With regard to the origin of the dragon, after long-term research and textual research, people finally reached a relatively consistent understanding: the dragon is a synthesis of various animals and a symbol of totem worship formed in primitive society. In the early days, the ancients could not make a reasonable explanation for most natural phenomena, so they hoped that their national totem would have the power of wind, rain and electricity, the majestic posture of mountains, swimming in the water like fish and flying in the air like birds. Therefore, the characteristics of many animals are concentrated on dragons, and dragons have gradually become "nine unlike" (with the characteristics of nine animals). This composite structure means that the dragon is the head of all animals and an omnipotent god. The prototype of the dragon has sprouted in the late Neolithic period, and it is a virtual imagination with the totem of Xia nationality as the main body. The ancients had various explanations for this. It is said that poisonous snakes can fly without feet (see Xunzi's "Persuasion"); Those with scales are called dragons, those with horns are called [mound prisoners], and those without horns are called set dragons. (See Li Sao and Guang Ya quoted by Hong Bu. ) The one with wings is called (Wang Note). We can see these different kinds of dragons on the bronzes of Shang, Zhou and Warring States in China. Some people say that dragons are like dogs and cows, while Lun Heng said, "The image of dragons is anticlimactic." It is also said that the shape of the dragon is the horn of a deer, the ear of a cow, the head of a camel, the eyes of a rabbit, the neck of a snake, the belly of a stork, the scales of a fish, the feet of a tiger and the claws of an eagle. There are crocodiles, lizards, horses and so on. Lun Heng said: "The image of a dragon is the tail of a horse." Compendium of Materia Medica says that "dragons have nine similarities", which is a heterogeneous animal with the advantages of all kinds of animals. Legend has it that it can be hidden, detailed and huge, short and long. The vernal equinox ascends to the sky, and the autumnal equinox dives into the deep, omnipotent. After the later development, the images of these dragons are more and more complex than the original dragons, and more and more totems are incorporated, which shows that they are constantly enriching and developing. Since the beginning of this century, there have been more than 100 kinds of books and papers about the origin and essence of dragons, and there are different opinions. Here is a brief introduction:
Supernatural animal theory
This is the most common view represented by Ci Yuan and Ci Hai. The former said, "The dragon is the legendary flying dragon in ancient legends.
Planting a magical animal that can benefit all things is the length of the scale worm. The latter said that "dragons are magical animals with scales and whiskers in ancient legends". There is a similar saying: "Dragon is a mysterious animal god, with many gods", "an animal imagined by ancient people in China" (Zhu Tianshun) "Dragon is a kind of god beast, with a long body, a big mouth and the most horns and feet, which is unpredictable in the world" (Liu Zhixiong and Yang Jingrong) "God beast" is based on "strange beast", which is reflected in Ci Yuan and
Totem merging theory
This theory is represented by Wen Yiduo's viewpoint in Fuxi Kao. According to the article, the dragon "is a kind of totem dragon culture, a virtual creature that exists only in totem but not in biology, because it is a synthesis made up of many different totems"; It is the result of the assimilation of many weak units by the fusion of snake totems. He Liang Xing also believes that "the dragon is a totem, but it is different from other totems. At first, it may be a totem of a tribe, and later it evolved into a super-tribe and a Yue God, becoming the totem god that the Chinese nation worshipped for the longest time. "
The tree god in the sky said
He Xin once thought that "the reality and entity of the dragon is the cloud" and "the dragon is the life lattice of the cloud god"; "It turns out that the dragon is just an abstract spiral moire. Later, it gradually became concrete and biological, and expanded to the image of amphibians and reptiles close to the real biological world. " Zhu Dashun pointed out that "the opportunity or starting point of the animal god, the magic dragon, may not be because the ancients saw animals like dragons, but because they saw lightning in the sky. Because, if you imagine it as an animal based on lightning, it is easy to be imagined as a slender quadruped. " Zhao Tian officials believe that the lightning dragon is a trinity, and the dragon is the image of lightning. Hu Changjian said, "The prototype of the dragon comes from the natural landscape in spring-the hook shape of lightning, the stupid caterpillar fungus sprouting from the hook, the rainbow after the rain in March, etc ... Among them, the rainbow is the most direct prototype of the dragon because it has a beautiful and concrete visual image." Yin's point of view is unique. He thinks, "The legendary dragon in China is the embodiment of the tree god. China's worship of dragons is a tortuous reflection of the worship of tree gods, and dragons are the gods of trees and plants. The prototype of the dragon is a kind of evergreen pine (mainly pine) and other trees. " "Pine trees and dragons are not only strikingly similar in appearance, but also strikingly similar in other attributes of dragons."
Dinosaur heritage theory
Xu and American scholar Hayes argue that the concept of dragon should be the memory of ancient ancestors of giant reptilian dinosaurs, or that ancestors worshipped dragons because of their fear of dinosaurs. Wang Dayou said, "The dragon, recognized by the ancients as the most primitive ancestor, may still be a dinosaur. The ancients regarded reptiles with four legs, a thin neck and a long tail, which were shaped like snakes, cows and tigers, as dragons. This may be the dinosaur image that the ancients saw and described at that time ... Maybe the dragon they saw was really a dinosaur, and then it gradually disappeared, so they regarded its similar sea crocodile, bay crocodile or Chinese alligator as a class and worshipped it. "
Foreign introduction theory
Zhang believes that the dragon in China is a poisonous dragon in western culture, which was introduced to China around the time of the Yellow Emperor. Smith, a British scholar, believes that all the major civilizations in the world have dragons, and all the dragons come from the same cultural birthplace-Babylon. The dragon in China is also a descendant of Babylonian Gu Long.
Fuzzy set theory
On the origin and essence of the dragon, Pang Jin put forward the "fuzzy set theory", that is, the dragon is a sacred object produced by the ancient people's fuzzy set of natural phenomena such as fish, crocodiles, snakes, pigs, horses and cows. Dragons originated in the Neolithic Age about 8000 years ago. It is the product of primitive ancestors' vague worship of foreign alien forces. It is an artistic creation based on realistic biological and natural phenomena and permeated with fuzzy thinking. As paleontology, dinosaurs died out in Mesozoic about 70 million years ago. The earliest ape-man lived in the Pleistocene 3 million years ago, with a difference of more than 60 million years. Therefore, it is impossible for an ape-man to see dinosaurs, let alone remember and fear them. Obviously, it is untenable to say that dragons left a legacy to dinosaurs. There is also great controversy about the merger of dragons as totems. The negative view holds that "so far, there is no credible archaeological and historical data to prove that there was a powerful clan tribe with snakes as its totem in the history of China. As for the merger and integration of other clan tribes with horses, dogs, fish, birds and deer as totems, it is entirely out of imagination. " Scholars (Liu Zhixiong and Yang Jingrong) have also pointed out that it is also very wrong to regard animal models or decorative patterns appearing on ancient cultural relics in China as the manifestation of totems. Because a certain type of culture in archaeology and clan and tribe in sociology are two completely different concepts, some scholars put forward paradoxes from the basic characteristics of totem culture, such as: almost all totems are concrete creatures or inanimate objects that exist in nature, while dragons are "sacred objects" that do not exist in nature; Totem is the object revered by clan members and cannot be destroyed, damaged or killed. In China's ancient books, myths and legends, there are many descriptions of belittling, insulting, fighting and beheading dragons. The theory of dragon-human coexistence was explained before Qin and Han dynasties, but our experts and scholars thought it was ridiculous and deliberately concealed this theory. For example, Nu Wa and Fuxi are both snakeheads, so we don't know. For example, the word dragon in ancient Oracle bone inscriptions is hieroglyphics, and its strange symbol is elusive to modern people, so this symbol is the secret of our human body. People with this symbol are called dragons, so dragons and people are one. If so, there are many legends in ancient China, including Shennong tasting a hundred herbs, including many things.
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There are many different images of dragons in ancient books. Compendium of Materia Medica says that "dragons have nine similarities", which is a heterogeneous animal with the advantages of all kinds of animals. The little one is called Jiao, and the big one is called Dragon. Legend has it that it can be hidden, detailed and huge, short and long. Vernal equinox stamp 20 12 the Year of the Loong
In the sky, the autumnal equinox is deep and omnipotent. Er Ya Yi says: The dragon is the length of the scale worm. Wang has nine shapes: head like an ox, horns like a deer, eyes like a shrimp, ears like a snake, belly like a snake, scales like a fish, claws like a phoenix, palms like a tiger. It has 8 1 scales on its back, and the number is nine and nine yang. It sounds like a coin. There is a beard near the mouth, pearls under the chin and scales under the throat. There is Boshan on the head, also known as ruler wood, and the dragon can't ascend to heaven without ruler wood. Breathing into the clouds can change water and fire. The other is: "Mouth like a horse, eyes like a crab, beard like a sheep, horns like a deer, ears like an ox, mane like a lion, scales like a carp, body like a snake, claws like an eagle ..."; There is also a saying that "the head is like a camel, the eyes are like ghosts, the ears are like cows, the horns are like deer, the neck is like a snake, the abdomen is like a dragonfly, the scales are like carp, the claws are like eagles, and the palms are like tigers". The formula for drawing dragons handed down by painters in Taiwan Province Province is also quite interesting: "Draw antlers one, shrimp two, dog nose four, lion mane six scales five, snake body eight fires seven, chicken feet nine and dragon nine".
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The earliest dragon pattern found in China came from the Chahai site in Xinglongwa Culture 8,000 years ago (Xinglongwa Culture was named after the excavation of Xinglongwa site in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, adjacent to Liaoning Province, and the Chahai site was located in Fuxin County, Liaoning Province). Found a "dragon sculpture" about 19.7 meters long. Chahai site belongs to the "pre-Hongshan Culture" remains, dating back about 8,000 years. The "Dragon Sculpture" is located in the central square of this primitive village site and is made of red-brown stones of equal size. This dragon is nearly 20 meters long and 2 meters wide. Its first mouth is tilted, its back is bent and its tail is looming. This stone dragon is the oldest and largest dragon found in China so far. Then there are the dragon patterns of pottery unearthed in Xinglong Valley, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, the dragon patterns of narrow-necked painted pottery unearthed in Beishouling Site, Baoji, Shaanxi, and the plastic dragon patterns of clam shells unearthed in Xishuipo, Puyang, Henan, which are more than 6,400 years ago.
Xinlong Fossil (18) In the 1970s, a C-shaped jade dragon was unearthed in Sanxingtala Village, Wengniute Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. After archaeological investigation, it is confirmed that Yulong belongs to the remains of Hongshan Culture about 5,000 years ago. 1987 A clam-shaped dragon and tiger was found in Tomb 45 of Xishuipo Site in Puyang, Henan Province. Archaeology and carbon-14 determine the age of the tomb about 6500 years ago. According to the research of scholars Li Xueqin and Shi Feng, the clam-shaped dragon and tiger found in Tomb 45 is closely related to the four images in traditional astronomy in China.
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Fu Shi, there are dragons, so there is a dragon chronicle, creating words. Hao Tao Mo: "
Pictures of dragons (265,438+0) I want to see the images of the ancients, the sun, the moon, stars, mountains and rivers, dragons and insects in China. "The 17th year of Zuo": "Tai Gai's family took dragons as their training, so they were named Dragon Master". According to the Chronicle of Bamboo Slips, Fuxi Shi has clans such as Qianlong, Julong, Longjiang, Longtu, Shuilong, Qinglong, Chilong, Bailong, Black Dragon and Huanglong. "Twenty-nine Years Left": "The public gave the public a lamb and a robe, so that the dragon was offered to assist Qi Hou"; "Notes" also said: Shun Dynasty "Nanxun country presented Mao Long, a woman and a man, and set up the Dragon Palace. In Zhixia's generation, dragons were controlled because they were ordered by their families. ". It shows that the custom of raising dragons and taking them as family names prevailed in Xia Dynasty. Some ancient books recorded that the ruler of Xia Dynasty raised dragons named Liu, which is impossible to test! "Nineteen Years Left": "Zheng Dashui, the dragon battle is far away from the time." Li Liyun: "Scale phoenix ichthyosaur, named four spirits". "Zhuangzi Lieyukou": "The pearl of a thousand dollars must be in the nine depths, under the dragon's chin." "Zhouyi" dry: the ninth day-don't use the hidden dragon; 92- See the dragon in the field, and meet the adults; 94-still jumping deep, not strange; Ninth Five-Year Plan-flying dragons to heaven, benefiting adults; Shangjiu-
The image of the dragon (6 photos)-Kang Long has regrets; Using Nine-headed Dragons, Ji Kun: On Six Dragons Fighting Wild, the blood is mysterious and yellow. The dragon in Shuowen is a scaly worm, which can be quiet and bright, fine and huge, short and long, reaching the sky at the vernal equinox and diving deep at the autumnal equinox. Guangya is known as the dragon with scales, Ingrid with wings, the dragon with horns, the dragon without horns, and the dragon that does not ascend to heaven. "On the Twelve Zodiacs" says that dragons have weak ears, so they are called dragons. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Cao Cao said: "The dragon can be big or small, can be raised or hidden; It's cloudy and foggy when it's big, and it's hidden when it's small; Rise and fly in the universe, hide and lurk in the waves. This spring is deep, dragons change with time, Jews succeed and travel all over the world. The dragon is a thing, comparable to the world hero ... "There is an article" Dragon King "in The Mantra Sutra of Taishang East Shen Yuan, which lists the" Five Emperors and Dragon Kings "distinguished by location.
The picture of the dragon (2 1) ",the" Four Seas Dragon King "distinguished by the ocean, 54 dragon king names and 62 dragon king names distinguished by the universe. In Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, an altar official was set up to offer sacrifices to the Dragon King. Song Taizu followed the Five Dragon Sacrifice System in Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Song Huizong Daguan (1 108), all the five dragons in the world were crowned kings. Seal Qinglong God as King of Ren Guang, Red Dragon God as King Jiaze, Huanglong God as King Fu Ying, White Dragon God as King Yiji, and Black Dragon God as King Lingze. In the second year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1863), the dragon god of the canal was named "the god of the dragon king who should divide the water", so that the river chief could pay homage at the right time. The dragon kings in The Journey to the West are Ao Guang in the East China Sea, Aoqin in the South China Sea, Aorun in the West Sea and Aoshun in the North Sea, which are collectively called the Four Seas Dragon Kings.
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Classification by claw
Before the Yuan Dynasty, the dragon spine had three claws, sometimes the first two feet had three claws, and the last two feet had four claws. Examples can be found in porcelain ornamentation in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. Four-claw dragon was popular in Ming dynasty, and five-claw dragon was the most popular in Qing dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, the folk "emperor with five claws, emperor with four claws and doctor with three claws" said that "five claws are dragons and four claws are pythons", forming a three-claw dragon.
In the Qing dynasty, it was mainly manifested in the difference of clothing styles between emperors and ministers. The emperor wore "dragon robes" and other royal families and ministers wore "embroidered robes", but this was only the difference in name. Judging from the shape of dragons, dragons and pythons are quadrupeds, and there is no difference in appearance. The dragon didn't have five claws at first, but developed from three claws and four claws to five claws. The evolution of dragon modeling in the history of China can be roughly divided into four periods: First, the period of Solanum nigrum, starting from Yangshao culture, Daxi culture, Qujialing culture, Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture, and continuing to Qin and Han Dynasties, with Solanum nigrum in Shang and Zhou Dynasties as the representative. The prototype of Solanum nigrum is a Gulf crocodile or monitor lizard, which has a bird (phoenix) foot and four claws. It has one foot, two or four claws. In the middle and late Shang Dynasty, dragons and winds met, resulting in six symbols of dragons and winds, indicating that they are the same ancestor. The Western Zhou Dynasty continued to be used, and the dragon was integrated into a new form. At this time, one foot is full, and most of them are crescent-shaped claws.
Dragon on ornaments (8 pieces) Second, the concept of Ying Long was very early in Ying Long period, which was first seen in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Ying Long, as an art stage, may have started in the Qin Dynasty, flourished in the Han Dynasty and continued into the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Third, the Huanglong period began in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties laid an image foundation and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it was mostly three-toed, and in Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was mostly four-toed and five-toed. Since the Yuan Dynasty, only the royal family can use the dragon with five claws, and the folk can only use the dragon with three claws or four claws. Fourth, the modern and contemporary after the reunification. Because dragons are divorced from feudal rulers, they can be painted or shaped into three toes, four toes and five toes according to people's preferences. Of course, the five-claw dragon has a special position in history, so people generally prefer the five-claw shape. Four-claw dragon
During the Tang Dynasty, Japan had frequent contacts with China. At that time, dragons in China were all three-clawed dragons, so the Japanese could only introduce three-clawed dragons from China. After the four-claw dragon appeared in China, it had already closed its doors and cut off its ties with Japan. Korea was called Koryo in ancient times, and it was a dependency of China until the end of Qing Dynasty. When the rulers of China began to use the dragon pattern with five claws, the subordinate country could not be equal to itself, so the Korean dragon could only have four claws. In the final analysis, dragons in Japan and South Korea reflect the development and evolution of dragons.
Classification by function
Tianlong, Shenlong, and Lumbricus, Long Fu's Yuan Jian Han Lei, Volume 438, quoted Neidian: "There are four kinds of dragons: one is Tianlong, and the palace keeper keeps the order; 2. Dragon, who pushes clouds and brings rain to benefit the world; Three earthworms, who decide to talk; Four volts hides the dragon, guarding the Tibetans in Wang Dafu. "
Classification by birth form
Divided into four categories: fetal egg wetting. "Yuan Jian Han Lei" Volume 438 quotes the classic: "Dragons have four kinds of wet eggs."
Other classifications
Hu (?): The early dragons were imagined based on the reptile-snake model, often in the water. "It takes five hundred years to become a jiaozi, and it takes a thousand years to become a dragon." It is the embryonic form of the dragon, which once appeared on the bronze decoration in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, but not much. Qiu: Generally speaking, a little dragon without horns is called Qiu Long, which is a growing dragon. Therefore, ancient literature records: "Those without horns are called autumn, and those with horns are called dragons." The other is that the young dragon is called autumn after it has horns. Although there are differences between the two statements. Du Mu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem called "Talking about Qingyun", in which he said, "I want to play for thousands of years". Panguo: It is a snake-shaped monster of the genus Dragon, an early dragon with no horns. There is a description of "killing dragons without horns" in Guangya. There are also two views on dragons, one refers to the yellow horned dragon and the other refers to the female dragon. There is a note in Han Zhuan that "the red dragon is also a female dragon", so the unearthed Warring States period is decorated with dragons and dragons, which means that men and women mate. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, bronzes, jade carvings, bronze mirrors or buildings were often decorated in the shape of flat flies, including single flies, double flies, three flies, five flies and even swarms of flies. Or as a title card, or as a ring, or as a book. In addition, there are Bo Gu beetles, ring beetles and other changes. Jiao: Generally speaking, it refers to a scaly dragon that can cause floods. According to legend, the water of the dragon can make clouds and fog and soar in space. In ancient Chinese, it is often used to mean that talented people get the opportunity to display their talents. There are different opinions about the origin and shape of jiaozi in classical literature, some say that "dragons have no horns and are called jiaozi", while others say that "scales are called Xiaolong". The third volume of Mo Ke Dao Rhinoceros is more specific: Jiao is shaped like a snake, with a head like a tiger and an elder of dozens of feet. Most of them live under the caves in Xitan, and their voices are like cattle. There is a story in Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu in the Southern Song Dynasty, saying that he went into the water for three days and three nights at the beginning of the week to chop jiaozi back. People often say "dragon", but in fact "jiao" and "dragon" are the names of 1 mythical creatures of different ages: jiao when he was young and dragon when he grew up. Although they all have great power, they are different in essence. There are two prototypes of Xiaolong: one is crocodile, and the English name is Alligator. There are only a few species in the world, such as the Chinese alligator in China; The other is the saltwater crocodile, the scientific name of which is Bay Crocodile. Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty wrote an article offering sacrifices to crocodiles in order to drive away the bay crocodiles that endangered the people in Chaozhou, Guangdong at that time. At present, this crocodile is the largest crocodile in existence, with a maximum length of seven meters. Ceratosaurus: refers to a horned dragon. According to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, "A Thousand-year-old Dragon, a Hundred-year-old dragon five Horned Dragon", Horned Dragon is an old man among dragons. Ying Long: The winged dragon is called Ying Long. According to Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, "dragon five has been a Ceratosaurus for a hundred years, and Ying Long for a thousand years", Ying Long is the essence of the dragon, so he has wings. According to legend, Ying Long was the dragon of the ancient Yellow Emperor. It was ordered by the Yellow Emperor to crusade against Chiyou and kill Chiyou to become a hero. In Yu's flood control, the dragon swept the floor with its tail and diverted the flood. This dragon is also called Huanglong, and Huanglong is it, so it is the hero of Yu. Ying Long is characterized by wings, prickly scales, long head, small nose, eyes and ears, big eyes, high eyebrow arch, sharp teeth, protruding forehead, thin neck, long tail tip and strong limbs, just like a Chinese alligator with wings. The image of Ying Long often appears in jade carvings, stone carvings, silk paintings and lacquerware in the Han Dynasty during the Warring States Period. Fire dragon: Fire dragon appeared at the beginning of the world, surrounded by red flames. The recorded fire dragon brought light and the flame of human existence to the chaotic world. Panlong: refers to the dragon that crouches on the ground and does not ascend to heaven. The shape of a dragon is coiled. In ancient buildings in China, dragons coiled on pillars and dragons on decorative beams and ceilings are customarily called Panlong. There is another explanation for Panlong in "Taiping Magnolia": "Panlong is four feet long, blue-black, with a brocade-like red belt, and often goes down with the water and into the sea. Toxic, it hurts. " I mix dragons with jiaozi, snakes and things like that. Qinglong is one of the "four spirits" or "four gods", also known as the black dragon. Ancient astronomers in China divided some stars in the sky into twenty-eight star zones, that is, twenty-eight nights, to observe the movement of the moon and divide the seasons, and divided the twenty-eight nights into four groups, with seven nights in each group, four colors of blue, red, white and black, and four animals, namely dragons, birds, tigers and basalts (where turtles and snakes intersect), called "four elephants". The dragon represents the east and is blue, so it is called "East Palace Qinglong". In the Qin and Han dynasties, these four images became "four spirits" or "four gods" (dragon, phoenix, turtle and forest), and their mystery became more and more intense. The existing stone relief of the East Palace Black Dragon constellation in Nanyang Han Painting Academy consists of a dragon, eighteen stars and the moon, and is engraved with jade toad. This dragon is the symbol of the whole black dragon constellation. In the bricks, stones and tiles of the Han Dynasty, there are many images of "four spirits". Qinglong belongs to the east, and the five elements belong to the wood. Oriental green dragon, the breath of spring. Black Dragon: The name of the dragon. "Songs of Chu Xi Poetry": "The larva of the black dragon is on the left and the white tiger is on the right."
Dragon: The dragon lives on the coast or in the estuary. It looks like jiaozi, or it may be one of them. Storks have an incredible ability to see all kinds of visions from the air exhaled by their mouths. Most of these phantoms are pavilions, luxury goods that no one has ever seen. From the window, you can see the well-dressed nobles walking around. This is often called a mirage. Yunlong: A dragon entangled in clouds. Wang Long: A dragon with a side head.
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The belief in the Dragon King in China came into being with the rise of Buddhism, but it is very different from the Dragon King in Indian Buddhism. It can be said that the Dragon King in China is the product of Buddhism and Taoism. Taoism introduced the Buddhist dragon king and reformed it to form its own dragon king system, which is called the heavenly dragon king, the four seas dragon king and the five sides dragon king. Specific example: 1. The "Dragon King Product" in The Mantra of Taishang East Shen Yuan lists the "Five Emperors Dragon King" distinguished by orientation, the "Four Seas Dragon King" distinguished by ocean, 54 dragon king names and 62 dragon king names distinguished by everything in the world; 2. Four Dragon Kings in Journey to the West (Ao Guang in the East China Sea, Aoqin in the West Sea, Aorun in the South China Sea and Aoshun in the North China Sea); 3. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Longchi was summoned and an altar official was set up to worship the Dragon King. 4. In the second year of Daguan, Song Huizong (1 108), it was announced that all the five dragons in the world were crowned as kings, Qinglong God as king of Ren Guang, Red Dragon God as king of Jiaze, Huanglong God as king of Fu Ying, White Dragon God as king of Yiji and Black Dragon God as king of Lingze. 5. In the second year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1863), the dragon god of the canal was named "the dragon god who should divide water for a long time", which made the river chief sacrifice it in time.
Taoism
Taoism, a native religion in China, was formed on the basis of primitive religion, which combined witchcraft, nature worship, animal worship and fairy witchcraft in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and became theoretical and systematic. Early Taoists had realized that dragons came from snakes. There is a cloud in "Yellow and White Articles": "The dragon of the snake is no different from the one he gave birth to. However, the root causes are all caused by natural feelings. Obeying the emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Daoling advocated the Five Mi Dou Doctrine, with Laozi as the leader and Laozi's Five Thousand Books as the main classic, and gradually formed an artificial religious form with doctrine, doctrine and canon as the main content. Taoism has had an indissoluble bond with dragon worship since its formation. In the pre-Qin period, Lapras's belief in Zhou Zhou's four seas, Lapras's belief in ascending to heaven, and the belief in connecting heaven and man with dragons were all completely inherited by Taoism. The descendants of Zhang Daoling, the founder of Taoism, all inherited his career and were called "Shi Tian", and were told that they were predestined friends with dragons. According to legend, the third generation surnamed Lu had ten sons, nicknamed "Zhang's Ten Dragons". Another legend is that Zhang Lu's daughter was washing clothes at the foot of the mountain, and suddenly there was white fog around her, so she got pregnant before marriage and committed suicide in shame. Leave last words before dying. Be sure to dissect the body and see what's in it. As a result, there were two twin dragons in the belly, and the maid put them into the Hanshui River. Many later Taoist representatives are said to have a mysterious relationship with dragons, such as Tao Hongjing, a Taoist representative in the Southern Dynasties. It is said that his mother was born a dragon, and he is a kind of dragon. The most important role of dragons in Taoism is to help Taoists bury themselves and communicate with ghosts and gods. The dragon is considered as one of the "three sedan chairs". The "three sedan chairs" referred to here are dragon sedan chairs, tiger sedan chairs and deer sedan chairs. The sedan chair of Taoism is mainly used as a riding tool for burial. Mr. Zhang Guangzhi thinks: "The owner of No.45 tomb in Puyang is a primitive Taoist or wizard in Yangshao cultural society, and the dragon, tiger and deer carved with clam shells are the artistic images of three sedan chairs that he can summon and use." He linked the clam, dragon, tiger and deer with the three sedan chairs in ancient primitive Taoism, and thought they were related. Legend has it that Shi Tian and Zhenjun, who have magical powers, can also summon and drive away dragons. Youyang mixed. Strange art said: in a landlord's house called Yun 'an, there is a fifteen-mile dangerous beach by the river, and no one pulls the fiber, so the boat can't cross it. Zhai Ganyou, a thin generation of Shi Tian, saw a business trip, tied an altar, called a dragon, *** 14, and all became old people. Zhai Shitian told them to level the dangerous beach to facilitate the boat trip, and the dragon was ordered to leave. Overnight, the storm struck, and Yan Guan was ready to come. Three days later, a woman came to Fang. It turned out to be a female dragon. Eloquence: wealthy businessmen cross the river by boat, and the poor in Yunan pull the fiber for them. They always make a living by pulling fibers. If the shoal is gone and the boat is unimpeded, how can we eat and wear it? I would rather take a dangerous beach to support a tracker than use a boat to help a rich businessman. Zhai Shitian nodded after hearing this, so he told Zhu Long to put everything back to its original state.
Buddhism
In Buddhist scriptures, the dragon king Nāgarāja has various names. In Buddhism, the dragon should be a cobra, not a traditional loong. For example, in the Lotus Sutra of the Wonderful Method, it is said that there are eight dragon kings, one is the difficult dragon king, the other is the difficult dragon king, the third is the Jialuo dragon king, the fourth is the Xiuji dragon king, the fifth is the German-Italian dragon king, the sixth is the Anabodado dragon king, and the seventh is the Monas dragon king.