example, "neng" is a possible verb in modern Chinese, such as "Can I go out?" ; In ancient Chinese, it is often a phrase composed of "ke" and "yi". "Ke" means "neng" and "Yi" is a preposition, which means "rely on" and "use". For example, "Yes:' Loyalty belongs to you and you can fight for it. Please pay attention to this war. "Although" is a word in modern Chinese, which is a conjunction used to connect sentences. For example, "although my old brother is gone, he will live in my heart forever." In ancient Chinese, it is a phrase composed of two words, although and ran, which means even so or even so. For example, "Wang said:' Good! Although, the public loss is my ladder, I must win Song. "

Second, the differences in sentence patterns

1. Different sentence patterns

In modern Chinese, the predicate verb "yes" should be used to express affirmation. For example, "He is an honest man." However, in ancient Chinese, "yes" is generally not used in judgment sentences; "Shi" often means "this" in ancient Chinese, not a judgment word; In ancient Chinese, "Shi" also formed a fixed format of preposition object "Only …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Therefore, the judgments in ancient Chinese have their own special expressions, or use the forms of "zhe" and "ye", such as "Xu Gong in the north of the city, a beautiful woman in the state of Qi", "Su Zhe, what do the people grow" and "Chen, Yangcheng people also"; Or use adverbs to help judge, such as "I want fish, I want bear's paw"; Or use the word "for", such as "I am for you and I am for me".

2. Different ellipsis modes

Sentence components are omitted in ancient and modern Chinese grammar, and the subject, predicate and object can be omitted. The difference is:

(1) In ancient Chinese, the subject ellipsis is mostly in the third person. For example, "Li Xia said:' He who shoots the monarch [] is also a gentleman. "Nutrilite uncle's son and teacher sent him away crying. "If in modern Chinese, the second subject in these two sentences will be replaced by a third-person pronoun, but since there is no real third-person pronoun in ancient times, if the noun is repeated here, the article will be verbose, so I simply omit it.

(2) The predicate Mongolian province is common in ancient Chinese, but rare in modern Chinese. For example, "Andy's neighbor lost his sheep, so he led the party [] to ask Andy to chase it." "Confucius said:' It is far from resentment to succumb to thick [] and lightly blame others. "

(3) The phenomenon that prepositional objects are often omitted in ancient Chinese is rare in modern Chinese. For example, "Don't die of []." In Chinese, the object "Gong Pei" is omitted after the word "Cong". "The bus plate is a sharp weapon for Chu to build ladders. After the completion, it will attack the Song Dynasty with []. " The object "the machinery of the ladder" is omitted after the word "Jiang" in the middle. In modern Chinese, all prepositions except "Bei" can omit the object, and all other prepositions must follow an object to form an object-object phrase to modify or supplement verbs and adjectives as adverbials and complements of sentences.

(4) The prepositions "Yu" and "Yi" were omitted in ancient Chinese. For example, "the people of Jingzhou are attached to the operators, forcing them to listen to their words, but not convinced." The preposition "Yu" is omitted between the middle verb "Force" and the sender of the behavior "ice release".

3. Passive sentences have different structures. Passive sentences in modern Chinese are mainly composed of the preposition "Bei"

In ancient Chinese, besides the preposition "Bei", passive sentences are often composed of "Yu", "Jian", "Wei", "Jian" and "Yu". For example, "Xi ke hurts the arrow." "Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but he sees bullying."

Third, the differences in word order.

The word order of ancient and modern Chinese is roughly the same, with the general subject in front and the predicate in the back; Predicate comes first, object comes last; Modifier in front, head in the back; There are also word order changes such as verb inversion, adverbial preposition and postposition. But there are some special word orders in ancient Chinese, which are rare in modern Chinese. This word order mainly has the following kinds:

1. Preposition object. Preposition object refers to moving the object in front of the verb or preposition to achieve the purpose of highlighting and emphasizing. Such as: "Who did I bully? Bullying the sky? " The object "who" of the verb "bully" comes before it. "Confucius said,' Don't ask for much? The object "er" of the verb "guo" comes before.

2. Attributive postposition. Attributive postposition is to move the attributive to the back of the head language. Such as: "The land of long hairpin is far away, and the crown is the Cui Wei of clouds." The attributives "Lu Li" and "Cui Wei" are postpositioned.

3. Preposition phrases are postpositioned. Postposition of prepositional phrases is to move the prepositional structure of modifying verbs and adjectives behind them. For example, the prepositional phrase "Dong lives in his hometown" comes after "Zhao Dong lives in his hometown".

4. The quantity is backward. Put the numeral or quantifier indicating quantity after the noun. Such as: "I am holding a pair of white jade to give to the king; A pair of jade fights, wanting to be with the father. " Chinese quantifier "Shuang Yi" is postpositioned. In a word, there are many differences between ancient Chinese grammar and modern Chinese grammar. Only by mastering their own laws and being good at comparing and clarifying differences can we understand and translate ancient Chinese well.

References:

[1] Yi, Jiang Baoqi. Ancient Chinese (1) [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, July 2000.

[2] Zhao hexing College Chinese [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, June 2000.