Classical notional words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals and quantifiers. In China, the content of classical words is far more than function words. Learning China's classical words, we should try our best to master more meanings of classical notional words. Only by mastering certain knowledge and accumulating a certain number of classical meanings of China's classical words can we read China's classical works smoothly. If you study China's classical content, you should pay special attention to the following points:
1, the difference of attention, the similarities and differences of ancient and modern meanings.
The meaning of a word in China has been developing continuously from the generation to today, including some basic words and general words. The ancient and modern significance of learning from China has not changed, so it will not cause any difficulties for a tiny part of us. In addition, there are some words. However, although China's classics are commonly used, they have disappeared, and the old things and old ideas that have disappeared have changed. This change is mainly manifested in the following four aspects:
(1), indicating expansion.
This means expanding the scope to the meaning of a word, which reflects objective things, that is, from the part to the whole, from the original meaning of the individual, from the narrow sense to the broad sense, becoming a part of it, with new connotation and extension. For example, "autumn" refers to the growing season in a year; Extended to "sleep" means sitting and dozing off, that is, sleeping.
(2) Narrow the meaning of a word. about
The narrow meaning scope reflects the objective things, from the whole to the part, from the broad sense to the narrow sense, the new meaning becomes an extension of its original meaning, such as "my husband, in ancient times, refers to the man", and its low birth rate is almost her husband's sympathy and feelings? "Husband" is now a woman who only refers to her spouse. "Smell (repair)" refers to all particularly unpleasant smells. "Soup" refers to hot water, boiled soup, broth, etc.
(3) the transfer of meaning.
This means that it refers to the matter of Nail B, and the ancient meaning of "scholar" is "learning", such as "This is why scholars can be rash and cautious" ("You Bao Chan Shan Wang") and their academic achievements now. "Miss", an unmarried woman, or a powerful unmarried woman, ended at the end of the year. Under the background of reform and opening up, she became a misbehaving woman in essence. If you address a beautiful young lady as a young lady, then she is introduced to you and stares down angrily, indicating that she is not a young lady.
(4), a word indicates that the color changes from good to bad, for example, "slander" in ancient times refers to publicly accusing others of their shortcomings, which is a neutral word. "The blasphemous ridicule came from the city, and I smelled the reward under my ear." Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, which is slander. There is nothing to speak ill of others. This is a derogatory term. BR/>； In the above four cases, the main types of changes in the ancient and modern sense. The existence of a large number of ancient and modern connections with the meaning of distinguishing words is a big obstacle to classical learning. When studying China's classics and classic works, we must combine and plan purposefully, master a classic common word, common meaning and ask some questions. & lt
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words in ancient and modern China. BR/>； The polysyllabic words in modern Chinese are mostly the classics of monosyllabic words. Therefore, we read classic disyllabic words instead of classic disyllabic words, mistaking them for modern disyllabic words in China. For example, unusual views often lie in "("Baochan Mountain ") and" unusual "insurance offices. The ancient meaning of these two words is general. Today, justice is an adverb of degree. In addition, they should not be interpreted separately from classical disyllabic words. For example, the "cost" of "accidentally hitting 100 people" (Shiwan Town, Ping 'an) means "probably", and "probably" means "nothing" and "no matter what the word is, the terms of demolition.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy in ancient China.
Modern China and classical China people are also ambiguous. If you only know the polysemy, it is easy to interpret one or two sensory texts by reading one or two classical works of China, which is easy to lead to misunderstanding. In order to avoid mistakes, we consciously accumulate and organize knowledge. The convenient exercises behind every China classical text in our textbook will help us to accumulate and sort out the work, which must be done seriously and cannot be ignored. The polysemy encountered in the accumulation of meaning can be accurately selected. In addition, we need to know the original meaning and extended meaning of this word. Every word has a meaning, and its original meaning, later developed, social and new meaning are all its extended meanings. For example, "wife" means to reach out for a woman in ancient times. In this sense, it refers to the man's spouse. "Sun", the meaning of the ancient son, has been passed down from generation to generation by my son. In this sense, it refers to the son of a son.
4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of interchangeable words.
In ancient times, due to the same or similar relationship between sounds, some words were often used together with other words and scripts, rather than with each other. This phenomenon, known as the old saying "Tong Jia", is a classic among common phenomena. The word "Guo" It is a universal "pass" and a "fake" is borrowed. Identifying common words is not an easy task. Classical times were earlier, more difficult to read, and more difficult to homophone. For beginners, the way to master homophones is to read more dictionaries of classic works and accumulate knowledge.
And learn the classical functions of China.
Classical function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. The vocabulary of function words is abstract, but it expresses grammatical functions such as sound, organization and content words. As far as the functions of ancient books are concerned, common function words appear frequently in ancient books. We should read the meaning and function of China's classical function words more flexibly, and be good at expressing complete understanding. If the function words are misunderstood, it will affect the understanding of the whole sentence and even the whole article. In the process of research, we should pay attention to the following conveniences.
1, distinguish between real words and function words.
From the classical fuzziness of notional words and function words. For example, the basic meaning of "location" is later said to be a structural auxiliary word of "location" or "……". Another example is "the basic meaning is' going out', and pronouns, auxiliary words and modal particles have become the most commonly used function words and a higher version of the virtual counterparts of modern China people". Equivalent to modern China people. "Between subject and predicate, the main so-called independence, verb and arrival are cancelled. A patchwork tone effect. From some examples above, we can know whether a word is a real word or a function word. When going to a specific language environment, the basic principle is not to leave words: words are separated from words.
2. Understand the difference between past and present function words.
If the functions of the present and the past are completely different, we only need to master their ancient meanings and usages, such as "Six Kingdoms" in The Story and "Wang Po" among the six kingdoms. However, some function words, such as "Six Kingdoms", "As for subversion, Li Guyi ran" and "subversion", require us to pay special attention to the differences between them and review them with intuitive analysis and word-by-word rules.
3. Analysis of different uses of the same function.
Classical function words are used frequently and flexibly. Function words often express various grammatical relations in various parts of speech, such as "he", conjunctions and; Pronouns can also be used Part of the positive relationship together with the coordinate relationship can be expressed, can be expressed, can be expressed as a continuation relationship, a progressive relationship, can be expressed as a transition relationship.
4. Understand the words that express functions of different timbres.
When the ancients said "speech" and "language pronunciation function", language-assisted, visible and functional words were very important for facilitating the expression of mood. Some classics will lose their "temperament" and vitality if there is no function patchwork. If there is no function, it is not the humble and superficial feeling of complaint and pride implied by the speaker. We should learn from China's classics, recite them repeatedly, understand the tone of function words and sum up some rules. For example, "husband" and "guy" often say "send words", often say "get" and "don't always speculate on requirements" There are dozens of classic functions. The more commonly used function words, the more flexible they are. If you master their meaning and usage, and the reading function is convenient, you can clear a big obstacle.
The phenomenon of the Lord's partial words and usages. There are some notional words in this sentence
Classical Chinese temporarily changed its grammatical function, so did the meaning of the word, that is, the word and its usage. If a word has been used as another word, it is meaningless for us to explain its original usage. Therefore, it is very important for us to learn the basic laws of China's classics by analyzing a master's words and the mirror of specific language and understanding its meaning. The parts of speech are as follows:
1, verbs, adjectives and nouns are used as Weidong.
Verbs, adjectives and nouns are used as verbs in the sense of "make" and "make", which means "how to make an object", that is, make Weidong. In ancient China, the dominant law of verbs was generally limited to intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are used to move with objects without objects, but this is rare. After the verbs conveyed by Wei Dong were changed, the medieval sounds, such as: "Jin Hou drinks (Yin) Zhao Dun wine, convey different usages, but they cannot be generalized.
2. Adjectives and nouns used in Italy.
It refers to adjectives and verbs with nouns ","and ","and how to object or be used.
3. nouns are used as verbs. use
Nouns, as verbs and grammatical features of verbs, no longer represent people or things, but say that this action is related to short-term behavior. For example: Ji Li-Min, Feng Treasury, General "(Member: Registration Dinner). The laws and regulations of the noun lottery belong to Italy. There were few intentional movements in ancient China, but it was quite common to use nouns with flowers as verbs and nouns to move common verbs. In ancient China, nouns were often used as verbs.
4. Nouns are adverbials.
In ancient China, this word was often used as an adverbial, which directly restricted the predicate of verbs and indicated the location and means of actions and behaviors.
In addition, we must pay attention to three issues:
First of all, we should pay attention to the difference between conation and so on. Here we provide the difference between the two methods: first, the theme of using the method is how to make the object objective, which is intended to make the object subjective and fancy rules, and its purpose is not necessarily inevitable. Second, verbs, nouns, verbs are generally used by conation (the law of unintentional use of verbs and adjectives are used as verbs, which are often used for moving and conation).
"The second is to pay attention to the conditions of parts of speech. To determine whether to take a word as another type, look at its position in the sentence, what is the syntactic relationship and grammatical function of the first part of speech and combination. The method of discarding nouns and adjectives, and the method of intending to spend, as well as the conditions of using verbs as a noun, nouns and adjectives, can be seen in their grammar. Name some more important grammatical conditions for nouns and adjectives to be used as verbs.
The two nouns are not parallel in structure. In this structure, the first word is often used as the word and object after the verb. Sometimes the former noun is the subject-predicate structure, and the latter is the predicate for a long time.
2. Nouns and adjectives are used as verbs after words. Example: Sheng Yingen had the fish in his stomach fished up with a net.
3. Nouns, adjectives and modal verbs such as "can", "can" and "desire" are used as verbs, such as "Zigong is also long:" A wife can also be used as a verb (adverbs generally only modify verbs or adjectives), for example, "Qinshi East Road".
4. Use noun adverb 5 at the end of the sentence and nouns, adjectives, ""and "I" as pronouns before the verbs.
"In a small ..., nothing more than to.
6. Follow noun prepositions, noun words and serve as a supplement to verbs. For example: "Liu Jin studied under Jun Qing."
7. The noun ""is used as a verb. For example: "courtesy and the king's head."
Third, we should pay attention to clarify a problem: the active use of parts of speech, that is, a word originally belongs to a specific part of speech, only for the temporality of the following sentence, other parts of speech, does not mean that the word belongs to two pronunciation parts. For example, we can't say that "Jin He" and "Army" are nouns and verbs.
Pay attention to master some sentence patterns.
China's classical sentence patterns are basically relative to those of modern China. We are mainly
Judgment sentence is a sentence with five variants, namely, judgment sentence, interrogative sentence, passive sentence ellipsis sentence and sentence. We should grasp the essence of things and the relationship between them.
1, sentence. Things in a situation, positive or negative judgments. In modern Chinese, the word "yes" is generally used. The judge said that in classical Chinese, judges usually do not judge the word, but directly judge it with nouns or noun phrases, and often use some auxiliary words and modal adverbs to express or strengthen it. The main form of:
(1), the auxiliary word "dun Shuo" after the subject, and the modal particle "Jie Wei" after the predicate.
[2], second only to the title, "Bolton said.
③ The only predicate behind "Sha Wei".
(4), ","none
5], or, will and the focus of predicate adverbs.
[6] and "positive judgment.
Once, the adverb "no" negates the judgment.
Being ","judgment verb, classical, there is.
2
The passive sentence of the subject of the question does not indicate the behavior of the verb, but the behavior is classical, and it often indicates passive help through some prepositions, mainly in the following forms. ：
(1) It is effective to use the preposition "Wei" to guide behavior.
(2) Introducing the initiative of behavior with the preposition "zai".
(3) Use the auxiliary word "look" to express passivity.
(4) The preposition "indicates passivity.
5. Format ... Say "passive".
[6], passive use "... in ..." format.
3, ellipsis.
Classical sentences need to be supplemented with some constituent habits, which are often omitted when translated into modern China. The following situations:
① Omit the subject. Including carry-over, Mongolia province, self-report or dialogue.
(2) Omitting verbs. For example, "one is qi, then it drops (drum), three times (drum), three times.
③ Ignored objects.
④ Omit the preposition "zai".
4. Interrogative questions.
Generally speaking, the question of interrogative modal particles is asked by classical interrogative pronouns. There are mainly the following two situations:
(1), the question of interrogative pronouns.
(2) Interrogative modal particles.
5. In other words.
The word order of some sentences in classical Chinese and modern Chinese is different from the corresponding sentences, and there are the following four situations: (1) verb inversion sentence.
(2) Preposition object.
This object is oriented to the following situations:
(1), condensed pronoun object, object-oriented.
② Pronouns in negative sentences have objects and objects.
③ The object emphasized before the verb "or".
(3) After the attribute. Classical modifiers are usually placed at the end of the center.
(4) After the preposition. In modern Chinese, prepositions and object phrases are often supplemented by adverbials before verbs and in some ancient Chinese families.
Fifth, master the basic methods of China's classical translation.
It can be attributed to the increase of China's classical translation, and it is four words after adjustment.
Gift. The language of ancient China and modern China is exquisite, concise and ellipsis, which is more common than that of modern China. From the ellipsis, any neglected topic, predicate, object and preposition root after province, Inner Mongolia province and dialogue province are put forward. When we read China's classics, we should omit its elements in order to understand the context correctly.
Compared with the numbers nearby, the ancient quantifiers in China are the pronunciations of a very underdeveloped area. If the word "momentum" doesn't exist, it is rare in the pre-Qin period, and China is a language rich in modern quantifiers. Therefore, when translating China classics, we need to find suitable quantifiers to supplement them.
Second, adjust. Some special rules of word order in ancient China, such as preposition, object, attribute and adverbial, were reversed. The translation of these sentences, if still in the original word order, is easy to be difficult to understand, ambiguous and lead to misunderstanding. Therefore, we must legally adjust the original word order according to the ancient and modern word order in China, so as to make it conform to the characteristics of modern Chinese word order, which is called "tune".
China's classical language, especially poetry, is often "inverted". This kind of urgent text rhymes with the association of the text or the text. When reading classics, we will encounter the linguistic phenomenon of "text inversion sentence", and its content must be inverted according to translation. ,
Stay. "Death with a reprieve" retains the translation of the original text, such as country names, place names, names of people, Guandi and Ming dynasties, as well as the names and weights and measures of some laws and institutions, without translation.
Some basic words, such as "man", "hand", "mountain", "water" and "cow", are used to reflect the same things in nature, and the past and present meanings are the same. If there is no foundation, but it is still used today, then there is no translation.
In addition, in order to enhance the effect of artistic works, the ancients often quoted poems, ballads, proverbs and aphorisms as their own works. For example, "The Five Gorges in Badong Three Gorges are long, and the apes cry and touch their skirts" ("Three Gorges"), the folk songs are not translated, otherwise the unique charm of quoting poems will be lost.
Small change. China has experienced tens of millions of years of evolution. Many China classical monosyllabic words can't use modern Chinese flexibly, but can only be translated into disyllabic words. It is necessary to replace traditional Chinese with modern Chinese words with the same or equivalent meaning, which is called "change". For example, King Lu Wei and the Biography (Introduction to Lin Xiangru Biography). Except for the emperor, the directions of "Rebecca" and "Here" are not easy from the inside out, and the rest have to be changed from modern Chinese characters, meaning the same or equivalent words. It says
The translation methods of "length", "tone", "left" and "change" are not independent, they are interrelated, and in the specific translation process, supply and use cannot be completely separated.
6. Master China's classical translation skills.
Translation, in addition to mastering these four methods, should also master skills.
Completely imaginable words, phrases and sentences. This imagination is to mobilize the usual accumulation. First, imagine different uses of the word. For example, before translating the word "Yan", make a comparison, gradually eliminate it, end the various uses of a sentence "Zhao Yanmen", and then decide to use it in the translated sentence, which has the same meaning as the original text. At the end of the sentence, "Zhao Yanren" generally doubts the problem of modal particles, but there is no doubt about this sentence, whether it is one or not; The last of the two adjectives, but the verb "strange" means "special", is this two? Third, the total word is at the end of the sentence, but there is no need for nouns or pronouns caused by prepositions of administrative words, whether it is three; Pronoun sentences. The strict pronoun "they" in sentence translation only unifies the meaning of the whole sentence. Imagine complete sentences. For example, "Mo died, this sentence is synonymous with indefinite pronouns's" Mo "and object", so it is a negative pronoun object sentence, and this sentence should be translated as "Mo died". Back to the second step, the automatic word segmentation of "death" cannot dominate the object. "Think about it, this kind of Weidong or the law used is a one-time law or Weidong. Translating the advantages that can be considered in each phrase into" Nobody dies "Weidong is a unified full-text translation.
Learn how to use some grammar analysis of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese in China. We can only have grammatical analysis, correctly understand the purpose and accurately translate some sentences. "This disease depends on its length. The word "disease" means "hate". It is obviously unreasonable to put "disease is" together and translate it into "hate". The overall structure of the object, then, the annoying object for the disease, the object, and then this "object", that is, the anatomical structure of the disease, is not saved according to its length. However, please note that because the object is "dead" in its length, the two "behaviors" connected by "and" will not be saved according to its length. Look at the object "de" and "it died long ago", which is the subject-predicate phrase "for the object" and the auxiliary word to cancel the independence of the sentence. After such a word-for-word analysis, this sentence can be translated into "Hate (them) for killing people, not when performing an ambulance. "Then the meaning of the phrase translation seen in the original text will be used uniformly in the whole text, and it can safely affirm its translation.
From the perspective, we can imagine these two words, phrases, sentences or sentence structures, as well as the classical basic knowledge and translation skills that grammar analysis usually needs to accumulate. Therefore, we usually need to try to remember some classic knowledge and translation skills, otherwise it will be the source of fatigue, and finding a "trick" in a certain aspect is translation. In ancient times, there was a learned scholar who was ordered to finish his thesis in three days, but he was not in a hurry to eat and could not sleep well. Seeing his wife, he shrugged and said, "Are all the children better than me after reading this article?" The scholar sighed: "Your children are very difficult, but after all, you still have children in your stomach. Without a clever daughter-in-law, it is difficult to cook without rice! " This story further proves the correctness of my point of view.
So, how to work hard? Here are some experiences in the process of study and practice.
Learn classical key reading.
Cheng Duan stood in the "Zhu Reading Law": "The natural heart and truth of reading well and thinking well, the old bitter words that I never forget, don't read it in the future, because I remember the power of reading." This is a real phonetic experience that we can learn from. Learning China's classics and the quality of reciting words, getting more familiar with the United States, a China classic poem with a medium depth, and storing more classic information in your mind, this transfer of cognitive and reading comprehension ability is of great benefit. On the basis of a preliminary understanding
Read, read and repeat the text, and gradually strengthen your understanding until you recite the learning method. It is different from the general rote learning with micro-macros, and it can be read, understood and used repeatedly from macro to micro, step by step. This is a good way to learn China's classical literature.
Books for ground inspection.
Specially designed for reference book pre-inspection, there is a specific line inspection, according to which the reader can let him know the knowledge or information in the shortest time. To learn the tradition of China, we should make full use of China's classic books, and don't disturb teachers' questions and solve their doubts. When studying classical books, you can consult all kinds of books: among the common dictionaries in ancient China, the dictionary of commonly used words, Kangxi dictionary, Cihai dictionary, etymology and other classic functions. Among them, the dictionary of classical function words commonly used in the ancient Chinese dictionary "He" is small in size, rich in content, not only cheap, but also easy to carry, and it is a necessary book for learning classics.
Third, practice more.
"In order to firmly grasp knowledge and learn knowledge, knowledge is stored in the brain for a long time, but the purpose of memorizing new knowledge alone cannot guarantee this goal. It is also necessary to consolidate practice in learning to accumulate knowledge and further improve reading ability. An easy-to-understand classic.
The accumulated data is good.
To write a paper and a book, you need to quote classics and use a lot of data, which often depends on the usual accumulation. Every different piece of information accumulates. Some people like reading as a sign, while others are good knowledge cards. These are all good methods. Hegel is very young and has no special talent and ability, but he is good at accumulating pictures in loose-leaf cards, reading detailed abstracts, and then classifying them, and Ye Gong Qiang arranges labels separately. With the passage of time to reflect the use, he finally became a great philosopher with profound knowledge. Paying attention to the accumulation of learning information in school will be of great benefit to us. It can not only cultivate and improve your reading and analytical skills, but also reduce the burden on your brain. When you use these data, these data become your "second brain", which can come from the breeze. They "can't find a place for their iron shoes", but "it doesn't take much effort to come."