The Reform Movement of 1898 and the Meiji Restoration were the reforms of Qiang Bing, a rich country, when China and Japan were facing semi-colonial and semi-feudal societies. But Japan not only introduced western technology, but also introduced western relations of production and political system. China just imported technology. Although China introduced western advanced production technology, it also promoted the development of China society to a certain extent in a certain period. However, fundamentally speaking, China's feudal relations of production and feudal superstructure will hinder the development of productive forces. Therefore, China's Reform Movement of 1898 will eventually fail. The Meiji Restoration was successful precisely because it fundamentally transformed Japanese society. This eventually led to very different results between the two countries.

[Problem solving process]

(1) Different social backgrounds:

First, during the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the peasant uprising and the civil resistance continued to be fierce, the emerging landlords and usurers were increasingly dissatisfied with their own situation, the ruling class was divided, and the middle and lower samurai were even more dissatisfied with reality. The Tokugawa era has become the target of public criticism.

Second, although the crisis of feudal rule in China was very serious, the feudal forces were still relatively strong because of the collusion between feudal rulers and imperialism.

(2) Different leaders:

First, although the Japanese bourgeoisie is not yet mature, the young samurai who transformed into the bourgeoisie acted as the leader of the ending movement. They understood the strategy of struggle, established troops and bases, and completed the task of eliminating hostile old forces by stages, thus ensuring the smooth progress of domestic reform.

Secondly, the reformist forces in China are weak, and they only pin their hopes on an emperor who has no real power, while the conservative forces are strong, so the reform cannot succeed.

(3) Different policies and measures:

First, after Japan overthrew the Tokugawa era, the Meiji government issued an order and adopted a series of reform measures to get rid of the old cloth and put Japan on the road of developing capitalism.

Second, in the Reform Movement of 1898 in China, although Emperor Guangxu also issued a series of letters on politics, economy, military affairs and culture, they could not be implemented because the bourgeois reformists did not have political power and the conservative forces were strong.

(4) The international environment is different:

First, the Meiji Restoration in Japan took place in the middle of19th century, when the world was still in the period of free competition capitalism and the climax of colonial conquest had not yet begun. With the concentrated invasion of China by western powers, it objectively provided a more favorable international environment for the Meiji Restoration.

Second, China's Reform Movement of 1898 At the end of19th century, world capitalism had already transitioned to the stage of imperialism, and China became the object of partition by the great powers. At this time, the imperialist powers never wanted China to become an independent and powerful capitalist country, and the international environment was very unfavorable to China's reform movement.

Another one:

Time background

domestic

Meiji Restoration: the invasion of foreign powers intensified domestic contradictions; The ruling class was divided and the shogunate was in an extremely isolated situation.

The Reform Movement of 1898: The Qing government relied on the Han bureaucrats and landlords at home, made concessions at home, and stifled the people's revolution. The conservative forces are very powerful.

international

Meiji Restoration: The world is in the period of free competition capitalism.

The Reform Movement of 1898: The world capitalism transited to imperialism and began to carve up China.

leader

Meiji Restoration: Middle and Lower Warriors with Innovative Spirit

The Reform Movement of 1898: Intellectuals and Scholars with Bourgeois Tendency

participant

Meiji Restoration: powerful governors, peasants and citizens, businessmen and craftsmen who opposed the shogunate.

The reform movement of 1898: relying on emperors without real power and uniting a few bureaucrats

reform measures

Political aspects

Meiji Restoration: Abandoning vassal states and establishing counties, and strengthening centralization.

The Reform Movement of 1898: Officials and people were allowed to write and talk about things.

economic aspect

Meiji Restoration: allowing land to be bought and sold freely, introducing western technology and developing modern enterprises.

The Reform Movement of 1898: Encouraging the development of agriculture, industry and commerce; Establish non-governmental organizations such as chambers of commerce and farmers' associations; Reform finance and prepare budget and final accounts

Social life

Meiji Restoration: Advocating "Civilization" and Developing Education.

The Reform Movement of 1898: set up primary and secondary schools, Shi Jing University Hall; Allow the establishment of newspapers to reward scientific works and inventions.

Military aspects

Meiji Restoration: Implementing the conscription system and establishing a modern army.

Reform Movement of 1898: Refine the army and expand the navy.