First, the objectivity of the characters
1859 Marx criticized La Salle's tragedy "Feng Bauhinia Root": "In this way, you have to be more Shakespearean, and I think your biggest shortcoming is to turn yourself into a simple mouthpiece of the spirit of the times." As we all know, Shakespeare is a master of realistic drama. The characters in his works, whether Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, are all based on real life and attract readers and audiences through rich plots and distinctive personality characteristics. Schiller, on the other hand, conceptually turned the protagonist into the embodiment of a certain moral concept in his mind, without paying attention to the fact that the characters came from life. Then we can clearly know from here that Marx actually pointed out the objectivity of characters in literary and artistic works. Life is the source, and man is the subject of life. So people naturally come from real life. However, this experience of the objectivity of the characters inevitably requires the writer to go deep into life and experience it truly. So Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions is regarded as a classic by us. Cao Xueqin was born in an official family, and his family fortune declined, so his Jiafu cuisine is so similar to his autobiography. The defenders of feudal forces such as Jia Mu and Jia Zheng in his works are so vivid. Due to the special social and historical conditions at that time, it was possible that the vassal power and oppression of the people made him an official, so Jia Yucun's gourd monk sentenced him to the gourd case, which could please the two families in Xue Jia and avoid the risk of losing his official position. At that time, because the ladies of feudal bureaucratic families were taught from an early age that women in feudal ethics did not show their talents, praised themselves and taught their children, Xue Baochai was humble and tolerant everywhere, and tried his best to persuade Baoyu to gain fame and fortune. As a maid of Jia's family, Xiren had to dress up in disguise in order to drag out an ignoble existence and settle down, and she always had the desire to attach herself to dignitaries as an aunt. These characters all interpreted their roles from the social reality at that time.
Second, the typicality of characters.
Objectivity is the basis of character generation, but the characters in artistic works should not be limited to objectivity, but also have their own characteristics, which is the typicality of characters. Engels pointed out in his letter to Ma Harkness about her novel City Girl in 1888: "In my opinion, realism means not only the truth of details, but also the true representation of typical characters in typical environments." This is Engels' theory about typical characters. Engels said: "Everyone is a typical person, but at the same time he is a certain individual. As old Hegel said, he is a "this" and should be. " The typical here is the commonness of characters, and "single person" is a person's personality. This is the concept in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, that is, everything is the unity of individuality and universality. Marx also made some comments on typical figures. He believes that typical characters are living whole with unity and diversity, but an element of diversity always dominates, and the typical character of characters develops in society. Typicality is the symbol of artistic character. Or take A Dream of Red Mansions as an example. Jia Baoyu is a son-in-law from a feudal bureaucratic background. He has the artistic and idle characteristics of ordinary aristocratic children, but at the same time he is different from Li Jia, a ungrateful aristocratic child in Du Shiniang's Furious Box. He is affectionate and righteous, dares to resist feudal ethics, regards fame as dirt, but loves girls in every way and treats others like close friends. Moreover, his character, which was not tolerated by feudal ethics, became a monk after the Grand View Garden was "snowy and the earth was really clean", which was different from Baoyu who loved to mix with his daughters all day. This is because the destruction of his family brought him all the world of mortals. Therefore, his character is not isolated and static, but well-founded in the story.
Third, the independence of the characters
The character's thoughts and personality tendencies are not "naturally revealed from the scenes and plots" but "point him out", and the end point of personality development is "to impose future solutions to the history of social conflicts on readers." At this time, when depicting characters, low-level artists artificially and stiffly set up a runway for the development of characters' personality. This is contrary to Engels' view. Engels thought that "the more hidden the author's opinion. The better for art. . . . . Realism can even be expressed as opposing the author's opinion. " Moreover, he took Balzac as an example: "In this way, Balzac had to go against his class sympathy and political prejudice. He saw the inevitability of the demise of his beloved nobles and described them as people who did not deserve a better fate; He saw such a person in the only place where he could find a real person in the future-all this I think is realistic.