1. Pollution Status and Cause Analysis in Areas with Outstanding Soil Environmental Pollution in China;
According to incomplete investigation, there are about 65.438+0.5 billion mu of polluted farmland in China, 32.5 million mu of polluted farmland by sewage irrigation, and 2 million mu of land occupied and destroyed by solid waste, accounting for more than one tenth of the total cultivated land. China's grain contaminated by heavy metals reaches 65.438+0.2 billion tons every year, causing direct economic losses of more than 20 billion yuan. Among them, soil pollution in some areas has been in a serious situation, and even serious pollution areas and high-risk areas have appeared.
1. Heavy metal pollution
Heavy metals refer to about 60 elements with a density above 4.0 or 45 elements with a density above 5.0. Arsenic and selenium are nonmetals, but their toxicity and some properties are similar to those of heavy metals, so selenium and selenium are included in the scope of heavy metal pollutants. Heavy metals that pollute soil environment mainly refer to Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr and metalloid As with obvious biological toxicity, and also include toxic heavy metals such as En, Cu, Co, Ni, Sn and V. At present, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr and As are the most concerned by human beings, which are called "five poisons" (research progress of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil and its prevention and control). There are many sources of heavy metals in soil. First of all, the parent material itself contains heavy metals, and the content of heavy metals in soil formed by different parent materials and soil-forming processes is very different. In addition, human industrial and agricultural production activities have also caused heavy metal pollution to the atmosphere, water bodies and soil (the present situation of heavy metal pollution in soil and its prevention and control methods). The land polluted by Cd in China involves 25 regions in 1 1 provinces and cities. For example, as much as 44% of the cultivated land in a county in Jiangxi Province is polluted, resulting in a "cadmium rice" area of 670hm2. The Cd content in farmland soil in a sewage irrigation area in Shenyang is as high as 130 mg/kg. The content of Cd in rice in sewage irrigation area in the eastern suburb of Chengdu is as high as 1? 65 mg/kg. The monitoring results of the Agricultural Environment Monitoring Station of the Ministry of Agriculture 1996- 1998 show that the Cd pollution area in the sewage irrigation area is the largest, accounting for 56% of the heavy metals exceeding the standard. 9%, and the over-standard rate of agricultural products Cd reached 10? 2% (Cao et al, 200 1). There are different degrees of Cd pollution in cultivated soil in major cities in China, especially in Shenyang suburbs and Xi 'an sewage irrigation area. For example, the Cd content in farmland soil in Shenyang is 0? The content of Cd in soil in Xi 'an sewage irrigation area is 0. 628 mg/kg (characteristics of soil cadmium pollution and technical mechanism of phytoremediation of contaminated soil)
The main pollutants in Xiuyan county are Mg and B, and 43% of the sampling points reach the level of severe pollution, with the highest exceeding standard of 2 1. 16 times. Only 2 1 1 and 238 sampling points meet the cleaning standards. The pollution of B seems to be more common. The concentration of soil B in the sampling points used exceeds the standard, and 50% of the sampling points reach the level of severe pollution. The reason is that there are many statistical values of soil stripping in Shitang, Pianling and Fengyuan in Xiuyan County, which are influenced by state-owned and township-run mining and metallurgy enterprises. Magnesite processing industry mainly burns light magnesium and heavy magnesium, and emits a lot of pollutants such as MgO and SO2. /VLGO white powder falls to the surface, forming reaction products such as MgCX~ (2) and Mg(H0 )2, which are agglomerated into large particles and dispersed in the soil. In addition, MgSO+ and MgCl2, which widely exist in the soil in this area, form a hard shell to cover the surface. It fundamentally stopped the growth of crops. Although crops can grow in some areas, soluble magnesium in soil is absorbed by crops, which poses a great threat to the health of people and other organisms. And B pollution is also caused by point source pollution in B mine (study on soil pollution status and control countermeasures in eastern mountainous areas of Liaoning Province).
The adsorption of cadmium pollution by rice is obviously stronger than other crop varieties such as corn and soybean.
Among various human factors, it mainly includes heavy metal pollution in soil caused by industry, mining, agriculture and transportation (the present situation of heavy metal pollution in soil and its prevention and control methods).
2. Sewage irrigation
Waste such as sewage irrigation has caused soil pollution in a large area of farmland. For example, after more than 20 years of sewage irrigation in Zhangshi Irrigation District, Shenyang, more than 2,500 hectares of cultivated land were polluted, and cadmium pollution was serious. Does the rice field contain 5 ~ 7 mg of cadmium? 2.65438+0.3 million hm ~ 2 farmland in Tianjin suburb is polluted by sewage irrigation. 2 700hm 2 2 farmland in Guangzhou suburbs is polluted by sewage irrigation, and1333 hm ~ 2 soil is polluted by polluted sediment, accounting for 46% of the cultivated land area in the suburbs. A sampling survey conducted in a sewage irrigation area in Beijing in the mid-1980s showed that about 60% of the soil and 36% of the brown rice had pollution problems (the present situation of soil pollution in China and its control countermeasures).
As early as 1930s, it was recorded that the sewage from Fushun Refinery was discharged into Hunhe River to irrigate rice. In 1950s, with the development of agricultural production, sewage irrigation was widely used and popularized in some arid and semi-arid areas in the north, which played a positive role in promoting local agricultural food production because of the shortage of water resources. By 1983, the sewage irrigation area reached 2 × 106 hm2. However, due to long-term sewage irrigation, the pollution of soil-crop system is gradually exposed. In order to solve this soil environmental problem, sewage land treatment system has been applied and developed.
Investigation on soil pollution in three typical areas: Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central and southern Liaoning urban agglomeration: pilot projects for remediation and comprehensive management of contaminated soil will be carried out in typical areas; Establish and improve the standard system of soil environmental quality based on risk assessment; Complete the draft law on the prevention and control of soil pollution. From the types and types of pollutants, the application of new technologies and new products has failed to effectively prevent the emergence of new pollutants in China, resulting in more lasting impact and greater harm; Judging from the concentration of pollutants, with the development of economy, some pollutants gradually accumulate because they cannot be degraded, so they increase very quickly. For example, some data show that in recent years, the contents of mercury and cadmium in Shanghai soil have increased by 50%; All the heavy metals such as copper and zinc in some areas of southern Zhejiang exceeded the standard, and the partial detection rate of persistent organic pollutants reached 100%.
Liaohe river basin
According to reports, the Liaohe River Basin is one of the traditional industrial and mining areas in China, with convenient transportation and rich mineral resources. For a long time, an economic structure dominated by coal, petroleum, steel and other industries has been formed, with low resource utilization efficiency and high pollution intensity; The level of pollution source control is low, the pollution in chemical, metallurgical, mining, pharmaceutical and other industries is serious, some enterprises have outdated equipment and imperfect pollution control facilities; In addition, the ability of environmental monitoring, early warning, emergency response and environmental law enforcement in Liaohe River Basin is weak. In some areas, laws are not complied with, and the phenomenon of lax enforcement is more prominent. The punishment for environmental violations is not enough, and the pollution phenomenon cannot be effectively curbed.
Relevant persons also pointed out that soil pollution and water pollution appear alternately and influence each other. On the one hand, soil pollution in some areas is caused by sewage irrigation. Due to the shortage of water resources in Liaohe River, long-term sewage irrigation has solved the problem of industrial and agricultural water use, resulting in a large number of toxic and harmful substances entering the soil and accumulating to some extent, exceeding the self-purification limit of the soil itself. On the other hand, Anshan and Liaoyang in Liaohe River Basin are famous industrial and mining areas in China. Perennial mineral development has caused serious soil pollution in some mining areas. Heavy metals and toxic substances in soil accelerate the pollution of rivers by eroding water bodies.
Some experts pointed out that under the economic structure dominated by resources and heavy industry, the pollution degree of industrial production will be higher, and it is difficult to control pollution; Driven by economic interests, some enterprises have not installed and operated pollution control facilities, and the phenomenon of discharging waste water, waste gas and waste residue at will has occurred from time to time, which makes it impossible to prevent; At the same time, the local government attaches importance to the regional GDP and ignores the awareness of environmental protection, leaving the pollution phenomenon unchecked.
For Liaohe River, its pollution control problem is facing a more severe test-under the situation that the current economic crisis continues and the old industrial base in Northeast China needs to be revitalized urgently, on the one hand, the soil pollution and water pollution in Liaohe River basin are serious, which has reached the point where it must be controlled; On the other hand, under the global financial crisis since 2008, local governments are facing tremendous pressure of slowing economic growth and rising unemployment rate, and the center of all work is to ensure stable economic development. Environmental governance is facing the problem of making way for economic development and being ignored.
Some people worry that the entire Liaohe River Basin has been polluted for decades. "In some places, in order to develop the economy, the so-called environmental pollution has been neglected, and the pollution situation in the whole basin has been serious for decades. If we don't change this point, we will only take the old road of' pollution-governance-pollution', and in the end it will only get worse and worse, and the environment will get worse and worse. "
One.
Yangtze River Delta
According to the fixed-point inspection of vegetable bases in Nanjing suburbs by Nanjing Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2006, only 40% of the soil is at a safe level, while 30% of the soil has been polluted. According to the investigation of relevant departments in Zhejiang Province, the first and second types of soil account for 82% of the total area of the investigation area, and the remaining 18% of the soil has been polluted to varying degrees. "The rapid development of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural intensification in the region, coupled with neglect of prevention and control, and the transfer and residue of a large number of untreated wastes to the soil system through various channels are the main factors that form soil pollution."
Recently, villagers in Fengjiang Street 139, luqiao district, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province were found to have seriously exceeded the blood lead level. The culprit is a battery enterprise built in the village, which is listed as a key monitoring enterprise.
At the end of 1980s, the polluted area in China was only a few million hectares, and now it has exceeded10 million hectares. There are many types of soil pollution, among which heavy metal pollution is the most serious. According to the research of Institute of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the cultivated land area polluted by heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, chromium and lead is nearly 20 million hectares, accounting for about one-fifth of the total cultivated land area, and the national grain production is reduced by more than 6,543,800 tons every year due to heavy metal pollution. In addition, pesticides, antibiotics and pathogenic bacteria have also become the sources of land pollution.
Soil pollution not only leads to the decline of soil quality, crop yield and quality, but also becomes more serious. Some toxic pollutants, such as mercury and cadmium, are enriched in crop fruits and poisoned by people or livestock.
For example, due to the long-term introduction of industrial wastewater irrigation in Zhangshi Irrigation District of Shenyang, Liaoning, China, the cadmium content in soil and rice exceeded the standard, making it inedible for people and livestock. Soil can no longer be used as cultivated land, but can only be used for other purposes.
3. Solid waste stacking
In addition, in farmland, the pollution caused by unreasonable application of chemical fertilizer, pesticide spraying and plastic film is also quite serious.
2. The problems faced by local soil environmental protection work and the demand for national soil environmental protection laws, regulations and policies.
At present, soil pollution in China is facing a severe situation. In some areas, soil pollution is serious, and the types of soil pollution are diverse, showing the coexistence of old and new pollutants and inorganic-organic composite pollution. There are many ways of soil pollution, and the reasons are complicated. The first national conference on prevention and control of soil pollution was held by the State Environmental Protection Administration in Beijing. The pollution area, distribution and degree were unclear, the foundation of pollution prevention and control was weak, and local soil protection and control measures lacked basis and direction. The situation is not optimistic and faces many challenges. At the same time, there is still a lack of laws to prevent and control soil pollution, and the soil environmental standard system has not yet been formed. Law is the key to prevent soil pollution and the most important way to realize soil environmental protection. This is of great significance for protecting land quality and maintaining the sustainable development of society, economy and environment. From a legal point of view, the causes of soil pollution include the following three aspects:
First of all, the laws and regulations related to the prevention and control of soil pollution in China are blank and lack an effective legal system. In China's current legal system, relevant laws and regulations such as environmental protection, land management, water pollution prevention and control, air pollution prevention and control have been formulated, but the law on soil pollution prevention and control is basically blank (on the legal protection of soil pollution in agricultural land in China). Although some sporadic provisions in several laws have played a positive role in protecting the agricultural ecological environment, they are fragmented and lack of operational specific legal systems. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, the soil pollution of agricultural land is still increasing, which shows that the rough provisions of limited clauses in the current legislation can not effectively prevent and control the soil pollution caused by modern agricultural technology and unreasonable land use, and can not meet the practical needs of soil pollution prevention and control. The "vacuum" state of law will further promote the abuse of land resources and aggravate the problem of soil pollution (Analysis on the legal problems of soil prevention and control in China). In the environmental protection work in the Yangtze River Delta, Xu Guanghua, a professor at the School of Economics and Management of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, pointed out that "the lack of relatively unified regional environmental access and pollutant discharge standards, and the lack of relevant laws and regulations are the weaknesses of the current environmental protection work in the Yangtze River Delta." Various environmental protection problems encountered in regional economic development are usually difficult for local governments to solve. In order to cope with the increasingly severe environmental pollution situation, the relevant departments of two provinces and one city must establish a regional environmental information sharing and publishing system as soon as possible, start a regional environmental supervision and emergency linkage mechanism, and accelerate the research and formulation of regional environmental protection-related laws and regulations on this basis. The consequences of soil pollution in the Yangtze River Delta are worrying. Therefore, on the basis of the existing laws, it is necessary to take certain legal measures for the prevention and protection of soil pollution, and improve and perfect the laws and regulations related to the environment.
Secondly, the administrative management and law enforcement of soil pollution prevention and control are chaotic. According to China's existing legal system, the legal protection of soil is implemented in a multi-department and multi-level management system, involving the administrative management of soil pollution by multiple administrative departments. Under this system, there are many management subjects and scattered powers and responsibilities, which is not only not conducive to centralized and unified management, but also easy to cause management confusion (a brief analysis of the legal problems of soil pollution prevention and control in China). Due to the diverse sources of soil pollution, the situation is complicated. In addition to the most closely related responsibilities of the environmental protection department and the agricultural department, many other departments, such as the Ministry of Water Resources and the land and resources management department, also have management authority under certain circumstances (Research on Legal Issues of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control in Rural Areas of China). However, because the law does not give the environmental law enforcement departments the right to supervise the environmental law enforcement of other administrative departments, and at the same time, it does not stipulate how the law enforcement departments should cooperate with each other in soil pollution control, which leads to the lack of multi-head law enforcement, cross-enforcement and law enforcement, and even the departments compete for their own interests through law enforcement, which reduces the overall effectiveness of soil protection. It harms the overall interests of soil protection, and the relevant laws and regulations have no specific provisions on how to supervise and coordinate between departments. Moreover, in the actual environmental administrative law enforcement management, the situation varies greatly from place to place, and many pollution problems can not be solved well, leading to wrangling and power struggle between departments (a brief analysis of the legal problems of soil pollution prevention and control in China). It can be said that this multi-head management system not only seriously affects the efficiency of pollution control, but also wastes a lot of administrative resources. In addition, in most grass-roots areas of our country, especially in poor rural areas, due to the backward economic development and strong desire to get rid of poverty, most leading cadres regard rapid economic development as their primary goal. When there is a conflict between economic development and environmental protection, they will sacrifice the environment for development (research on iterative countermeasures for rural soil pollution prevention). Therefore, there are also many problems in soil pollution management and law enforcement in China.
Finally, the judicial guarantee of soil environmental protection needs to be strengthened. At present, although soil pollution in China is serious and pollution occurs from time to time, there are few cases involving soil pollution litigation. From only a few cases, it is not difficult to find the problems existing in the judicial relief of rural land in China. First of all, there are no laws and regulations on soil pollution remediation and compensation in China so far, which are not binding on enterprises. Even if the soil is polluted, it is difficult to hold them accountable. In August 2006, the "lead poisoning" incident in Huixian County, Gansu Province was a typical case. At that time, 368 people in two villages in Shuiyang Township of the county were found to have excessive blood lead, including children 14 149. According to the investigation by the environmental protection department, a lead smelter located near these two villages is an important pollution source, causing local soil, air and water pollution. Although the factory was ordered to close later, it is a difficult problem how to effectively compensate the villagers who suffered pollution damage and how to fundamentally change the extensive growth mode at the expense of people's health and even life. (Qiu Lin, China 1/5 The situation of farmland pollution prevention and control is grim, and improving the quality of soil environment is a national action. In addition, in rural environmental litigation, one of the most realistic problems is the burden of litigation costs. Farmers in China are the biggest vulnerable group in society. They are victims of urban development and have been in economic distress for a long time. Most of their income can barely make ends meet (study on iterative countermeasures for rural soil pollution prevention and control) At the same time, the losses caused by soil pollution to farmers are long-term and huge. In China's judicial practice, the litigation cost is directly linked to the amount of the litigation object. If the litigation cost is paid in advance, farmers may not get judicial protection because they can't afford the litigation cost (Study on the Legal Issues of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control in Rural Areas of China). 199965438+On February 20th, three farmers in Jimin Village1in Xingshugang Town, Honggang District filed a lawsuit with the Anniversary Intermediate People's Court, demanding that the defendant Yearly Oilfield Co., Ltd. compensate the plaintiff for the land pollution damage. 06 yuan. In this case, the land pollution of thirteen farmers occurred in 1993, but only the compensation for young crops was paid to the plaintiff in that year. Because farmers don't know whether the land is polluted, they didn't file a lawsuit before 1999, but they have been asking the town government, land and resources bureau and the defendant unit to solve it in the form of petitions. Although an agreement was reached on 1 1.4 in 1999, it was not actually implemented. 199965438+February, the plaintiff applied to Daqing Agricultural Bureau for sampling, testing and identification of contaminated farmland. June, 5438+October, 2000 10, the Agricultural Bureau sent samples to the provincial quality inspection center for inspection by the Municipal Agricultural Bureau. In May, 20001year, according to the inspection results, the Agriculture Bureau organized five experts to conduct on-the-spot investigation, and made appraisal opinions: secondary salinization of the slope of polluted farmland has been caused, which has caused serious harm to crops. Article 7 of the Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC): The competent administrative department of environmental protection of the State Council shall exercise unified supervision and management over the national environmental protection work. The competent administrative department of environmental protection of the local people's governments at or above the county level shall exercise unified supervision and management over the environmental protection work within their respective administrative areas. Paragraph 2 of Article 43 of the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of People's Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law. The case lasted for four years from1999 65438+February to 2003 65438+February, and was finally settled by court mediation. The defendant compensated the plaintiff for the loss 159607 38 yuan, and the expenses of the first and second trials were borne by the defendant. It is worth noting that during the trial of the case. Daqing Intermediate People's Court rejected the plaintiff's claim on the grounds that the plaintiff had exceeded the limitation of action. After the verdict, the plaintiff refused to accept it. However, because farmers have not cultivated land for many years, there is no appeal fee. In order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the plaintiff, the agent paid the appeal fee of 10 196. 00 yuan, so that the legitimate rights and interests of farmers have been finally protected (a difficult lawsuit for compensation for land pollution damage).
Therefore, in order to effectively prevent and control soil pollution, we should refine and expand the soil pollution prevention and control system on the basis of existing legislation, or formulate special laws and regulations to strengthen the supervision and management of soil pollution. The pollution and pollution behavior of soil pollutants such as irrigation, industrial and mining wastes, urban solid wastes, fertilizers and pesticides are legally defined, and soil pollution is effectively prevented through legal means. In addition, the administrative system of soil pollution prevention and control should be straightened out in laws and regulations, the dynamic monitoring and evaluation system of soil pollution should be established, the specific planning system of soil pollution prevention and control should be formulated, the environmental standards of soil pollution should be formulated, and the emergency measures system and legal responsibility system of soil pollution should be established.
Analysis on Legal Problems of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control in China (Paper).
3. Work experience, typical models and policy suggestions of soil environmental protection.
Because of the latent, irreversible, long-term and serious consequences of soil pollution, soil environmental protection should follow the basic principle of "prevention is more important than treatment" and adhere to "prevention first, combination of prevention and control, and comprehensive treatment". Take preventive measures for unpolluted soil to control or eliminate pollution sources; For the polluted soil, active control measures should be taken to control the pollution to a minimum (present situation and prospect of scientific research on environmental protection in China). Once the soil is polluted, it is difficult to control. Compared with the research on the content, behavior, biogeochemical cycle, toxicology, metabolic mode and epidemic diseases related to heavy metals in soil-plant system, the research on the control and management of soil pollution is much weaker, and most control methods are still in the experimental stage. In addition, considering the problem of cost control, there are few mature methods that can be applied at present. Summarize various soil pollution control methods, which can be generally divided into the following four categories:
1. Engineering measures (including soil replacement, soil turning, topsoil removal, isolation, heat treatment, electrochemical methods, etc.). )
This method is effective and stable, and is a radical measure. Suitable for most pollutants and various conditions, but generally practical in a small range, expensive, and may also cause potential pollution to groundwater or other media. In recent years, sewage and air pollution control technology has been introduced into the soil treatment process, which has opened up new ways of soil pollution control, such as magnetic separation technology, anion-cation substitution method and so on.
2. Chemical measures
The application of modifiers and inhibitors reduces the water solubility, diffusibility and bioavailability of soil pollutants, thus reducing the ability of pollutants to enter the biological chain and reducing the harm to the soil ecological environment (). For example, alkaline substances such as lime and slag are added to some soils polluted by heavy metals, so that heavy metals can generate hydroxide precipitation. Or adding bentonite, synthetic zeolite and other substances with large exchange capacity to passivate the heavy metals in the soil.
3. Biological measures
Biological treatment method has incomparable advantages over physical treatment method and chemical treatment method, and its advantages are as follows: ① the treatment cost is low, and its treatment cost is only half to one third of that of physical and chemical treatment method; (2) the treatment effect is good, the environmental impact is small, secondary pollution will not be caused, and the soil environment required for plant growth will not be destroyed; ③ The treatment is simple and can be treated on the spot. Based on these advantages, the application of bioremediation technology has become the focus of soil pollution control technology research (research progress of soil pollution bioremediation technology). Biological measures are to use specific animals, plants and microorganisms to absorb or degrade pollutants in soil. Environmental biotechnology, a new discipline corresponding to this measure, is in the ascendant. The application of biological measures for on-site pollution control began in March 1989. The coast of Alaska in the United States is polluted by oil. After using two groups of lipophilic microorganisms, the purification process was accelerated by two times. Most of the main biota used in early biological treatment are microorganisms. In recent years, phytoremediation is becoming a bright spot in biological control measures. There are three ways for plants to repair pollution points: plant fixation, plant volatilization and plant absorption. The research shows that using suitable plants can not only remove organic matter in soil environment, but also remove heavy metals and radionuclides. Super-accumulated plants have become the goal pursued and screened by environmental protection workers. The research on phytoremediation and hyperaccumulation of plants in China has made a good start (review and prospect of soil environmental protection research in China). For example, in the study of phytoremediation of heavy metal cadmium contaminated soil, it was found through a large number of screening studies that Cruciferae (Brassicaceae spp.) has strong characteristics of absorbing and accumulating cadmium. Brassica napus, which is widely planted in China, belongs to this category, and some of its varieties or genotypes may have high cadmium accumulation. Screening crops with low Cd accumulation (low absorption or low transfer) in edible parts, and reducing Cd absorption by crops through interaction (intercropping and rotation) need further study (characteristics of soil cadmium pollution and technical mechanism of phytoremediation of contaminated soil).
4. Agricultural measures
Including applying more organic fertilizers to improve environmental capacity, controlling soil moisture, selecting suitable chemical fertilizers and selecting pollution-resistant crop varieties.
In addition, the prevention and control of soil pollution in foreign developed countries started earlier, and many countries have established relatively perfect systems for identification, evaluation and treatment of contaminated land, among which the soil protection practices of the United States, Germany and Japan are of great significance in the world.
In foreign countries, there are many legislative experiences on the legal protection of soil pollution prevention and control. 1985 and 1990 revised the American agricultural law, hoping to improve labor productivity, protect resources and the environment at the same time and realize the development of "sustainable agriculture". In addition, in 1990, the federal government implemented "protection plan" management. 1987 enacted the water quality law to control the water quality of agricultural water sources. So far, the EU has no clear soil protection policy, but many existing EU legislations are related to soil protection. For example, directive 86/278/EEC on environmental protection, especially on soil protection when sludge is used in agriculture, stipulates agricultural sludge; Directive 75/442/EEC on waste requires that waste should not pollute the soil during disposal; Before the end of 2004, the directive on composting and biological waste was put forward, aiming at controlling potential pollution and encouraging the use of approved mixed fertilizers. Japan has established a soil environmental protection system consisting of preventive measures and control measures. There are Law on Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution in Agricultural Land (1970), Temporary Countermeasures for Urban Street Soil Pollution (1986), Environmental Standards for Soil Pollution (199 1), Soil Pollution Countermeasures Law (2002) and so on. The implementation of the Soil Pollution Countermeasures Law has changed pollution control from passive to active, and the social benefits of environmental protection that could not be calculated before can be reflected in the economic benefits that can be calculated. This trend shows that soil environmental protection in Japan has shown a new stage [3]. These foreign legislative experiences are of great significance to the legal perfection of soil pollution prevention and control in China.
"Paying attention to the ecological compensation mechanism is a great experience of soil pollution prevention and control abroad, which is worth learning." Yu Xijun told reporters that the main principles of ecological compensation mechanism, also known as payment for ecosystem services, are "polluter pays" and "protector gets compensation"-the responsible party of pollution accident controls soil pollution or pays the soil pollution control fee. There have been many successful cases abroad in this regard-in 1972, the taxpayer tax reduction law passed by the United States, one of the purposes is to stimulate private capital to invest in soil clean management with tax incentives. According to the U.S. government report, the direct result was to attract 3.4 billion U.S. dollars of private investment, and 8,000 polluted brown plots resumed production capacity. Yu Xijun said that establishing a direct compensation system for soil ecology on the basis of regional linkage may be the direction we should work hard at present (the consequences of soil pollution in the Yangtze River Delta are worrying. )
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