What's the difference between quoting and reasoning? Train of thought analysis: As the name implies, quoting an argument is to prove one's point of view by quoting famous sayings or words recognized by the ancients as reasonable for everyone. The argument of truth needs you to proceed from reality. In order to prove your point of view, your argument must be convincing. Inference and reference are the relationship between inclusion and inclusion.
What's the difference between an example and a metaphor? The method of using facts as arguments to prove arguments is called exemplification. This method is also called exemplification. Examples are the most widely used in argumentation. It is also an effective reasoning method. Because no viewpoint can exist in isolation, facts speak louder than words and are the most convincing. Therefore, examples are often used in argumentative writing. Facts include concrete facts and general facts. When using examples, we should pay attention to the following three points: First, examples and arguments should be unified. The cited examples should fully prove the argument, and should not contradict each other, deviate from each other, or be only partially unified. Second, the examples should be conclusive and credible. In other words, the materials to prove the argument must be true, well-founded and accurate. Whether it is true or not. All these should be strictly examined and confirmed by authoritative people. Never fill improper second-hand materials into the article, causing undue serious consequences. Third, examples should be typical, representative and innovative. Examples should be able to reflect the general from the individual and reflect the essence and regularity of the development of things. The selection of examples should prevent the shortcomings of replacing the surface with points and generalizing the whole.
Metaphor is an argument method that concretizes and visualizes abstract and rational things or things. It compares two things with basically the same or similar attributes and draws a conclusion. In order to achieve the purpose of argument, the two sides of metaphor are not randomly selected. They generally use familiar things to compare unfamiliar things, and image things to compare abstract things, which often makes the argumentation process vivid and literary.
Ask experts to point out the difference between example method and analogy method. The method of using facts as arguments to prove arguments is called exemplification. This method is also called demonstration. Examples are the most widely used in argumentative writing. It is also an effective reasoning method. Because no viewpoint can exist in isolation, facts speak louder than words and are the most convincing, so the general argument adopts the method of examples. Facts include concrete facts and general facts. We should pay attention to the following three points when using examples: First, examples and arguments should be unified. The cited examples should fully prove the argument, and they should not be opposed to each other, deviate from each other, or be only partially unified. Second, the case should be conclusive and credible. In other words, the materials to prove the argument must be true, well-documented and accurate. Both facts and figures should be carefully scrutinized and confirmed by authoritative people. Never fill the article with unfounded second-hand materials, resulting in undue serious consequences. Third, the case should be typical, representative and somewhat innovative. Examples should be able to reflect the general from the individual and reflect the essence and regularity of the development of things. The selection of examples should prevent the defects of replacing surface with point and generalizing.
In our junior high school argumentative essays, there are many articles that are demonstrated by examples. Let's look at Wu Han talking about bones. In this argumentative paper, the author thinks that "we China people have backbone". In order to make this argument clear, the author uses Mencius' words to decompose it: "wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent." Around this sentence, the author chose Wen Tianxiang to swear to death not to surrender to the Yuan Dynasty under the temptation of high officials and generous officials. Hungry people would rather starve to death than suffer from "unexpected food". Mr. Wen Yiduo betrayed his safety in front of the pistols of Kuomintang reactionaries. These three examples are typical, accurate and representative, which well prove the central argument.
Metaphor is a demonstration method that concretizes and visualizes abstract and rational things or things. It is to compare two things with basically the same or similar attributes and draw a conclusion. In order to achieve the purpose of argument, the two sides of metaphor argument are not randomly selected. Generally speaking, comparing familiar things with unfamiliar things, and comparing image things with abstract things often makes the argumentation process vivid and literary.
Metaphors are used throughout Han Yu's Ma Shuo: comparing talents to swift horses, comparing people who can identify talents to Bole, and comparing ignorant and shallow rulers who don't know talents to horse thieves. Based on the legend of Maxima and Bole, this paper reveals the reasons why feudal society buried talents, and expresses strong indignation and deep regret that feudal rulers could not identify, destroy and bury talents.
Another famous prose by Han Yu, On the Dragon, is also demonstrated by metaphor. The original text is as follows:
Dragons roar into clouds, and clouds are solid to dragons. However, the dragon is riding in the air, and the ocean is poor, but the sun and the moon are thin, the scenery is quiet, the electricity is shocking, the gods are changing, the water is muddy, and the clouds are strange.
Cloud, what the dragon can do is spirit; If the dragon spirit, then Feiyun can make the spirit also. However, the dragon has a cloud of happiness, and the god has no spirit. Without trust, you can't trust! What a surprise! It depends on what it does. Yi says, "Clouds follow dragons." Since the dragon barks, the cloud barks.
This essay, based on ancient books and legends, has obvious intention: the author uses dragons as a metaphor for saints and clouds as a metaphor for saints, which illustrates the relationship between saints, that is, saints rely on saints to make contributions and saints rely on their knowledge to travel far and wide, thus bringing out the best in each other. The whole article only focuses on the relationship between dragon and cloud, around the word "spirit", without a word to clarify the original intention, it can be deducted everywhere. Implicit and vivid writing makes the writing euphemistic and tortuous, ups and downs, and it is meaningful to read.
When using metaphor, we must pay attention to the similarities between the two sides. * * * The more the same attributes, the stronger the argument. If you put two unrelated things together, even if you try your best, the result is still full of flaws.
Through examples, seek argumentative papers with clear views. 1. Establish the reputation of Yan Shu.
Yan Shu, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, is famous for his honesty. At the age of fourteen, he was recommended to the emperor and became a child prodigy. The emperor summoned him and asked him to take the exam at the same time with more than 1000 Jinshi. As a result, Yan Shu found that she had just practiced the exam ten days ago, so she truthfully reported to Zhenzong and asked to change other topics. Song Zhenzong appreciated Yan Shu's honesty very much and named him "fellow scholar". When Yan Shu takes office, the world is at peace. Therefore, Beijing officials, large and small, often go to the suburbs or hold various banquets in restaurants and teahouses in the city. Yan Shu was poor and had no money to go out to eat, drink and have fun, so she had to read and write articles with her brothers at home. One day, Zhenzong promoted Yan Shu as the official of the East Palace who assisted the prince in his studies. Ministers were surprised and didn't understand why Zhenzong made such a decision. Zhenzong said, "Recently, the ministers often play and have banquets. Only Yan Shu studies behind closed doors, so she is cautious in self-esteem and is the best candidate for the East Palace official. " Yan Shu thanked him and said, "I am actually a person who likes to play and eat, but my family is poor." If I had money, I would have taken part in the banquet tour. " These two things made Yan Shu establish prestige in front of ministers, and Song Zhenzong trusted him more.
2. Comparison of Washington, Nixon and Clinton
Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a small axe. When his father saw his beloved tree cut down, he was very angry and threatened to teach the tree cutter a lesson. Washington admitted his mistake in front of his angry father. Father was very moved and said that Washington's honesty is much more precious than all cherry trees. It was also President Nixon who was forced to resign because he lied in Watergate. Clinton was also impeached for lying in a disgraceful scandal. One was loved for his honesty, and the other two left a stain on political history for lying.
3. Comparison between "Building a Tree for Faith" and "Bonfire Party".
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qin Shangyang presided over the political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong. At that time, at a time of frequent wars and panic, in order to establish prestige and promote reform, Shang Yang ordered a 30-foot-long wood to be erected outside the south gate of the capital, and made a promise in public: whoever can move this wood to the north gate will be rewarded with twelve taels of silver. None of the onlookers believe that such an easy thing can get such a high reward, so no one is willing to try. So Shang Yang raised the reward to 50 gold. Under the four rewards, there must be brave people. Finally someone stepped forward and carried the wood to the north gate. Shang Yang immediately rewarded him with fifty gold. Shang Yang's move established prestige in the hearts of the people, and Shang Yang's next reform was quickly popularized in Qin State. The new law made the State of Qin stronger and eventually unified China.
It was also in the place where Shang Yang "established a tree as a letter" that a ridiculous farce of "playing a vassal in a bonfire" was staged 400 years ago.
There is a favorite princess in Zhou Youwang, whose name is Bos. In order to win her smile, Zhou Youwang ordered more than 20 beacon towers near the capital to light bonfires-bonfires are a signal of border warning, which can only be lit when foreign enemies invade and need to call the princes for help. As a result, as soon as the princes saw the bonfire, they led the soldiers to arrive in a hurry, realized that it was a trick set by the king to smile at his wife, and then left angrily. I finally smiled happily when I saw the usually prestigious princes at a loss. Five years later, another large-scale attack on Zhou, the bonfire of Youwang was rekindled, but the ministers were late-no one wanted to be fooled again. As a result, you Wang was forced to commit suicide and was praised and captured.
A "stand up and win the trust" promises 1000 yuan; An emperor didn't believe it and played the game of "wolf coming". As a result, the former succeeded in political reform and the country was strong; The latter, who brought shame on himself, died. It can be seen that "belief" plays a very important role in the rise and fall of a country.
4. Li Yu Ian recorded a story that he lost his life because he broke his promise.
A businessman in Jiyang sank while crossing the river. He grabbed a hemp pole and shouted for help. A fisherman heard the sound. The businessman quickly shouted: "I am the richest man in Jiyang. If you can save me, I will give you 100 two gold. " . After being rescued ashore, the businessman turned his face and refused to admit it. He only gave the fisherman 10 two gold. The fisherman accused him of breaking his word and going back on his word. The rich man said, "You are a fisherman. I can't make much money in my life. Is it not enough to suddenly get twelve taels of gold? " My husband must be very unhappy. Unexpectedly, the rich man capsized in the same place again. Someone tried to save him, and the person he cheated said, "He is a man of his word!" " "So the merchant drowned. It is accidental that the businessman capsized twice and met the same husband, but it is expected that the businessman will not be rewarded. Because if a person does not keep his word, he will lose the trust of others. So, once he is in trouble, no one wants to rescue him. Those who break their promises to others, once in trouble, have to sit still.
Lyu3 bu4' s promise saved him from disaster.
At the end of the Qin Dynasty, there was a man named Ji Bu. He kept his word and had a very high reputation. Many people have established a strong friendship with him. At that time, there was even a proverb: "It is better to get a hundred pounds of gold than to keep a promise." (This is the origin of the idiom "A promise is as good as a gold") Later, he offended Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu, and was offered a reward for his capture. As a result, his old friends not only were not confused by the heavy money, but also risked the extinction of Jiuzu to protect him from disaster. A person who is honest and trustworthy will naturally get a lot of help and gain everyone's respect and friendship. On the other hand, if you covet temporary comfort or petty advantages and lose trust in your friends, you will get "benefits" on the surface. But for this benefit, he ruined his reputation, which is much more important than material things. Therefore, breaking a promise to a friend is tantamount to losing a watermelon and picking up sesame seeds, which is not worth the loss.
(For details, please refer to the Central Literature Publishing House's "Youth Ideological and Moral Education Reader". )
6\ The Story of Integrity
In the early years, few foreigners set foot in the southern foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal. Later, many Japanese people came here for sightseeing, which is said to be because of the honesty of a teenager.
One day, several Japanese photographers invited a local teenager to buy beer, and the teenager ran for more than three hours.
The next day, the boy offered to buy them beer. The photographers gave him a lot of money this time, but the boy didn't come back until the afternoon of the third day. As a result, photographers talked about it and thought that the boy cheated the money away. On the third night, the boy knocked on the photographer's door. It turned out that he only bought four bottles of beer in one place, so he climbed a mountain, crossed a river, bought six more bottles, and broke three bottles when he came back. He took the broken glass in tears and returned the change to the photographer. All the people present were moved. This story deeply touched many foreigners. Later, more and more tourists came here.
7\ Honest story
In the riverside park in new york, there is a monument to the soldiers killed in the Civil War, and many tourists come to pay homage to the dead every year. General Grant's grave is located in the north of the park. He was the 18 th president of the United States and the commander-in-chief of the Union Army during the Civil War. The mausoleum is tall, majestic, solemn and simple. There is a large green lawn behind the mausoleum, which extends to the boundary of the park and the edge of the steep cliff.
Behind General Grant's mausoleum, closer to the cliff, there is also a children's mausoleum. This is a tiny and ordinary grave, and you may ignore it anywhere else. Like most American graves, it has only a small tombstone. On the tombstone and nearby're signs, there is a touching story about honesty:
The story happened on 1797 more than 200 years ago. This year, when the little owner of this land was five years old, he accidentally fell off the cliff here and died. His father was heartbroken and buried him here and built such a small mausoleum as a souvenir. A few years later, family fortune fell and the old owner had to transfer the land. Out of love for his son, he made a strange request to the future landowner. He asked the new owner to take the child's mausoleum as a part of the land and never destroy it. The new owner agreed and wrote this condition into the contract. In this way, the child's mausoleum was preserved.
Times have changed, and a hundred years have passed. I don't know how many times this land has been sold or how many owners have changed. The child's name has long been forgotten by the world, but the child's tomb is still there. It is kept intact according to one sales contract after another. 1897, this land of geomantic omen was chosen as the cemetery of General Grant. * * * became the owner of this land, and the tomb of the unknown son was preserved intact in the hands of * * * and became the neighbor of Grant General Cemetery. The grave adjacent to the grave of a great historical creator and the grave of an unknown child may be a unique miracle in the world.
One hundred years later, 1997, in memory of General Grant, Giuliani, then mayor of new york, came here. It happened to be the centenary of the establishment of General Grant's mausoleum and the bicentennial of the child's death. Mayor Giuliani personally wrote this touching story and carved it on the wooden sign, standing next to the tomb of nobody, so that this honest story can be passed down from generation to generation. ...
8\ Stories about honesty
[Story 2] A soldier was not good at long-distance running, so he soon fell far behind in an army cross-country race and ran alone. After several turns, I met a fork in the road, a road marked by an officer; The other road is marked as the path for soldiers to run. He paused. Although he was dissatisfied that being an officer was even cheaper than cross-country races, he still ran towards the road of soldiers. I didn't expect to reach the finish line half an hour later, but I was ranked first. He felt incredible. He has never been ranked, let alone run into the top 50. However, the official in charge of the competition smiled and congratulated him on winning the competition.
A few hours later, a large number of people came, exhausted from running, and surprised to see him win. But suddenly everyone realized how important it is to be honest and trustworthy at the fork in the road.
[Story 3] The story of killing pigs. Zeng Shen, a famous thinker and coward in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, was one of the 72 sages under Confucius. He is knowledgeable and versatile, and attaches great importance to cultivation and moral integrity. Once, my wife went to the market on a business trip, and the young children clamored to go. Zeng Shen's wife didn't want to take care of the children, so she said to him, "You have fun at home. When mom comes back, she will kill cook the meat's pig and give it to you. " Hearing this, the child was very happy and stopped clamoring to go to the market. This was originally a joke for the children, but after that, Zeng Shen's wife forgot. Unexpectedly, Zeng Shen really killed a pig at home. When his wife saw that Zeng Shen had killed the pig, she said, "I came back from the market and said that I would kill the pig and cook meat for him." How can you take it seriously? " Zeng Shen said: "Children can't be deceived. Children are too young to understand the world, so they should learn from others, especially their parents. Today you cheat a child and defile his mind, tomorrow the child will cheat you and others; If you break your word in front of the children today, the children will no longer trust you tomorrow. See how harmful this is. "
Fourth, the first thing: 18 th century British rich gentleman was stopped by a unkempt and ragged boy on his way home late one night. "Please buy a pack of matches, sir," said the little boy. I won't buy it. The gentleman replied. Then the gentleman walked away from the boy. "Sir, please buy a bag. I have eaten nothing today. " The little boy caught up with him. Seeing that the boy could not escape, the gentleman said, "but I have no change." "Sir, take the match first and I'll change it for you." After that, the boy ran away with a pound given by the gentleman. The gentleman waited for a long time, but the boy still didn't come back. The gentleman went home helplessly.
The next day, the gentleman was working in his office. The servant said that a boy had come and asked to meet the gentleman. So the boy was called in. The boy is shorter than the boy who sells matches and is dressed in rags. I'm sorry, sir. My brother asked me to bring you the change. " "Where's your brother?" The way of a gentleman. "My brother was seriously injured by a carriage on his way back to find you after changing the change, and he was lying at home." The gentleman was deeply moved by the little boy's honesty. "Let's go! Let's go and see your brother! " When I went to the boy's house, I saw that as long as the stepmother of both boys was greeting the seriously injured boy. Seeing this gentleman, the boy quickly said, "I'm sorry I didn't send you the change back on time. I broke my word!" " The gentleman was deeply moved by the boy's honesty. When he learned that the parents of the two boys had died, he resolutely decided to take on everything they needed in life.
The second story; /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, there was a prince in the German army. He was a brother with his subordinates and was deeply loved by soldiers and officers at all levels. On the way home after a failed attack on a country, it was already late at night in winter. Cold and hunger afflicted him and some of his soldiers. In a state of extreme cold and hunger, the prince slowly fell asleep. In his sleep, the prince dreamed that the sun was unusually bright and warm. He woke up to find himself covered with many coats and his life went on. Looking around, his men covered the prince with their coats, and all the coats were frozen to death.
What's the difference between dialectics and naive dialectics? Naive dialectics is an ancient primitive dialectics. It intuitively recognizes that everything is in universal contact and movement, and guesses the unity of opposites and struggle.
Lao Zi, an ancient book in China, said, "Whether there is mutual strength or not, it is difficult to complement each other, the length is in phase, the height is in phase, the sound and sound are in harmony, and the front and back go hand in hand." The Book of Songs says: "The high shore is the valley, and the deep valley is the mausoleum". In other words, high dikes can be turned into deep valleys, and deep valleys can also be turned into hills. It also shows that everything is moving and changing, which is a simple dialectical view.
In Europe, Heraclitus of ancient Greece believed that "everything changes, everything remains unchanged" and that "the unified thing is composed of two opposites".
Defects: intuitive, speculative. For example, "Form is God, God is Form, Form is God, Form is God, Form is God." Lack of evidence and argumentation is the methodology of simple materialism.
What is the difference and connection between dialectics and materialist dialectics! First of all, dialectics includes materialist dialectics and idealist dialectics.
Idealist dialectics is the opposite of materialist dialectics and metaphysics. Refers to the dialectical theory of headstand based on idealism. It is believed that the development process of the objective world is the development process of human spirit or thinking. Plato, an ancient Greek idealist philosopher, was one of the founders of idealist dialectics. Through the logical deduction of pure concepts, he pointed out that similarities and differences, big and small, finite and infinite, good and evil are the unity of opposites. In German classical philosophy, idealist dialectics has been thoroughly considered.
Development.
Materialist dialectics is a science about the universal laws of the development of nature, human society and thinking movement, and it is the world outlook and methodology of the proletariat. It was founded by Marx and Engels on the basis of critically inheriting Hegel's idealist dialectics. It abstracts many categories of laws of unity of opposites, mutual change of quality, negation of negation and unity of opposites from the historical development of nature and human society, reveals the universal connection of things, and points out that the fundamental reason for the development of things lies in internal contradictions. There is dialectical movement in the objective world itself, and materialist dialectics is the conscious reflection of this essential relationship in the objective world and the logical form of dialectical thinking.
What is the difference between metaphor and example in news comment reasoning? Metaphor is a way to prove an argument with vivid metaphors.
Generally speaking, metaphor is also a deductive proof, and it is a proof method to prove the particularity of an argument with universally recognized or obvious universal principles (arguments) hidden in metaphor. For example:
Premise: look in the mirror after washing your face.
Writing articles and giving speeches are just like washing your face.
Conclusion: Therefore, write a good article, make a good speech, and look in the mirror.
Example method-an argument method that enumerates opinions and then gives concrete examples to prove them.
Examples are the most widely used in argumentative writing. It is also an effective reasoning method. Because no viewpoint can exist in isolation, facts speak louder than words and are the most convincing, so the general argument adopts the method of examples.
For example, in the article "On New Democratic Constitutionalism", the die-hards said: "The die-hards always have a set of plans, such as how to benefit people and how to pretend to be two-faced. But die-hards always get the opposite result. They always start with harming others and end up harming themselves. " With regard to this conclusion, * * * quoted some examples from ancient and modern China and foreign countries to prove: ① Chamberlain was bent on lifting Hitler's stone to hit the Soviet people's feet, but since the day when the war broke out between Germany and Britain and France, Chamberlain's stone hit his own feet. And until now, this stone is still hitting Chamberlain. Yuan Shikai tried to hit the people's feet, but he hit himself. A few months later, the emperor died. Paragraph (3), Xu Shichang, Cao Kun, and so on, all tried to suppress the people, but they were overthrown by the people. These examples are historical facts, which eloquently prove the argument and enable people to see the reality from history and draw rules from experience, which is powerful and convincing.
When using examples, we should pay attention to not only putting examples behind arguments, but also failing to reveal the internal relations between arguments. Without sufficient analysis and reasoning, it is impossible to explain your own views clearly, and the article will become simplified and lack internal logical power. After stating the facts, you need to be reasonable. In addition, the examples selected in the example method must be true and typical, otherwise it can't explain the problem.
In fact, the difference between the two is a metaphor and an example.
What is citation is reasoning. This is a logical method of deductive reasoning, also called deductive reasoning. It is to deduce the correctness of individual things from the correctness of general things, referred to as the method from general to individual. News commentary quotes some true facts or conclusions that have been proved to be correct by practice as arguments to prove the correctness of an argument put forward in the commentary. This is a common citation method in news commentary writing.
In deductive argument, the most general principles and axioms often appear as the major premise, as the premise and basis of reasoning. If the major premise is correct and the minor premise is correct, then the conclusion must be correct. This is the way of syllogism reasoning. For example, people always die, but the meaning of death is different. In ancient China, a writer named Sima Qian said: "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." To die for the benefit of the people is more important than Mount Tai; It's as light as a feather to work for fascism and those who exploit and oppress the people. Comrade Zhang Side died for the benefit of the people, and his death was heavier than Mount Tai.
This is a well-known speech written by Comrade * * to mourn the sacrifice of Comrade Zhang Side (serving the people). From the major premise of "dying for the people's interests is more important than Mount Tai" and the minor premise of "Comrade Zhang Side died for the people's interests", the conclusion that "his death is more important than Mount Tai" is drawn. This is a typical proof of deductive reasoning of syllogism.