Mozi was an important educator in the pre-Qin period in China. The core idea of his educational thought is "universal love", which requires people to "take the people's country as the country, the people's home as the home, and the people as the body." At the same time, it attaches great importance to science and technology education and emphasizes its great role in the field of production and life. Mozi hopes to achieve political and social goals through education and build a harmonious society without equality and differences.
Keywords: Mozi; Fraternity; Science and technology education
China Library Classification. G40-092
Mozi lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, during which the society was facing great changes. The special background of the times provided fertile social soil for the emergence of Mozi's thought. The development of economy and handicraft industry laid the economic foundation for the emergence of Mozi's thought; With the social unrest, Mozi's thought that "clothing is warm and food is sufficient, then peace is secure" [1]① has become the aspiration of working people; Confucianism founded by Confucius has an important influence on Mozi's educational thought.
First, Mozi's theory of human nature and the educational goal of "learning".
The most popular view of Mozi's view of human nature is the theory of human nature. "Dyeing" wrote: "Those who dye in the pale are pale, those who dye in the yellow are yellow, and the color changes when they enter." Human nature is like unpolluted silk, emphasizing the important role of environment and education in the development of human nature.
Based on the theory of human nature, Mozi put forward the ideal talent training mode of "sage" and "part-time scholar" The standard of "being a scholar" is quite strict, which requires "respecting morality, arguing and learning Tao" [2]. "Benevolence": First of all, we must have noble moral sentiments, and we must be "honest when we are poor, righteous when we are rich, loving when we are alive, and sad when we die." [3] (3) At the same time, we should have the spirit of self-sacrifice for all, emphasizing that "self-sacrifice to save people means self-sacrifice to benefit the world". "Argumentation": It is required to have high attainments in language expression and logical thinking ability, and to take the initiative to "talk about it and teach it", spread one's thoughts and realize one's political ambitions. "Extensive Taoism" is the requirement of knowledge and skills. Literature and history, science and technology, military strategy and other knowledge. Are all necessary for a concurrent person.
Second, Mozi emphasized the value orientation of "righteousness", "emphasis" and "benefit" and moral education thought.
In Mozi's ideological system, "righteousness" and "benefit" are two crucial contents. Mozi attaches importance to "profit". On the one hand, the meaning of "profit" is very rich, ranging from the public interests of the country and society to personal interests. On the other hand, it emphasizes "profit" as the criterion for evaluating good and evil (making people gain for good and lose for evil). Allow people to pursue the legitimate interests of individuals reasonably, encourage "benefiting people" and "benefiting the world" on the basis of self-interest, and make the whole society "mutually beneficial" at last. Mozi emphasized "righteousness", and his requirements for "righteousness" basically include the following aspects: the most basic thing is "self-interest without harming others"; Later, I will push others by myself, love myself and love others, and realize "simultaneous love"; When necessary, make sacrifices for the common interests of the world.
Mozi's value orientation of attaching importance to "righteousness" and "benefit" profoundly influenced the content of his moral education. Mozi's moral content mainly includes:
Mozi believes that the biggest drawback of society is that monarchs, fathers and sons, and brothers do not love each other, so "the world loves each other and governs together [4]". "Universal love" can only be realized with "profit" as the driving force. Only by "loving interests" can we resolve various social contradictions at that time, maintain social order and realize the overall interests of the country.
"Non-attack". Mozi believed that the war of aggression was an extremely wasteful act, so he put forward the ideal principle of "non-attack" in dealing with state-to-state relations. Bringing "non-aggression" into moral education requires people to realize the evil nature of morality and advocate the social fashion of loving peace; I hope that the "wise men" will stick to their faith, apply the idea of "non-aggression" to political life, serve the interests of Saint Wang Zhidao and his subordinates, and do not launch a war of aggression against other countries.
"frugal", "frugal burial" and "not happy" "Thrift" means emphasizing frugality. Just do your best and don't waste money. This view is basically aimed at the rulers, who should "increase fees, not for the benefit of the people." [5] (5) "Festival burial" is to oppose the Confucian "long ceremony and heavy burial" and simplify the funeral form. In the funeral festival, the disadvantages of thick burial are listed: grand funeral ceremony consumes a lot of financial resources; Long-term mourning is not conducive to population reproduction and economic development; Rulers insist on heavy burial and long mourning, which will inevitably lead to political disorder and social unrest. "Non-music" means opposing vocal music entertainment, which not only wastes financial and material resources; But also disturb the normal life and work order.
Fourthly, Mozi's class care and scientific education thought.
Mozi claimed to be the representative of "the people of peasants and workers", and his thoughts basically showed concern for this class. On the one hand, put forward the social and political proposition of "mutual love and mutual benefit"; On the other hand, it attaches importance to the development of science and technology, and requires workers to be self-reliant and improve their living conditions. The idea of attaching importance to science and technology is embodied in its education: attaching importance to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and emphasizing the formation of practical operation ability and scientific literacy.
Mozi's emphasis on science and technology has been fully demonstrated in the book Mozi. Shang Jing said Shang Jing and Xia Jing said Xia Jing expounded a lot of scientific knowledge in extremely refined language. For example, related concepts of mathematics-point, line, circle, straight, square, column, distance and intersection, decimal system, etc. Be discussed. Relevant knowledge of analytical mechanics-lever, pulley, etc. The related phenomena of physics-time and space, mass and quantity, motion and stillness, light and shadow, reflection, etc. are expounded. We can draw rules and regulations from them, hoping that people can abide by them and serve real life and work. The contents of military science and technology recorded in Prepare City Gate, Prepare High Surface, Prepare Ladder and Prepare Water are extremely complete. Such as: manufacturing defense equipment such as "revolver", "throwing car" and "crossbow car"; City walls, trenches and more? Watchtower "and other Yugoslav capital buildings. Mozi skillfully combined manual skills with military defense, which made the country's defense capability reach the extreme.
Mozi also emphasized the cultivation of a learning method of logical thinking ability and experimental demonstration in the learning process. On the cultivation of students' logical thinking ability, the epistemology is basically discussed in Mozi, and it is proposed that people have cognitive ability, acquire initial knowledge through contact with external things, sublimate knowledge through thinking activities, and express it through words and sentences. In addition, it also expounds the logical thinking modes such as reasoning and debate. Mozi attached importance to scientific teaching methods and put forward experimental demonstration methods, which was unique among pre-Qin philosophers. Encourage students to personally participate in social observation and experimental research, and gain skills and knowledge in practice. Put forward the "three-table method" as the standard to judge right and wrong, taking the affairs of sages as the foundation, the wisdom of the people as the original, and the interests of the people as the service.
In a word, compared with the pre-Qin philosophers, Mozi's educational philosophy has many unique contents. These include: creatively putting forward the theory of human nature; Advocating the social ideal of "mutual love and mutual benefit"; Attach importance to the concept of science education. Although the theoretical system founded by Mozi is not perfect in many aspects, it occupies an important position in the history of pre-Qin education. Many contents of Mozi's thought were absorbed and reformed by later Confucianists and Legalists, and made indelible and outstanding contributions to the development of China's educational history.
refer to
[1] Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Translation of Notes on Mozi Today, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 152.
[2] Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Notes and Translation of Mozi, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 36.
[3] Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Notes and Translation of Mozi, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 7.
[4] Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Notes and Translation of Mozi, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 82.
[5] Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: "Mozi's Note and Translation", The Commercial Press, 2009, p. 127.
(1) Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Translation of Notes on Mozi Today, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 152.
(2) Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Translation of Mozi Note Today, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 36.
(3) Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Translation of Mozi Note Today, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 7.
(4) Tan Jiajian and Sun Zhongyuan: Translation of Mozi Note Today, Commercial Press, 2009, p. 82.