Examples of Sociological Papers 1 Analysis of Social Roots of Elder Abuse
? Due to the natural law of physiological aging and the readjustment of the interests and distribution relations of social members and groups in the process of social transformation? [1], the social and economic status of the elderly in the whole social structure system is declining, and they are in a relatively weak position in the possession of material resources and the protection of political rights. This not only limits the satisfaction of the elderly group to their own needs and desires, but also easily ignores and infringes on their interests. Even when their interests are violated, the elderly are often out of fear. Wash your dirty clothes in public? Psychological, dare not have the courage to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. Based on the real social situation in China, this paper analyzes the characteristics and governance dilemma of the phenomenon of elder abuse in the social transformation period, and combs and reflects on the relevant theoretical research. Personalization? Explore the social roots of this problem from the perspective of theory and risk society, and on this premise, plan the governance path from the perspective of reducing individual insecurity and promoting social integration, so as to help abused elderly groups safeguard their legitimate rights and interests in social life.
First, out of control: a unique form of elder abuse under the dual changes of social structure.
The abuse of the elderly in developed countries is an inevitable phenomenon caused by the rapid increase of the number of the elderly under the influence of the global aging population. In some developing countries, apart from the general reasons for the aging population structure, what are the problems? Blowout? It is also closely related to the special historical process of the transformation from traditional society to modern society, which is particularly obvious in China. Compared with the underdeveloped society before the reform and opening-up, in the modern society where the speed of social transformation is accelerating, what is the problem of elder abuse in China? Is it in the mechanism and nature of the problem, or is it showing new characteristics in quantity, scale, manifestation and social influence? [2], making it difficult to effectively prevent and control this problem. Out of control? It has become its special symbol. Based on the current situation in China? Social transformation? And then what? Population aging? Under the background of two simultaneous social changes, the author summarizes the unique forms of elder abuse in China compared with developed countries and other developing countries.
(a) the risk of abuse of the elderly group is high, showing geographical and urban and rural areas? Step? Distribution structure
Due to the relative disadvantage caused by the decline of physiological function, mental decline and strong dependence on economy and care services, the abuse of the elderly is obviously universal. In 20 10, the incidence of family abuse of the elderly in China was 13.3%, showing a gradual upward trend, far higher than that of child abuse and wife abuse, which has become one of the high-incidence social problems. Moreover, the abuse rate of the elderly in rural families in China is obviously higher than that in cities (rural: 16.2%, urban: 9.3%). Moreover, the incidence of abuse decreased with the rise of social and economic conditions, with 2 1.8% in the western region, higher than other parts of the country, and the lowest in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, with only 5.4%. Is the problem of elder abuse a sign of the unbalanced development of social economy, social security system and citizens' cultural literacy between regions and between urban and rural areas in China? Less in the east and more in the west, more in the countryside and less in cities? Institutional reasons of distribution pattern.
(2) The root cause of the problem is difficult to determine and has social impact? Male * * *? And then what? Sociality? Start to attract attention
In modern society, the combination and concentration of physical disadvantages (physical defects or diseases such as Alzheimer's disease) and family tensions (intergenerational conflicts, children's refusal to assume the obligation of support) of the elderly have aggravated the risk of elder abuse. In the process of social structure change, traditional risk factors may evolve into new risks or blend with each other, which greatly increases the uncertainty of abuse and the corresponding prevention and control measures are also facing greater challenges. From the perspective of problem prevention and control, the legal and moral system of traditional society is based on? Filial piety? As its spiritual core, once it violates filial piety, it will be severely punished by ancient laws, thus effectively preventing and curbing the emergence and deterioration of this problem. However, with the rapid disintegration of traditional social control means under the strong impact of the modernization process and the weakening of self-regulation function caused by family relations, the control and binding force of such problems have been greatly weakened, and its influence has spread beyond family boundaries, becoming a major social problem affecting social order and social development.
Second, the governance dilemma of elder abuse: the interweaving of psychological conflict and the failure of protection mechanism.
On the one hand, the abused elderly have complicated psychology towards the abuser. Most cases of elder abuse occur between parents and children. Based on what? Blood is thicker than water? Due to blood relationship, abused elderly people often blame it on lax discipline or improper education, and blame themselves for protecting their children's feelings. Suffer? Wash your dirty clothes in public? Influenced by cultural traditions, some elderly people are often worried that the spread of such incidents will damage the reputation of their families and are unwilling to take the initiative to seek help from relevant departments. Besides,? You have to be obedient to raise children and prevent old age? Dependence psychology also makes many elderly people rely heavily on abusers in life and psychology. Many old people depend on their children's living care. Once their children are punished by law, they will not be able to continue to receive care, so they will feel worried before seeking help. Most of them choose to submit to humiliation and accept the reality of being abused.
On the other hand, social control measures of prevention beforehand and disposal afterwards are relatively lacking. Morality and law, as two means to regulate human behavior and adjust social relations, play an important role in effectively preventing and curbing elder abuse. However, the existing laws in China mainly include the Constitution and the Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly, and the definition of the concept and types of elder abuse is very vague, which makes it difficult to sentence and convict this kind of behavior in law. Some judicial departments have not paid enough attention to cases involving the elderly, and have failed to implement the judgments effectively; Some grassroots cadres often treat the abuse of the elderly as? Family business? Left unchecked, there is a serious lack of responsibility. Besides, for? Filial piety? At a time when the moral system with the traditional value system and moral system as the core is gradually declining and the new moral norms have not yet been formed and completed, the abuser's behavior lacks psychological constraints and the awareness of respecting the elderly is weak. As an important means of external control, public opinion is also difficult to effectively limit its sadism and to curb the problem from the source.
Third, solve the governance dilemma: the perspective of cause analysis and the reconstruction and reconstruction of strategic planning.
Scholars at home and abroad have theoretically analyzed the causes of modern elder abuse from different angles. Foreign scholars believe that elder abuse is similar to domestic violence, emphasizing the individual factors of the abuser and the abused. Among American scholars' analysis of the causes of elder abuse, the popular explanations are stress theory, violence cycle theory, individual behavior theory and elder incompetence theory [3]. However, some domestic scholars pay more attention to the position and relationship of individuals in the family and social structure, among which? External situational factor theory? It is believed that elder abuse is a reflection of the external social environment and economic situation of the abused and abuser, and the over-dependence and social isolation of the elderly on caregivers will lead to the risk of elder abuse [4]. Based on the research of scholars at home and abroad, we can find that in the process of explaining the reasons for elder abuse, there are subjective factors of the abused or abuser, as well as the interaction between the individual and society. One way? Research orientation, that is, only from? Abuser? Masochism. A masochist? Abuser? Abuser? Society? Exploring the equal thinking path of problems. This kind of individualized thinking and one-dimensional perspective can easily ignore the investigation of the interaction between subject and object in the abuse facts constituted by abusers and masochists. Moreover, countries with different levels of development have different distribution of abuse, so social and cultural background should be the key factor to analyze the mechanism of this problem. In practice, the result of this explanation theory, which is determined by cultural background, is that the governance strategy is biased to some extent. For example, the United States protects the legitimate rights and interests of the abused elderly mainly by providing them with comprehensive social support, including institutional support and social work services, involving a wide range of professional fields and different social resources [3]. The United States has weakened the direct role of the government in solving public social problems. Intervener? Role, give full play to the role of social organizations and professional institutions, relying on social intermediary mechanism to achieve self-resolution. However, this countermeasure design mechanism lacks the support of social resources and social organizations in China. Powerful country-weak country? The power pattern leads to the imbalance of social resources distribution. Suppress the growth of social organizations and autonomous groups? [5], so it is difficult to achieve the ideal effect by relying on social services to solve the problem of elder abuse. Could lead to more serious consequences? The government's community governance behavior is seriously anomie, which is manifested as offside, absence and dislocation? [6] and other phenomena, it is difficult to provide comprehensive and effective institutional guarantee and judicial protection for the abused, and it is often difficult to implement the legal punishment and moral shaping of the abuser, leading to further accumulation and deterioration of the problem.
Therefore, the key to solve the problem of elder abuse is to broaden the horizon and depth of theoretical and empirical research. Social transformation? Based on the background of historical changes and the social reality of contemporary China, this paper explores its social roots from the institutional level and the cultural field, so as to fundamentally put forward practical and effective governance strategies and suggestions.
Four. Mutual Construction of Individualization and Risk Society: Historical Changes of Elder Abuse in Social Transformation Period
(A) the spiritual dilemma of modernity
Bowman, a western sociologist? Individualized society has made great contributions to the theoretical research of sociology. About what? Personalization? In the understanding of meaning, what does he think is the structural form of individualized society? Society shapes the personalities of its members, and individuals adopt reasonable and feasible strategies in the interdependent web woven by their communication and create society with their own life actions? [7]。 And point out personalization? What it carries is the liberation of individuals, that is, the liberation from their own certainty, acquired through heredity, and the innate social attributes. This change is rightly regarded as the most obvious and potential advantageous feature in the modern situation? [8]。 But it also means personal and traditional knowledge structure, inherent beliefs and social norms? Decoupling? The price of being the master of your own life is that you begin to lose your sense of security. Risk society in social transformation period? Fragmentation? Threats in the social structure have also increased geometrically, and the ability of liberated individuals to resist risks has also decreased rapidly. The lack of collective norms in social changes is bound to affect individual safety in values and psychology? [9], the disintegration of the social security mechanism (such as the unit system) that individuals originally relied on in life and psychology has brought about drastic changes in the social psychology of modern people. Mental safety? The loss of self-awareness has become a prominent problem affecting the individual psychological structure in modern society.
(b) Individualized expression of society: egoism and institutional change
Due to the fierce collision between Chinese and western cultures and the transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization? Dual economic model? Put it in? Late exogenous type? Modern China society has typical characteristics of the times in which tradition and modernity are intertwined. What about China society? Personalization? Its development has inevitably undergone some changes, which are mainly affected by the rapid changes in social structure. Egoistic tradition, institutional environment in transition? [10] and other local traditions and realities. On the one hand, the traditional society in China? Personal? Did you go in? Differential sequence mode? The role of position, this? The self-centered network is to determine the boundaries of life according to individuals and act as a risk barrier, which obviously does not have the spirit of public spirit in the modern sense, and is different from the West? Group structure? Clear relationship between rights and obligations? Citizen? These concepts are in sharp contrast. On the other hand, before the reform and opening up? Society as a whole? Driven by drastic institutional changes, a large number of organized individuals have been pushed into the social field, and the individual spiritual world shaped by the unit system and organized life has been strongly impacted. Not only is the connection between individuals and society broken, but a large number of them are derived without the constraints of traditional Confucian filial piety ethics and collectivism. Individuals only emphasize their own rights and ignore their obligations and responsibilities to the public or others? what's up Unscrupulous individuals? [1 1], the task of building a civil society with modern significance is a long way to go.
It can be seen that the arrival of individualized society in China has fully liberated individuals, and at the same time, the lack of morality has become an important social problem. Inflated egoism leads to the gradual loss of centripetal force in the closed and stable family structure, and the lack of external control mechanism intensifies special contradictions in the continuous tension of family relations.
Fifth, the age governance orientation of elder abuse in the social transformation period.
Eliminating the uncertainty of social life often depends on? Re-establish the balance between self-regulation and social responsibility? [12], and then construct? Ontology security? , that is? Most people have confidence in the continuity of self-identity and the constancy of the social material environment in which they act, which is a sense of reliability for people and things. ? [13] Does this mean that we must cultivate citizens? Responsibility ethics? Strengthen social unity, rebuild harmonious and stable family relations, eliminate the negative influence brought by individualization, and finally shape citizens with strong public morality in the modern sense, thus solving the difficult problem of the times of tense relationship between individuals and families.
(A) relying on system construction, improve the legal security system for the elderly.
The diversification of stakeholders puts forward new governance requirements for modern countries. The government that aims at administrative control should dilute the administrative color and promote the application of functions. Management? Where to? Governance? Enhance and strengthen the service function in the field of grassroots social problems. Specifically, we should take the system first, further refine and clarify the provisions and punishment measures for the protection of the rights and interests of the elderly in prohibiting and preventing various forms of domestic abuse of the elderly, ensure that there are laws to follow, and provide solid and reliable legal protection. In addition, strict law enforcement is the key link to control this problem. The government should cooperate with the legislative and judicial departments to strengthen law enforcement, optimize the efficiency of law enforcement, improve the level of law enforcement, focus on enhancing the operability and flexibility of laws, improve the applicability and embeddedness of control means, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly.
(2) Strive to improve the ability of community governance and build a service-oriented social organization.
? Community? Is it possible to build a bridge of communication channels between the government and families, and to absorb relevant government resources and control means by relying on its geographical advantages? Embedded? Family, and timely feedback to the higher authorities, so that the problem can be effectively dealt with and solved. Where is the community? Social governance? The dominant position of cooperative governance in political context must be recognized by legal form and autonomy. Power cake? In order to make a reasonable distribution, the authority to handle grass-roots social affairs should also be defined in the system. At the same time, we should give full play to the autonomy of community construction and guide service-oriented social organizations to go deep into the community according to the actual needs of community residents. For example, in cases involving elder abuse, public welfare or profit-making medical institutions and legal help consultation centers can be set up within the community, so as to build a problem reflection platform for the elderly groups with relatively weak economic and social status, timely and effectively intervene in the contradictions of problem families, reduce the adverse effects caused by untimely event discovery or unsatisfactory governance effect, and improve coping efficiency and resolution effect.
(3) To promote the construction and development of family ethics with China implication.
We must pay attention to the value core in modern society and the ethical essence in traditional culture? Process reengineering? Pay attention to digging and creating codes of conduct that embody the spirit of the times and traditional virtues, and enhance the attraction of family life to every atomized individual, thus bridging the gap between individuals, families and society? Fracture? State. Through traditional ethics? Subversion? And integrate with modern values, for China? Family culture? It is of great significance to restore and promote the elderly, and it is also conducive to arousing the public's recognition and respect for the social status and value of the elderly, thus laying a psychological foundation for preventing the occurrence of elder abuse, which is also the fundamental way to control elder abuse.
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