Model essay 1: Psychological care for the elderly Abstract With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and the family planning policy implemented since the 1970s, the structural proportion of the population has been changing. Aging is fast. Since 1990, China's elderly population has increased at an annual rate of 3.22%, and entered an aging society in 2000. [1] China is one of the countries with the fastest aging population in the world, but the life expectancy of the elderly in China is only about 1/3. Diseases in old age increase positively with age, and psychological factors account for a very large proportion among various disease factors. Therefore, psychological nursing plays a very important role in preventing and reducing the occurrence of diseases easily occurring in the elderly, improving the quality of life of the elderly and realizing the eternal theme of healthy aging.
Keywords psychological care for the elderly, psychological health care
China Library Classification Number R248 Document Identification Number A1004-7484 (2010) 03-00-01.
Old age is an important stage in the process of life. At this stage, people are in the process of aging, and various structures of the body are aging and their functions are declining, resulting in a series of physiological changes, such as the growth of senile plaques, osteoporosis and changes in the urogenital system. From the social point of view, the elderly are facing many major life changes, such as retirement, the death of spouses and relatives. These changes are painful for the elderly, and corresponding psychological changes will occur with the changes of life. What are the reasons for the psychological changes of the elderly?
1 Causes of psychological changes in the elderly
1. 1 psychological change factors of the elderly
The psychological changes of the elderly include physiological changes, social status changes, environmental factors, disease factors, lifestyle and education level, nutritional deficiency and the influence of life events.
2 Common psychological problems of the elderly and their nursing care
The most common psychological problems of the elderly and their psychological nursing;
2. 1 loneliness
2. 1. 1 lonely psychological nursing
(1) To keep in touch with the society, we should pay special attention to the elderly, often communicate with them actively, help them go to society through various ways, keep in touch with people, find life motivation from social life, and get rid of loneliness.
(2) Maintain a harmonious family relationship. The more people the elderly care about and get close to, the more fulfilling their lives will be. Therefore, we should maintain family harmony and let family members adapt to each other. In nursing, we should keep in touch with the families of the elderly in many ways and ask them to cooperate closely.
(3) Help the elderly to adjust their emotions. Nurses should give special care to the elderly. Warm care can reduce their mental stimulation. In addition to verbal communication, we should also increase some non-verbal communication.
④ Help the elderly to actively participate in various activities: Encourage the elderly to participate in appropriate activities when physical conditions permit. Such as playing chess, listening to music, singing and other recreational activities, as well as playing Tai Ji Chuan, practicing Qigong and self-massage.
⑤ Maintain a cheerful personality and an optimistic mood: Always guide the elderly to maintain a cheerful, calm and optimistic mood. Cultivate their interest in life, so that the elderly can get rid of the influence of negative emotions such as depression and maintain an optimistic, cheerful and healthy attitude.
6. Do a good job in nursing physical diseases: help the elderly to treat diseases correctly; If the elderly suffer from some kind of physical illness, it may aggravate their loneliness. The cordial, friendly and enthusiastic service of nursing staff can increase the confidence of the elderly. At the same time, the basic knowledge of diseases, treatment methods and rehabilitation exercises are introduced in a targeted manner to help the elderly correctly understand diseases and establish confidence in life.
⑦ Ensure the safety of the elderly, focus on nursing the elderly who have negative words and deeds, and prevent accidents such as suicide.
2.2 Depression
2.2. 1 Nursing care of depression
(1) Give psychological support to the elderly, including their ideological changes and emotional fluctuations, communicate with them frequently, have a kind attitude, have a kind and gentle language, and respect the elderly everywhere to gain their trust.
(2) Let the elderly participate in some sports and outdoor activities within their power to maintain a certain physical strength and self-care ability.
(3) properly organize the elderly to participate in cultural and recreational activities, so as to make them feel happy and reduce the feeling of aging and the burden of disease.
(4) Help the elderly learn how to solve loneliness, adjust their lives, and let them overcome difficulties and maintain a good attitude.
2.3 forgetfulness
2.3. 1 forgetfulness care
Arrange a regular life: Old people sometimes forget their daily necessities as soon as they put them away. Therefore, we should guide them to arrange their daily necessities regularly, form a fixed position, or make a timetable, so as to deepen their memory, such as putting the medicine they take every day in a fixed place, arranging a reasonable timetable and maintaining regular daily activities.
② Strengthen health education and nursing: tell the elderly that forgetfulness is a normal aging phenomenon, and don't worry too much. At the same time, we should always remind the elderly to reduce the trouble and influence caused by forgetfulness.
③ Strengthen brain exercise: forgetfulness is a sign of aging. Old people should not give up mental exercise. Nurses should educate and encourage the elderly to do mental exercises to strengthen their memory, such as reciting poems, English words and playing chess frequently. If possible, they can also learn computers.
3 mental health care of the elderly
At present, the top three causes of death of urban elderly in China are cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumor and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and the causes are mostly related to social and psychological factors. For example, the epidemiological study of gastric cancer in China shows that people who have been mentally stimulated and sulked are prone to stomach cancer. Experts believe that the decline of immunity of patients with depression has promoted the occurrence or deterioration of cancer. Optimistic and frank people have enhanced immunity and suppressed tumor growth. [2] Therefore, the mental health care of the elderly is particularly important, which can not only prevent the influence of diseases and physiological changes on the elderly, but also enable the elderly to better deal with their own, family and social problems, so that the elderly can maintain a good psychology and be conducive to health and longevity.
3. 1 Mental health care methods for the elderly
3. 1. 1 First of all, we should educate the elderly: we should have a firm belief in life, establish a correct view of life and death, and improve our self-control ability.
3. 1.2 Tell and demonstrate various emotional mediation methods for the elderly, such as self-education method, oral suggestion method, activity transfer method, communication adjustment method, environmental mediation method and appropriate venting method.
3. 1.3 Cultivate appropriate hobbies. Old people have some free time after retirement, so they should be helped to cultivate rich interests in life, use their brains more and actively participate in various social activities.
3. 1.4 Eliminate the negative psychological factors of the elderly.
refer to
Li Xiaomei. Community nursing I, Hunan science and technology publishing house, 200 1.
[2] Xu Nengfeng. Preventive Medicine II, People's Health Publishing House, 2003- 1- 1.
Model article 2: Home-based care for the aged? Objective To summarize various measures of home care for the elderly. Methods Read the literature, summarize the measures of home-based care for the aged, and draw a comprehensive conclusion. Results Health education and guidance for the elderly and their families is very important for family nursing. Conclusion The model of home-based care for the aged is not perfect, which can not fully guarantee and promote the health of the elderly and needs to be improved.
? Keywords the elderly; Family; nurse
With the development of economy, population aging has gradually become a global problem. China's home-based care model is still in its infancy, and there is still a lack of standardized training for home-based care workers. Therefore, many theories are needed to provide a better foundation for home care for the elderly, including health education, health guidance, rehabilitation guidance, nutrition guidance and life guidance for elderly patients, health care and psychological counseling for the elderly.
1 home care for the elderly?
Family nursing is a series of diversified nursing activities with family as the service unit and family members as the service object, and nurses and family members participate in maintaining family health together. In order to promote and protect family health, prevent family members from happening or reducing diseases and complications, and help family members care about and adapt to diseases, so as to give full play to their health potential. Family health nurses need to provide care for their families in any field where health continues. Family nurses can also choose different places to provide care services for their families, such as in the office of community nurses, at home or at home. At the same time, family nurses should also provide nursing services for different families, including families at different stages of development, families with acute and chronic patients, and families in transition.
Square method
? 2. 1 home care of common diseases of the elderly
? 2. 1. 1 hypertensive home care 1 hypertensive coronary heart disease is a common cardiovascular disease among the elderly in China, which has serious damage to the heart, brain and kidney.
? 2. 1. 1. 1 According to the condition, instruct patients to take antihypertensive drugs according to the doctor's advice, starting with a small dose and gradually increasing the amount. At the same time, closely observe the curative effect. If the blood pressure drops too fast, the drug dosage should be adjusted. After the blood pressure is controlled and stabilized for a long time, it can be gradually reduced according to the doctor's advice, and the drug should not be stopped at will. Some antihypertensive drugs can cause postural hypotension, so you should stay in bed after taking them. 3 hours, help the patient get up if necessary, wait for him to sit up for a while, and then get out of bed.
? 2. 1. 1.2 Ensure reasonable rest and sleep, avoid fatigue, advocate appropriate physical activity, but pay attention to the combination of work and rest to avoid strenuous activity for too long.
? 2. 1. 1.3 Help patients avoid forgetting to associate medication with certain things that must be done in life, put the medication in an eye-catching position, and indicate the dosage and time of medication with eye-catching fonts, which is convenient for the elderly to identify.
? 2. 1. 1.4 Pay attention to psychological nursing, strengthen health education, and conduct targeted psychological counseling according to patients' characteristics. At the same time, let patients know the importance of controlling blood pressure, help patients train their self-control ability, participate in the formulation and implementation of their own treatment and nursing programs, guide patients to take drugs and review them regularly. Diet should be light and easy to digest, low in salt, low in heat, low in fat and low in cholesterol. Encourage patients to eat more fruits and vegetables, quit smoking, control drinking and other stimulating foods. Obese people should limit calorie intake and control their weight within an ideal range.
? 2. 1.2 home care for elderly diabetic patients, just control the diet and take a Jiangtang pill orally. If there are complications, you should seek medical advice in time. The diet of diabetic patients should be determined according to the patient's height, weight, sex, blood sugar and urine sugar, and then the daily total calories and the distribution of three meals should be calculated according to the nature of work and living habits, and the diet should be converted into recipes according to the food composition. These should be put forward by doctors and hospital nutritionists, followed by home care. In order to determine the change of blood sugar, family nurses should learn to use urine sugar test paper.
? 2. 1.3 home care of senile tremor
? 2. 1.3. 1 The tremor symptoms of patients with emotional stability are closely related to mental factors and psychological state. Stimulation and emotional excitement should be avoided. Therefore, both patients and their families should be fully aware and psychologically prepared for this disease, and should always be cheerful and emotionally stable.
? 2. 1.3.2 Pay attention to muscle tremor and joint dysfunction in daily life, and family members should take care of them in many ways. When patients take medicine, they should prepare boiled water in advance; Wear clothes with zippers that are easy to put on and take off, and clothes with an opening in the front that don't need a pullover. Shave with an electric razor and brush your teeth with paper or plastic cups. Don't rush to eat and drink while eating. Flexible plastic straws can be selected for cold drinks and light cups with wide handles can be selected for hot drinks. Put a rubber pad under the patient's bowl to prevent it from slipping.
? 2. 1.3.3 Adhere to lifelong medication. Because the drugs used for treatment have certain side effects, it is necessary to emphasize taking them quantitatively on time, and do not stop taking drugs or switch to other drugs or increase the dosage easily. For patients in the middle and late stage, the medicine should be sent to the patient's mouth and watched him eat.
? 2. 1.4 home care of senile dementia
? 2. 1.4. 1 Understand and tolerate the nagging of the elderly, and don't stop or blame the elderly. You can't use words and behaviors that hurt feelings or hurt the self-esteem of the elderly, and you can't insult your personality. You can also use the method of closing and locking. You can write down the patient's name, address and telephone number on the card and put it in his pocket.
? 2. 1.4.2 Pay attention to prevent accidents and strengthen safety precautions. Drugs taken by the elderly should be properly kept, sent to their mouths and watched; The bed should be low, and fences can be added if necessary.
? 2. 1.4.3 Pay attention to diet nutrition and personal hygiene, chew slowly and prevent aspiration pneumonia caused by choking. Keep your skin clean and dry. Prevent bedsores.
? 2.2 Psychological home care for the elderly
? 2.2. 1 Mastering the characteristics and targeting the psychological crisis of the elderly, almost every elderly person has it, but the degree is different. It is necessary to fully understand the character and temper of the elderly, so as to be targeted, timely and reasonable.
? 2.2.2 Enthusiastic care and spiritual comfort help the elderly face up to reality, encourage them to have new life pursuits, constantly strengthen self-cultivation and be open-minded and optimistic. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the material and spiritual needs of the elderly and enjoy family happiness with them.
? 2.2.3 Stabilize emotions, inspire and guide the elderly, who are in a special situation and often have bad emotions due to small things in their lives. Therefore, we should pay attention to careful observation in nursing and try our best to meet the material and spiritual needs of the elderly. Supervise and help the elderly to pay attention to cleanliness and minimize the adverse stimulation of aging. In addition, try to avoid talking about family or personal unpleasant events in front of the elderly, avoid talking about death, and reduce adverse psychological reactions.
Three knots?
Home nursing staff should provide patients with all-round nursing services to promote health. Use modern nursing technology to stabilize or delay the development of chronic diseases as much as possible through nursing means, and treat and deal with them in time once they develop; Prevent various complications and reduce the degree of disability; Provide a safe palliative care support system for patients with advanced chronic diseases who can't take care of themselves, and improve their autonomy and quality of life; To provide patients and their families with suggestions and technical guidance on functional rehabilitation, psychological rehabilitation, diet camp and other health care aspects in life, so that people can know their health status exactly, be in the best physical and mental state and carry out effective nursing.
Reference materials?
[1], Liu Yuchun, Ma. New concept of nursing care for the elderly and nursing care for special problems of the elderly [J]. China Nursing Journal, 2003,38 (12): 959? 96 1.
? [2] Le Xiaoping. Looking at the development needs of elderly care in China from the development course of elderly care in Japan [J]. Chinese nursing management, July 2007 (1): 73? 75.