At present, most urban residents have been included in the social security system. However, in underdeveloped rural areas, farmers have not received the most basic social security, and rural social security is still the weakest link in China's social security construction. In order to meet the basic requirements of deepening the reform of social security system and achieve the grand goal of perfecting China's social security system, in recent years, people have conducted a lot of in-depth research on the establishment, development and reform of rural social security system. From a macro point of view, the necessity of establishing rural social security system, existing problems, regional differences in practice, future development direction, countermeasures and suggestions have been widely discussed and studied, among which there are both views and disputes. Several major issues are summarized as follows:
1. Discussion on the feasibility of establishing a national unified rural social security system
In recent years, academic circles and government departments have some different views on this issue. According to the mainstream view, according to the development of rural economy, China is unable to establish a unified rural social security system nationwide at this stage. Yang, Peter and others have analyzed the economic feasibility of China farmers' social endowment insurance, and think that it is not feasible to establish a nationwide rural social endowment insurance at present, and only some provinces in eastern and central China have the conditions to carry out this work. Another view is that it is feasible to establish a unified rural social security system in China. However, it is necessary to adapt to the local economic development level and develop step by step, in stages and step by step. Ren Baoping believes that it is necessary to proceed from reality, take a "gradual" development path, adhere to the principle that the scope of social security is from small to large and the projects are from low to high, and actively and steadily establish a low-level, all-round and multi-level rural social security system.
2. The influence of economic factors on the construction of rural social security system
The mainstream view holds that the level of economic development is an important factor restricting the development of rural social security, so the implementation goal of rural social security system must be based on the level of economic development, and the level of social security must adapt to economic development. In the feasibility discussion of establishing a national unified or urban-rural integrated social security system, many viewpoints mostly emphasize the influence of economic factors. Another view is that the influence of economic factors on the construction of rural social security system cannot be exaggerated unilaterally. Economic factors are not the only sufficient conditions for establishing a social security system of urban-rural integration. The leading position and role of the government in social security is an important guarantee for the construction of rural social security system.
3. The position and role of land social security function in the construction of rural social security system
There are also obvious differences in the discussion of this issue in academic circles. Mainstream view: It emphasizes the importance of land security function to the stability of rural areas and the whole society, and holds that the rural social security system must be established on the basis of land contracting rights. Meng Xianglin pointed out that the "land contracting right" referred to here is the "land contracting right" in the sense of innovating the land circulation system, updating and changing the form of land guarantee. Land security can be divided into two forms: first, direct traditional security, where the land is cultivated by farmers and the products produced meet the basic needs of farmers; The second is the indirect guarantee linked to the transfer of the right to use, that is, under the premise of keeping the farmers' land contracting rights unchanged, intensive cultivation and large-scale management of the land will be carried out, and farmers will get corresponding income according to their own land contracting rights to ensure their basic livelihood.
4. Suggestions on the construction of China's rural social security system
In the process of constructing the rural social security system, we should pay attention to changing the concept of "emphasizing the city and neglecting the countryside" in the construction of the rural social security system by the government and academic circles. First, party and government departments at all levels should attach great importance to the construction of rural social security system, actively promote the process of rural urbanization, and strive to build a complete social security system in China as soon as possible. The second is to further strengthen the theoretical research of rural social security to guide the practice of rural social security system reform in China. Third, do a good job in popularizing education and publicity of rural social security, enhance farmers' awareness of social security, and mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for participating in social security. Fourth, develop the rural economy, increase farmers' income, enhance the ability of collective subsidies and individual contributions, and provide a strong economic foundation for rural social security. Fifth, establish and improve rural social security institutions, realize the scientific, socialized and legal system of rural social security, and strengthen the legal system construction of social security.
Giving full play to the leading role of the government, accelerating the socialization process of rural social security and gradually establishing a low-level, wide-coverage, multi-level rural social security system across the country, regardless of region, age, gender and occupation, is the ultimate goal and development trend of China's rural social security system construction, and it is imperative to further establish and improve China's social security system.
As the product of the progress of human civilization and the result of industrialization, modern social security system plays an indispensable role in maintaining social stability and promoting economic development. However, due to the theoretical support, different stages of development, different social systems, different economic development models and levels, and different development needs of a country, the social security systems of different countries will be different. However, we can learn from the social security system model of developed countries to improve our social security system.
Take the United States as an example abroad.
First, the background analysis of the formation of American social security system
Keynesianism advocates the state's comprehensive intervention and regulation of economic life, negates Say's law that "supply automatically creates demand", and holds that the economic crisis of overproduction and unemployment in capitalism is due to insufficient effective demand. The so-called effective demand refers to the demand with the ability to pay or purchasing power in the market, which is the total social demand. Total demand includes consumption demand and investment demand. Due to the laws of diminishing marginal propensity to consume, diminishing marginal efficiency of capital and liquidity preference, effective demand is often lower than the total social supply, which leads to employment below the level of full employment. In view of the unemployment problem caused by insufficient effective demand, Keynes proposed to implement an expansionary fiscal policy, expand government expenditure by borrowing, undertake public investment, undertake social welfare responsibilities, implement social relief for people living below the poverty line, and order and lend to private enterprises. Keynes also advocated the implementation of compensatory fiscal policy, consciously expanding or tightening government expenditures according to changes in economic conditions, so that finance can play an anti-crisis role. Keynes advocated an expansionary monetary policy, and the government issued more money to stimulate investment. From the perspective of maintaining reproduction, Keynesianism advocates that the level of social welfare should be greatly improved through fiscal policy, which belongs to limited redistribution. The social security system established by this theory belongs to the social security with limited liability, emphasizing individual responsibility, and the government's intervention in the social security system is limited, with the aim of achieving full employment. The American social security system based on Keynesian theory is called the guaranteed social security system. In this system model, the government, enterprises and individuals are all responsible subjects and play different roles in different security projects. For example, in social insurance, enterprises and individuals are the main taxpayers or payers, and the government is the ultimate responsible person; In social relief and welfare, the government is the most responsible person.
Second, the effect analysis of American social security system
As a social and economic system, the social security system belongs to the superstructure and is determined by the economic base-the level of social productive forces. Generally speaking, the higher the level of economic development, the more complete the social security projects, the wider the coverage and the higher the security standards, which is also the fundamental reason why the level of social security in developed countries is generally higher than that in developing countries. Although American social security legislation is relatively late, it develops abnormally with the improvement of economic development level, and its legislative type, scope and level meet the basic requirements of American economic development and capital appreciation. The social security system has played the following positive roles in American social economy: first, it has maintained the sustained and stable development of social economy, promoted the stable improvement of social productivity, and adjusted the operation of American economy to a certain extent, such as protecting the labor force through compulsory insurance, subsidy relief, vocational training, etc., adapting to the changes in economic structure adjustment and accumulating funds for economic development; The second is to promote the optimal allocation of resources, such as reducing the proportion of poor people, compensating the unemployed in a certain period of time, taking care of the vulnerable groups, adjusting the economic cycle through progressive income tax and social welfare expenditure, and promoting the allocation of resources by strengthening education and training to improve the quality of the labor force. In addition, the public pension plan in the United States is the most effective among developed countries. Compared with other OECD countries, it is characterized by low tax rate and low level of protection. An important reason is the low wage replacement rate of pension, which leaves a lot of room for the development of enterprise annuity, promotes the development of fund industry and even the whole financial industry, and becomes a model for social security to promote economic growth.
Three. Thoughts on Perfecting China's Social Security System
The social security system in the United States is based on a certain economic background and theory, and it is also suitable for the country's economic development level. Generally speaking, the American social security system has played an important role in the development of the United States. The experience and lessons of the United States over the years have important reference significance for us to adapt to the socialist market economy and establish and improve the social security system with China characteristics.
(A) a clear guiding ideology
First of all, we should take Marx's theory on the distribution of total social products as the theoretical basis. Marx put forward "six necessary deductions" in Critique of Gotha Program, among which "reserve fund or insurance fund set up to cope with unfortunate accidents and natural disasters" and "fund set up for people who have lost their ability to work" are the sources of establishing social security funds. Secondly, we should be guided by the social security thoughts of leading comrades such as Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin. Mao Zedong pointed out in "On Ten Major Relationships" that in order to correctly handle "the relationship between the state, production units and individual producers", the interests of the state, the collective and the individual must be taken into account. As far as workers are concerned, labor productivity has improved, and working conditions and collective welfare need to be gradually improved. Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the essence of socialism is to "eliminate polarization and finally achieve common prosperity with * * *". Jiang Zemin's "Theory of Three Represents" theory points out that the Communist Party of China (CPC) should always represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The above important expositions are the guiding ideology for the construction of China's social security system.
(2) Expand the scope of social security and improve the level of social security.
As a superstructure, the social security system is based on a certain level of social productivity, and the level of social security should adapt to the level of China's economic development. Summing up the experience and lessons of the United States, we find that when the level of social security is limited to the tolerable range of economic development, the social security system promotes economic development, and the two are benign interactions. When the growth of social security expenditure exceeds economic growth, social security will trigger a financial crisis and damage economic development. The low level of productivity in the primary stage of socialism determines that China's social security can only be implemented with "wide coverage and low level", which will increase with the improvement of economic development level, but there is a process of gradual advancement. At present, China should continue to improve the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees and promote the pilot work of expanding individual accounts. We will improve the basic medical insurance for urban workers and the unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance systems, and improve the minimum living security system for urban residents. Accelerate the establishment of a social security system suitable for the characteristics of migrant workers, especially the establishment of a rural minimum living security system nationwide, focusing on promoting industrial injury insurance and medical security for migrant workers.
(C) improve the social security burden model
China is a socialist market economy country, and the state and market play an important role in the development of national economy. Therefore, social security in China does not take the form of complete market or state monopoly, but combines efficiency and fairness, free market and state intervention to achieve a balance between economic growth and social development. In the field of social security, both national responsibility and individual responsibility are advocated. Take the social security model in which the state and the market share the burden and the state, non-governmental organizations and individuals participate in providing security. The state provides non-universal social services to help the most needy members of society, advocates the development of private and voluntary welfare undertakings as a supplement, and introduces competition mechanism and consumers' freedom to choose welfare services. It is emphasized here that we should correctly handle the relationship between the government and the market in the social security system and give full play to the role of the market mechanism. Judging from the social stability function of the social security system, in order to protect the social vulnerable groups, the state or government should not only bear the responsibility of system design, implementation and adjustment, but also bear the responsibility of raising funds and taking the ultimate responsibility for funds; Judging from the economic development function of the social security system, it is a macro-control tool for the state to manage the economy. Its operation should be market-based, with cost-benefit analysis as a measuring tool to measure whether services are provided by the state or by the market, which has also been proved by the achievements of social security privatization reform since the 1970s.
(4) Give full play to the function of social security.
Give full play to the dual functions of social security, social stability and economic development. Social security system protects the social vulnerable groups, has the function of social stability, and can also be used as a demand management tool to promote capital formation and economic growth through effective management of social security funds, and play the role of economic development. Therefore, the reform of social security system in China must also give full play to the above two functions. Take the old-age insurance system that is being reformed and perfected in China as an example. Social pooling accounts and personal accounts are managed separately, and personal accounts are well managed. On the one hand, it can fully prepare for the aging population, eliminate worries and stabilize people's hearts; On the other hand, it creates conditions for pension funds to invest in the capital market, which not only preserves and increases the value, but also promotes economic prosperity. In the social security system, we try to establish a multi-pillar system that combines basic insurance, compulsory enterprise insurance and personal savings insurance.
References:
[1] Xu Bingkui. A Review of Three Theoretical Schools of Social Security in the West [J]. Theoretical Reference, 2007, (4).
[2] Deng Dasong. Research on American Social Security System [M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2005.
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