1. The location of the kennel is a large kennel, so health and epidemic prevention should be considered from the beginning of construction. The kennel should be built in a place with high and dry terrain, convenient water, electricity, gas and transportation, fresh air, seclusion and quiet, and easy to be isolated from the outside world, but it should be far away from places of interest and historical sites and traffic trunk lines.

2. Establish a health management system. No other animals are allowed near the kennel. Eliminate rodents all the year round, improve environmental sanitation, eliminate vectors, disinfect kennels regularly, refuse visitors, and disinfect vehicles and personnel entering and leaving. The field should be equipped with certain veterinary personnel and related equipment, and dog feces, urine and corpses should be treated harmlessly. It is necessary to adjust the temperature, humidity and wind force according to the climate change of the four seasons in the house to enhance the dog's disease resistance.

3. kennel epidemic prevention measures Dogs newly introduced from the market, other places and abroad must be investigated for epidemic situation, quarantined, disinfected and kept in isolation for about 25 days before they are allowed to be put into kennels. To transfer out a batch of dogs, thoroughly disinfect kennels, cages and dog-raising appliances before putting in a new batch of dogs. Always remove the dog's feces and urine, get rid of harmful gases and change into fresh air. Every 10 ~ 15 days, the dog should be bathed, groomed and trimmed. The nursing room of puppies should be clean and warm, carefully cared, vaccinated and deworming in time to prevent the epidemic. Adding health-care growth promoter to diet can promote its healthy growth and development. Dogs should also be allowed to exercise properly outside the house to enhance their resistance to diseases.

(2) Routine diagnosis methods of canine diseases.

The normal physiological state of dogs is often influenced by complex environmental factors, and they keep healthy because of their own regulatory mechanism and defense function. If the environment changes too suddenly and too much, or the dog itself is dysfunctional and can't adapt to this change, there will be a series of abnormal performances. If the owner has some common sense of diagnosis, early detection, early treatment and nip in the bud will be beneficial to the dog's health and reduce unnecessary losses.

Diagnosis is a behavioral process of investigating and understanding the abnormal situation of dogs, collecting pathological symptoms, and making comprehensive analysis to provide basis for disease prevention and treatment. Dog owners generally do not have special medical diagnostic equipment. What should I do? It can also be diagnosed by vision, smell, hearing and touch, which are four commonly used diagnostic techniques.

1. Patrol inspection is a diagnostic method to observe the spirit, color, shape, state, secretion and excrement of dogs with visual organs purposefully, to understand some abnormal conditions of dogs, and to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of diseases. Visiting is the first of the four consultations. The ancients said that "looking at it and knowing it is God". Indeed, we can know some abnormal conditions of dogs with our eyes, such as the limping of dogs injured by stones.

The tour mainly includes two aspects: seeing the whole body and seeing the part.

(1) Looking at the whole body is to observe the overall condition of the dog, which generally includes four processes: looking at the spirit, looking at the appearance, looking at the fur and looking at the dynamics.

Seeing God: God is an important symbol of canine diseases, which is generally divided into several manifestations: God, no God and false God. Healthy dogs are lively and lovely, responsive, with bright eyes and sideways ears. Even if you sleep with your eyes closed, you will listen to the sound with your eyes wide open and be very alert. When their master came home, they were very affectionate and coquettish. Once you get sick, you will become lazy, weak, listless and indifferent. Some sick dogs are insane, or manic, screaming in horror and rushing to bite; Or depressed, playing dumb, can't sleep, don't eat or drink, and travel far from home.

Appearance: Appearance is one of the inherent characteristics of breed dogs. Different breeds of dogs have different shapes, but for the same individual, they are strong and weak. Healthy dogs have strong bones, muscular muscles, rounded contours and no exposed bones. Weak dogs are often skinny, weak and have many ribs.

Look at the fur: fur is a barrier for dogs to resist the invasion of foreign evils. Different breeds of dogs have specific fur and fur conditions. The skin of healthy dogs is soft and elastic, and the coat is smooth and shiny. At this time, the coat should be changed to suit the season. My nose is wet. Sick dogs often have loose skin (except Sharp), no elasticity, disordered and charred fur, sparse shedding, rash and furuncle, swelling and ulceration, rough nose, chapped and scabbed.

Look at the dynamics: Dynamics refers to the natural posture of dogs when they are moving, lying, walking, running, jumping, playing, eating, drinking, sleeping, growling and rowing. Dogs have unique postures when they are healthy, and these postures will change once they are sick. If the dog's inherent posture changes, you should pay attention.

(2) Looking at the part is to further observe the dog's eyes, ears, mouth, nose, breathing, feeding, trunk, limbs, anus, vulva, urine and secretions on the basis of looking at the whole body. Healthy dogs are inherent and specific in these aspects, and owners should pay attention to observe and master their normal conditions. Once the abnormality is found, it suggests that our dog may be ill.

2. Smell diagnosis is a routine diagnostic method to understand the abnormal situation of dogs through hearing and smell. Including hearing and hearing sounds and smelling smells.

(1) Smelling sounds include listening to dogs' barking, breathing, coughing, heart sounds and bowel sounds.

Listen to dog barking: Dog barking is a psychological expression of dogs and a unique language of dogs. The emotional communication of peers is often carried out through barking, and different barks are different psychological expressions. When people get along with dogs for a long time, they can often understand the intention of barking, so the owner can distinguish the health and disease of dogs by listening to barking. For example, barking, growling, croaking and buzzing of dogs are often psychological manifestations such as calling a group, calling a child, courting, catching an enemy, asking for food and fighting. If you are suddenly hit by a stone and hurt by someone, you will scream in horror; When you are seriously ill for a long time, you will give a low groan when you are in pain, such as canine distemper and rabies.

Listen to breathing: healthy dogs breathe peacefully, and it is not easy to hear breathing at room temperature and at leisure. With the help of a stethoscope, the alveolar breathing sound of "Fu Ruluo" and the bronchial breathing sound of "Hehe" can be heard in the chest examination area. When a dog sees a stranger or is threatened, it will make a whoosh sound. After strenuous exercise, when walking in hot weather, stretch out your tongue and gasp; When you have a high fever, you often make a "haha" gasp.

Listen to cough: cough is one of the pathological manifestations of respiratory system. The nature of the disease is different, the duration of the disease is different, and the sound, time and symptoms of cough are also different. Anyone who coughs loudly is mostly physically strong and sick; Anything with a low and unpleasant cough is mostly a chronic illness.

Listen to heart sounds: heart sounds refer to the sounds made by the beating of the heart. Usually, it is difficult for the ear to hear heart sounds. Only with the help of stethoscope can the first and second heart sounds of the tower be heard, and the third and fourth heart sounds can be detected by ECG. Once a dog is sick, the frequency, intensity, nature and rhythm of heart sounds will change, which is also one of the basis for diagnosis.

Listen to bowel sounds: bowel sounds are crisp sounds made when the intestines are crawling, which are not easy for the ears to hear. With the help of a stethoscope, you can hear the sounds of the dog's small intestine, such as running water and large intestine, such as thunder in the distance, with a certain rhythm. When dogs are sick, bowel sounds tend to increase (diarrhea), weaken, disappear, be irregular and have a metallic feeling.

(2) Smell Smell Smell is a way to diagnose diseases by smelling the gases, secretions and excretions exhaled by dogs with our noses. Including dog breath, nasal breath, phlegm, pus, feces, urine, red and white secretions and other odors.

3. Inquiry is a diagnostic method to understand the dog's feeding management and course of disease through purposeful conversation with the breeder, and to provide basis for the diagnosis and treatment of dog diseases. There are many conditions closely related to canine diseases that cannot be reflected by sick dogs, and they often need to be understood by asking questions, so asking questions is an essential diagnostic method for diagnosing canine diseases. The contents of consultation include: onset time, etiology, symptoms and previous diagnosis and treatment; Feeding management; Source of dogs and epidemic situation of diseases; Immunity, medical history, breeding, farrowing, etc.

4. Pulse diagnosis is a diagnostic method that relies on the feeling of human hands to cut, press, touch and knock the dog, so as to understand the symptoms and provide basis for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It usually includes pulse-taking, temperature check, feeling swelling and so on.

(1) The pulse-cutting position of the pulse-cutting dog is the inside of the femoral artery of the hind leg. The method is that the examiner stands on the back of the dog, holds the hind foot with one hand, and inserts the other hand into the inner thigh, and presses the femoral artery lightly, moderately and vigorously with the fingertip, and carefully feels the pulse to understand the pulse's reality, speed and fluctuation.

The pulse connects the heart, the heart beats, and the blood is pumped into the artery and then distributed throughout the body. The whole body's blood flows back to the heart through veins, which keeps the dog's normal physiological activities. Therefore, the excess or deficiency of pulse reflects the strength of heartbeat, the fluctuation of pulse reflects the depth of lesion, and the speed of pulse reflects the frequency law of heartbeat. The pulse rate per minute of dogs is 68 ~ 80 beats per minute for adult dogs and 80 ~ 120 beats per minute for puppies.

(2) Detecting body temperature is a diagnostic method of touching the heat and cold of a certain part of the dog's body surface with the back of hand, or inserting a thermometer into anus to measure rectal temperature. The body surface temperature of healthy dogs is close to the temperature of the back of the hand, and there is generally no obvious feeling of cold or heat except for climatic factors. The rectal temperature of puppies is 38.5 ~ 39℃, and that of adults is 37.5 ~ 38.5℃.

(3) The main purpose of palpation swelling is to find out the nature, shape, location, size and sensitivity of swelling on dog body surface, so as to distinguish emphysema, edema, hematoma and abscess.

(4) Touching the chest and abdomen is mainly to observe the organs, fetuses, contents and lesions in the chest and abdomen of dogs.

The four diagnostic methods of looking, smelling, asking and pulse are different in the process of disease diagnosis, but they are interrelated. In general, only one method is used in isolation, which may lead to leakage. Therefore, the four methods must be organically combined to diagnose the disease comprehensively and systematically and make a correct diagnosis.

(3) Common treatment techniques for canine diseases.

To treat canine diseases, it is enough for ordinary family members and breeders to master several conventional treatment techniques.

1. Oral administration Oral administration is a method of treating diseases by passing oral drugs through the mouth of dogs.

(1) Pharmaceutical dosage forms All tablets, pills, capsules, granules and decoction that belong to oral administration can be taken orally.

(2) Generally speaking, according to the training of dogs, the methods of drug administration are licking naked drugs, mixing drugs and self-feeding. If the dog refuses to eat, it can be artificially fed. The specific operation is:

Baoding: Let the dog sit. The drug delivery person puts the thumb and forefinger of his left hand into the teeth from the left and right corners, holds the jaw, lifts the hard palate and opens his mouth.

Medication: The drug giver puts the tablets (pills, capsules) on the fingertips of the index finger and middle finger of the right hand and sticks them into the root of the dog's tongue, then quickly withdraws his hand and closes his mouth. When he saw that the dog had swallowed it, he licked his nose, indicating that the medicine had been swallowed. Otherwise, he should pat his chin and urge him to swallow. If it is soup, feed it slowly with a spoon. Be careful not to put drugs into the trachea and cause pneumonia.

2. Injection drug administration refers to injecting drugs into dogs through subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous routes with a syringe. This method is to inject the drug directly into the body tissue, which has the advantages of fast onset and small dose.

(1) Prepare to separate the coat at the injection point and disinfect it strictly with iodine and alcohol. Syringes and needles are sterilized by boiling or high-pressure steam.

(2) Injection method: subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection and intravenous injection are commonly used.

Subcutaneous injection: soluble, non-irritating, slow-acting drugs and vaccines can be used. The injection site is generally selected in the parts with thin skin and loose subcutaneous tissue, such as the neck side and the inner thigh. The method is: properly protect the dog, disinfect the injection site, pick up the skin of the injection site with your left hand, hold the syringe with your right hand, pierce the needle into the skin folded between your fingers for about 1.5cm, and inject the liquid medicine.

Intramuscular injection: This method is to inject the liquid medicine injected into muscle fullness, such as buttocks, thighs, waist and so on. The method is to properly protect the dog. After the injection point is disinfected, tighten the skin with the left hand, hold the syringe with the right hand, and quickly pierce the needle into the muscle to a depth of about 2.5 cm. When there is no blood returning phenomenon in the piston, slowly inject the liquid medicine.

Intravenous injection: this method is to directly input the liquid medicine for intravenous injection into venous blood vessels. Intravenous injection is also called infusion when the dose is large. This method requires high drug quality. Some liquid drugs with strong stimulation to muscle tissue, such as calcium chloride and hypertonic saline, can also be injected intravenously. The drug takes effect quickly, but it is difficult to operate and easy to fail. The injection site can choose the cephalic vein above the wrist joint of the forelimb and the medial palmar part below the wrist joint; The anterior branch of the lateral saphenous vein about 5 cm above the lateral tarsal joint of the hind limb; Saphenous vein on the inner thigh of hind limb. The method is: properly protect the dog, after local disinfection, tie or press the blood return end (near the heart end) of the intravenous injection point with your fingers, hold the infusion needle in your right hand after the blood vessel swells, tilt the needle outward and quickly stab it obliquely at the blood vessel. After seeing the blood returning, adjust the depth of the needle, discharge the bubbles in the infusion tube, adjust the flow rate of the liquid medicine and enter the normal infusion state. After the infusion of liquid medicine, unplug the needle and press the needle hole with sterile cotton ball for a moment, and then release it.

Abdominal injection: this method is similar to intravenous injection, and is generally used when intravenous infusion is impossible but fluid replacement is urgently needed. Except for irritating liquids such as calcium chloride and hypertonic liquids, intraperitoneal injection is not suitable, and intravenous infusion is generally enough. The injection site is generally carried out in places where there are no important organs in the body, such as the front edge of pelvis and navel. The method is to stand upside down in italics after urinating bladder, sterilize the injection point and insert the needle into abdominal cavity. When the resistance of the needle drops, there is a sense of failure and there is no overflow of blood and bubbles, you can inject or input liquid medicine. After the liquid medicine is enough, pull out the needle, press the pinhole and release Baoding.

(3) Precautions: Either way, the drug is directly sent into the body tissue, which reduces the process of oral digestion and absorption and has a quick action time. However, if the side effects of drugs are more obvious, the harm to dogs is more direct, resulting in irreparable consequences, such as intravenous injection of calcium chloride and other irritating drugs. Therefore, injection administration is best carried out by or under the guidance of pet medical personnel; Intravenous administration and intraperitoneal administration should be preheated to about 37℃ in winter; The injection speed should be appropriate, especially the intravenous infusion should be slow, generally controlled at 40 ~ 60 drops/minute; The infusion volume should be 4% ~ 8% of the dog's weight.

3. Anorectal administration Anorectal administration is a method of delivering liquid drugs into the intestine through the anus and rectum.

(1) pharmaceutical preparations, such as aqueous solution, oil, suppository, etc. It can be administered through the anus.

(2) According to the condition and treatment needs, the modes of administration can generally be enema, drip and embolization.

Enema method: For anorectal surgery and constipation, warm soapy water and lubricating oil juice are sent to rectum through anus with enema device, large syringe and other equipment, so as to discharge feces and clean rectum and anus.

Drip method: For dogs with diseases such as parvovirus, it is impossible or inappropriate to drip intravenously or orally due to severe diarrhea and vomiting and severe dehydration, which is a method similar to intravenous drip. The method is to unplug the infusion needle, insert the infusion hose directly into the anus and intestine, and slowly drip the liquid medicine.

Embolization: For dogs with intestinal leakage, hemorrhoids and other diseases, anti-inflammatory suppository, hemorrhoids suppository and other pills are used and stuffed in the anus to achieve the purpose of treatment.

(3) Precautions The enema should be heated to about 38℃. The dosage should be properly controlled, and the hose should be inserted gently into the anus to prevent puncturing the intestinal wall. Dogs generally need to stand upside down, in italics, with the front low and the back high. The speed of intestinal drip is close to that of intravenous drip.

4. Bladder catheterization is an emergency measure to puncture the bladder and export urine when the dog is extremely difficult to urinate or urinary incontinence. The method is to lie on your back and touch the abdomen in front of the pubic bone with your hands. If your hand has a feeling of fullness, it is the bladder. After the diagnosis of urinary retention, the abdominal puncture point was disinfected and punctured along the pubic front and abdominal line with trocar. When the resistance of the needle decreases, the needle has entered the bladder, and urine will automatically overflow when the needle core is pulled out. Note: the flow rate of urine should not be too fast, and it should flow out slowly; After bladder remission, radical measures should be taken according to the causes of urinary incontinence to make the patients completely relieved. This method should be used with caution, otherwise it will easily cause urinary fistula.

5. Oxygen therapy Oxygen therapy is a first-aid method to improve the oxygen concentration in the inhaled gas of dogs, increase the arterial oxygen content, promote the metabolism of cells and tissues, and maintain the life activities of dogs. This method is suitable for emergency rescue of gas poisoning, emphysema, severe pneumonia, upper respiratory tract obstruction, heart failure, excessive anesthesia, pneumothorax and other diseases with extremely difficult breathing. Oxygen supply methods are generally divided into nasal catheter oxygen supply method and hyperbaric oxygen chamber oxygen supply method.

Nasal catheter oxygen supply method: insert the rubber tube of the oxygen storage bottle into the nasopharyngeal cavity or trachea of the dog, open the oxygen supply valve and the bypass plug on the flowmeter, and it is appropriate to deliver about 4 liters of oxygen per minute. The time is to relieve the breathing difficulties of the dog and relieve its life.

Oxygen supply method of hyperbaric oxygen chamber: put the dog into the hyperbaric oxygen chamber, adjust the oxygen supply switch to keep the oxygen content in the chamber at about 50%, and at the same time input about 1.2% carbon dioxide gas until the dog wakes up, which is life-threatening. This method is mainly used for carbon monoxide gas poisoning.

Precautions: Oxygen is a dry gas, so it should be humidified during oxygen supply to prevent the respiratory tract from being damaged by dryness. Pay attention to the oxygen reaction of dogs when providing oxygen. If the dyspnea improves or the dog wakes up, the oxygen supply will be effective. Otherwise, corresponding measures should be taken to avoid delaying treatment. It is not allowed to touch open flames during oxygen transportation to prevent fire.

6. Baoding method It is difficult to treat sick dogs without proper Baoding. The following are some of the most commonly used Baoding methods.

(1) Standing Baoding Method Baoding personnel crouched or stood on the left side of a dog wearing a hood and collar, facing the dog's head, greeting the dog while approaching the dog, gently stroking the dog's head and chest with their right hand, and holding the neck rope with their left hand, so that the dog's neck stood opposite Baoding people's legs. This method is mostly used for oral administration, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, anorectal administration, etc. More suitable for gentle and well-trained dogs.

(2) The security personnel hold a bandage or chicken intestine belt with a length of about 1 m, tie a slipknot ring in the middle of the belt, put the ring from the dog's snout end into the middle of the dog's back nose and in front of the dog's chin, then tighten the ring, then let the two ends of the belt straddle the squab and extend to the headrest, and tie a slipknot at the rear edge of each ear. This method is mostly used for dogs with quick temper and easy to bite, and is the basis of other Baoding methods. This Baoding is suitable for various ways of administration and cosmetic modification.

(3) supine Baoding method After giving the dog a kiss, Baoding personnel put the dog back on the treatment table, stretched its limbs, tied it to the ball joints at the ends of the limbs with ropes, and stabilized the dog on the stage. This method is suitable for bladder intubation, intraperitoneal injection and various abdominal operations.

(4) On the basis of kissing the dog, Baoding personnel lay the dog prone on the treatment table, stretch the limbs back and forth, and tie the ball joints of the limbs with ropes to stabilize the dog on the table. This method is suitable for anorectal administration, oral administration (which needs to be untied), intravenous infusion, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular injection, beauty modification and so on.

(5) Side-lying Baoding Method On the basis of giving the dog a kiss, Baoding personnel lay the dog on the treatment table, and fix the forelimbs, hind limbs, tail, waist and abdomen or neck as needed, so that the dog can be treated stably on the table.

(6) Hugging Baoding Law Baoding personnel naturally pick up the dog and put it on the treatment table, stand on the left side of the dog, hold the dog's jaw and neck with the left palm, scratch the dog's waist and back with the right arm, sink the elbow, hold the dog under the armpit, touch the dog's head or chest with fingers, and scratch it from time to time to fix the dog. This method is suitable for the general examination and treatment of small docile dogs.