The above-mentioned academic certificates are issued to graduates of higher education from independent colleges (including adult colleges and military colleges, and institutions providing modern distance education), adult colleges (namely, radio and television universities, workers' colleges, farmers' colleges, management cadre colleges, education colleges, and independent correspondence colleges), private colleges with academic qualifications, and graduates of higher education self-study exams organized by social forces.
Second professional academic education
The second professional diploma education is an adult continuing education to meet the needs of economic and social development for compound talents and to meet the requirements of employees to broaden their knowledge and professional fields. The second major is junior college degree. Recruit employees with junior college degree or above in national education series, regardless of length of service or age. Candidates who apply for the second college degree must submit the original or photocopy of the graduation certificate of the national education series and above to the school for registration, which will be reviewed and confirmed by the provincial admissions agency. When students graduate, they will be awarded the diploma of adult higher education recognized by the state.
How to get a higher education diploma
[1] Take the national unified entrance examination for ordinary colleges and universities, which is organized by the provincial admissions department. Students are admitted to colleges and universities and formally obtained their student status for full-time full-time study.
[2] Take the national unified entrance examination for adult colleges and universities organized by the provincial admissions department, and formally obtain the student status after being admitted to the Adult College or the Adult Education College of ordinary colleges and universities. Main learning methods: 1. Full-time full-time study in colleges and universities; The second is to enter colleges and universities by amateur face-to-face teaching; The third is to enter the correspondence station set up by ordinary colleges and universities to conduct part-time study by correspondence.
[3] Taking the unified entrance examination for counterpart enrollment in higher vocational education organized by the provincial education administrative department, organized by the provincial enrollment department, was admitted to the counterpart enrollment school and officially obtained full-time full-time student status.
[4] To take part in the self-study examination of higher education, you can take part in the tutoring organized by social forces and regularly take part in the course examination organized by the self-study examination management department.
[5] Participate in the graduation certificate entrance examination organized by the provincial education administrative department (or directly determine the admission score of the graduation certificate examination school by the provincial education administrative department under the admission score of the ordinary college entrance examination in that year) and be admitted to the graduation certificate examination school, obtain a formal student status, and conduct full-time study.
[6] Participate in higher education classes organized by ordinary colleges and universities in the form of modern distance education. Only take the test organized by the admissions school when you enter school. After students are admitted to the school, they will study in the teaching center set up by the school.
Higher education diploma examination
The higher education diploma examination is a national qualification examination for private college students who do not yet have the qualification to issue academic diplomas. It is an integral part of the education examination system, and it is also a full-time higher education characterized by the combination of running schools and national examinations, lenient entry and strict exit, and separation of teaching and examination. Schools that have obtained the pilot qualification for the higher education diploma examination can determine the corresponding admission scores below the admission line of the college entrance examination according to the enrollment majors and enrollment plans determined by the provincial education administrative departments, or they can organize the entrance examination by themselves. Students who have obtained the diploma examination qualification shall complete all the courses specified in the teaching plan (except 30% courses organized by our school, and the remaining 70% courses need to take the higher education self-study examination, including the national unified examination courses and the provincial unified examination courses) and practical teaching links. Those who pass the examination and pass the ideological and moral appraisal shall be awarded the graduation certificate of higher education self-study examination recognized by the state by the provincial examination office, which shall be uniformly printed by the national self-study examination office.
Academic management in general higher education
General higher education diploma is divided into graduation certificate, graduation certificate and graduation certificate. Graduation certificates are issued to graduate students, undergraduates, junior college students, students of the second bachelor's degree class and students of RTVU, correspondence university and night university who are included in the enrollment plan of general higher education.
Before 1993, there were different practices in the management of general higher education diplomas all over the country. Some provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and ministries uniformly print or manage the academic certificates of their universities, while others are printed or managed by universities themselves. Because there is no unified requirement for related work, there are some loopholes in management, and some school-running units violate national policies and issue diplomas indiscriminately, which affects the quality of running higher education and social reputation. On the other hand, it objectively gives criminals the opportunity to forge and sell general higher education certificates.
Starting from 1993, the academic credentials of general higher education are managed by the relevant departments and schools of the state, provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) or the State Council. The Ministry of Education (formerly the State Education Commission) controls the total number of regions and departments according to the enrollment plan and the actual number of graduates (graduates), and uniformly prints the graduation core and graduation certificate or the certificate of ordinary colleges and universities; To formulate regulations and implementation measures for the management of academic certificates; Check and supervise the methods and work of students' graduation (graduation) qualification examination and certification. In 2000, the Ministry of Education began to establish an electronic registration system for general higher education diplomas. This reform will make the Ministry of Education no longer print the core of higher education diplomas uniformly, but print them by universities themselves, but electronic registration and online inquiry must be carried out. In 2000, it was piloted in Beijing, Tianjin, Liaoning, Hubei and Chongqing, and in 20001year, various electronic registration systems for higher education certificates were implemented nationwide.
Issuance and certification of academic qualifications
The state recognizes the academic certificates issued by ordinary institutions of higher learning (including scientific research institutions that train graduate students), adult institutions of higher learning and private schools with academic qualifications approved by the state education authorities. In addition, self-study exams, graduation certificates issued by the self-study exam committees of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) authorized by the the State Council Self-study Exam Committee, graduation certificates obtained by students enrolled in full-time ordinary classes in party schools, adult colleges and military colleges approved by the national education authorities, graduation certificates issued by diploma examination schools, graduation certificates issued by colleges and universities in the form of distance education, and graduation certificates in line with the Interim Provisions on the Administration of Academic Certificates in Colleges and Universities of the People's Liberation Army of China. The Ministry of Education has decided to implement the electronic registration system for the management of academic credentials in China's higher education from 200 1, and entrusted the National College Students' Information Consulting and Employment Guidance Center to be responsible for the technical, transactional, online inquiry and certification services of academic credentials. Academic certificates after 200 1 can be found on the China Higher Education Student Information Network (www.chsi.com.cn) registered by the center, and the center also provides academic certificate authentication services.
What is a degree?
A degree is an academic title that marks that the educational level and academic level of the grantee have reached the prescribed standards. China's degree is divided into bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctor's degree. A "postdoctoral" is not a degree, but a doctoral degree winner who is allowed to enter Post-Doctoral Research Center for scientific research.
The bachelor's degree is awarded by institutions of higher learning authorized by the State Council, and the master's degree and doctor's degree are awarded by institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions authorized by the State Council. Undergraduate graduates of institutions of higher learning who have achieved excellent results and reached the prescribed academic level are awarded bachelor's degrees; Postgraduates in institutions of higher learning and scientific research, or persons with the same academic ability as postgraduates, pass the course examination and thesis defense for master's (doctoral) degree and reach the required academic level, and are awarded master's (doctoral) degrees. Institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions that confer academic degrees shall, after academic degree evaluation committee has made a resolution on conferring academic degrees, issue corresponding degree certificates to degree winners.
Outstanding scholars or famous social activists at home and abroad may be awarded honorary doctorates upon nomination by the degree-conferring unit and approval by the the State Council Academic Degrees Committee.
Relations and differences between degrees and academic qualifications
A degree is different from academic qualification. Those who have obtained a degree certificate but have not obtained a diploma are still the original academic qualifications. Those who have obtained a master's degree or doctoral degree certificate may not be able to obtain a master's degree or doctoral degree certificate; Those who have obtained a bachelor's degree certificate may not be able to obtain a bachelor's degree certificate. It is common to confuse academic qualifications with academic qualifications now. For example, some people graduated from undergraduate courses and later obtained doctoral degrees through on-the-job degree applications. At this time, the academic qualifications are still undergraduate, which can't be called "doctor's degree".
Applying for a degree on the job is not academic education. After obtaining the degree, the applicant only shows that he has reached the academic level of the master's degree and has the same academic ability (the "power" of learning ability) as the master's degree, and does not involve academic qualifications. Therefore, the applicant's academic qualifications have not changed, and he can't get a master's degree.
On-the-job graduate students are a type of postgraduate education in the national plan. They work on the job and study part-time in school as on-the-job personnel. On-the-job graduate students are the same as full-time graduate students in registration, examination requirements and admission methods. Is a formal graduate student admitted by the school and can get a graduate degree.
The three basic characteristics that distinguish modern service industry from traditional service industry are "high human capital content, high technology content and high added value" (referred to as "three highs"), and at the same time, the development trend of "new technology, new format and new mode" (referred to as "three new") of modern service industry is derived.
In the sense of combining input and output, "high human capital content, high technology content and high added value" (referred to as "three highs") are three basic characteristics that distinguish modern service industry from traditional service industry. It should be said that these three characteristics are also suitable for advanced manufacturing and traditional manufacturing. High human capital content is the primary feature of modern service industry, because professional human capital is the main input factor of modern service industry. In the cost structure of advanced manufacturing industry, material (monetary) capital and human capital are roughly equal. Industrial modernization and progress are always linked with technological progress, and high-tech content has become the proper meaning of the topic. High added value is in the sense of V (living labor value) +M (surplus value is profit), not just in the sense of M. In the value of products and services in traditional industries, C (transfer value) accounts for a large proportion, while V and M account for a small proportion, while in the value of products and services in modern industries, the proportion of V and M is rising, especially in modern service industries.
Modern service industry has become an important industry of China's national economy and a new growth point of economic development.
(1) The service industry shows new economic characteristics. Information technology with computer technology as the core promotes the development of various service trade based on information, and promotes the development of other service trade and goods trade based on information flow; The proportion of modern service industries, mainly financial, insurance, real estate and business services, in the added value has increased significantly; The proportion of employment in modern service industry has increased rapidly; The knowledge-intensive service industry has developed most rapidly. The new economic characteristics of service industry show that it is an important trend of future industrial development.
(2) Service industry has become an important promoter of new technologies. First of all, the service industry is the main user of new technologies. The extensive application of new technologies by enterprises and individuals has provided rich returns for the inventors of new technologies and played an important role in promoting the development of new technologies. Second, the service industry guides the development direction of new technologies. The new demand generated by service sector is the direction of existing technology research and development, the goal pursued by new technologies, and plays an important role in promoting the development of new technologies. Third, the service industry is the most important promoter of new technologies, especially the service industry engaged in technical services and support. Fourth, the service industry has promoted the exchange and development of many technologies.
(3) The investment in service industry has increased substantially, and the integration of service industry and manufacturing industry has become a global economic development trend. The increase in investment in service industry is mainly manifested in the substantial increase in intermediate investment in manufacturing industry and the obvious trend of industrial integration. At present, the outstanding feature of industrial integration is that the external activities of manufacturing enterprises drive the development of modern emerging service industry. Modern service industry is accelerating to penetrate into the whole process of early research and development, design, mid-term management, financing, logistics, sales, after-sales service and information feedback of modern manufacturing industry, and modern manufacturing industry is gradually changing from manufacturing-centered to service-centered.