Keywords: international trade friction WTO anti-dumping
In recent decades, with the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade has developed rapidly, and there have also been foreign trade frictions. With the increasing trend of economic globalization and regional economic integration, the economic exchanges among the economies in the world are getting closer and closer. Due to unbalanced economic development and inconsistent interests, the trade friction between countries and regions is becoming increasingly fierce. With China's economy becoming a new bright spot in the world economy, especially after its accession to the WTO, trade frictions between China and other countries have occurred frequently, and some new features have emerged, which has become a major issue facing China's opening up. In order to ensure the sustainable development of China's foreign trade export, we must take corresponding countermeasures on the basis of in-depth study of the causes and characteristics of trade friction.
1 overview of international trade friction in China
1. 1 the concept of trade friction
Trade friction refers to the trade balance among countries in international trade, generally speaking, one country has a persistent surplus, another country has a deficit, or one country's trade activities touch or hurt another country's industry.
1.2 causes of international trade friction in China
1.2. 1 China is highly dependent on foreign trade.
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At present, China's dependence on foreign trade is too high, while the development of domestic demand is relatively weak. The imbalance between the two causes China to be troubled by trade frictions repeatedly. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade has developed rapidly and played an irreplaceable role in the development of China's national economy. In the first half of 2009 alone, China's total import and export volume reached 1 1467438+0 billion US dollars, more than 50 times that of 1978 of 20.64 billion US dollars. Therefore, China's position in world trade has also improved accordingly. However, China's current domestic demand is weak. Once the market we mainly rely on changes that China cannot predict, it will not only have an important impact on China's foreign international trade, but also directly affect the stability and development of China's domestic economy.
1.2.2 Impact of unfavorable policies after China's entry into WTO
After China's entry into WTO, although it is possible to resort to multilateral mechanisms to resolve trade disputes, China's exports are facing new uncertainties due to its "non-market economy" status and "special safeguard clauses" promised at the time of entry into WTO. When trade frictions occur, China enterprises are still in a weak protection state. In addition, this disadvantage is also reflected in the imperfection of various trade remedy measures in China.
1.2.3 the export sector is chaotic.
The confusion of commercial order in China's export sector is mainly manifested in low-price competition. The trade associations in China are imperfect and lack self-discipline. In order to seize market share, importing countries blindly suppressed price competition, used anti-dumping investigation, "special safeguard" investigation and other provisions, and various technical barriers to restrict China from expanding exports, which led to the deterioration of the trade development environment. Low-price competition and extensive management, which win by quantity, not only make China the hardest hit area of trade friction, but also lead to the failure of the growth of foreign trade exports to bring about the simultaneous improvement of benefits, the sharp drop in product prices, and the increasingly low profits, which have reached the edge of export costs.
1.2.4 China's foreign trade developed rapidly, while the economic growth of major developed countries was slow.
From the reform and opening up to last year, China's total foreign trade increased by about 20% annually. The excessive growth of export trade has increased the pressure on the international market, which has led to trade friction. In addition, the slow economic development of major developed countries is an important reason for international trade friction, because these countries are our main trading partners. After China joined the World Trade Organization, developed countries have put pressure on their domestic enterprises because they promised to open their markets to China. In order to protect their own enterprises, many developed countries take the form of trade disputes to win space and time for their own enterprises.
2 China's current situation and development trend of trade friction
2. 1 Trade friction moves from overt to covert.
Economic globalization has expanded international economic exchanges between countries, and at the same time intensified the degree and depth of economic friction. In addition to the direct collision of foreign economic policies, many frictions exist in a hidden way, and there is a trend of evolution from explicit friction to implicit friction. The trade friction in China has developed from the general problems of quota, cost, price and product quality to the technical standards as the main trade barrier, and then it has risen to a kind of friction with specific colors. From the "307" clause in the United States to protect the trade protection of the steel industry under the influence of election factors to the trade dispute in the European Union under the pretext of specific human rights protection, it shows that the trade friction faced by China is more uncertain and hidden.
2.2 Developing countries have gradually become the "main force" to launch anti-dumping against China.
While the trade friction between China and developed countries is increasing, the trade friction with developing countries is also expanding. Since China's entry into WTO, the international trade disputes faced by China have been rising, and have spread from developed countries to developing countries such as India, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey and South Africa. As these countries in Eastern Europe and Latin America and China are both developing countries, and their economic structure is dominated by manufacturing, they lack complementarity with China in economic structure, and domestic emerging industries and pillar industries are vulnerable to the impact of China products. In 2005, developing countries initiated 29 trade remedy investigations against China, accounting for 66% of the total.
2.3 There are more and more specific means of trade friction between China and foreign countries.
From the perspective of trade protection, anti-dumping is still the most used trade remedy in China. Some WTO members initiated more special safeguard investigations against China. New forms of trade frictions, such as countervailing, will continue to increase. The objects of countervailing investigation include the government and enterprises, and the main target is the government's economic policies and institutional arrangements. Once the accused project is identified as a subsidy, it will have a negative impact on the application of China's macroeconomic policies and regulatory measures. In addition, projects ruled as subsidies often become evidence for subsequent countervailing investigations in China, thus inducing more countervailing investigations. In addition, developed countries also use technical barriers to trade, technical standards, inspection and quarantine and other non-tariff barriers and means to restrict the export of China products.
2.4 The products involved are constantly expanding.
China's export products with comparative advantages have become the focus of trade friction. Since China's accession to the WTO, with the intensification of trade friction, the situation of China's export commodities being subjected to anti-dumping has obviously increased. At present, more than 40 kinds of export products in China have been investigated and accused by anti-dumping, and they are relatively concentrated in light industry, textiles, mechanical and electrical products, steel and other labor-intensive products with competitive advantages in China.
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3 Measures to ease trade friction
3. 1 Deepen the reform of foreign trade system and improve the market economy system.
Although China's foreign trade system reform has been promoted for many years, compared with the rapidly developing international trade environment, there are still many aspects that are not satisfactory. Accelerate the improvement of foreign trade legislation, establish a relatively complete foreign trade legal system, bring foreign trade management into the legal track, and implement a credit policy conducive to the development of foreign trade exports. According to the national industrial development policy, technology policy, environmental protection policy, energy policy and Scientific Outlook on Development, Chinese government departments and industry organizations should comprehensively use various means, including releasing market information, formulating market access regulations, implementing eco-environmental standards and product certification. , guide the adjustment and optimization of industrial structure, standardize the competition order, strict market access conditions, and avoid disorderly competition and waste of resources.
3.2 Make full use of WTO rules to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.
China's eight-year development practice since it formally joined the WTO in 20001shows that it is far from possible for any country to stand on the international market independently and reduce the negative impact of trade friction on its own economy. If we want to truly occupy a strong position in the international market competition, we must not only come from the core competitiveness of domestic economic organizations, but also make great efforts to learn and control the rules. To this end, we should do the following three things well: first, organize managers and technicians from various industries and related enterprises in China to carry out training on rules and related knowledge. According to the export orientation of products, technologies and services of this enterprise, study the foreign trade policies, laws, practices and regulations of relevant regions, groups or countries, and arrange corresponding economic and trade activities on this basis. Second, consciously use the rules, negotiate and negotiate around commodity attributes, price terms, transportation insurance, inspection claims, negotiation and signing contracts in trade practice, and strive to seek a win-win and mutually beneficial cooperation mechanism on the premise of fully respecting international rules. Third, carefully analyze the direct or indirect causes of events or behaviors that cause losses to China's interests in foreign economic and trade activities, consciously use international laws, regulations and rules, and actively safeguard China's legitimate rights and interests.
3.3 When dealing with international trade frictions, we should attach great importance to the coordinating role of intermediary organizations.
In order to deal with trade friction, it is necessary to enrich and establish a real international chamber of commerce. By recruiting member units and organizing collective packaging of export enterprises, we can form a joint force to enter the international market and deal with the friction encountered in international trade. Especially in major foreign trade provinces and cities, there is an urgent demand. Single-handed enterprises can neither change the fierce price war between the same industry, nor rely on single-handed struggle to succeed when international trade disputes occur, and it is even more difficult for an enterprise to open up new markets. Under the new world economic situation, collective integration is particularly urgent. According to different industrial structures, the International Chamber of Commerce can set up professional branches. At the same time, in order to prevent formalization, special articles of association will be set up to coordinate and communicate with the staff, so as to effectively play the external coordination role of the Chamber of Commerce.
In short, we should gradually enhance our ability to adapt to the international market, keep abreast of changes in the foreign market environment, and at the same time, we should not neglect the development of our own trade and economy, strive to improve the quality and added value of our own products, adjust the industrial structure, and enhance our competitiveness. In the choice of export market, we should realize "product diversification" and "market diversification", reduce and disperse risks as much as possible, and make China's international trade smoother and smoother!
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