2. The strengthening of the concept of material interests has impacted the dedication required for national defense construction. Under the condition of market economy, people's concept of material interests has been greatly enhanced, and material interests have become the most dominant factor affecting people's thinking and behavior. Although this is reasonable and positive and reflects social progress, its influence on people's selfless dedication is inevitable. National defense construction is a cause that benefits the motherland and the people, and it is a cause that needs dedication most. In particular, the army, as the main body of national defense forces, takes selfless dedication to the motherland and the people as its main professional feature. Soldiers usually have to defend their country and the frontier in a difficult environment, and they have to fight in the battle of blood and fire in wartime. They need to make all kinds of sacrifices and pay all kinds of prices, many of which are unimaginable and cannot be measured by money. However, under the existing conditions in China, the economic benefits of military personnel are relatively low, and there are various hidden concerns. The imbalance between the rewards paid and received by soldiers has formed a more obvious "contrast" with some high-income people in society, which has weakened the attraction of military camps to young people, especially outstanding talents, and failed to attract and retain the best talents; Young people's enthusiasm for joining the army has declined, and the quality of soldiers has declined; Army cadres and soldiers are uneasy, change their minds and so on.
3. National defense mobilization and reserve force construction are facing many new situations. National defense mobilization includes armed forces mobilization, personnel mobilization for war, economic and technical mobilization, political mobilization, etc. , involving all aspects of the country and national defense construction. The key is to form a rapid and efficient mobilization system suitable for the national social system and national conditions. The national defense mobilization system is a system established by the state to realize the transformation from peacetime to wartime and transform the war potential into the ability to cope with and win wars as soon as possible. Including various measures and means adopted by all walks of life, industries and links, as well as institutional setup, authority division, planning regulations, laws and regulations, etc. In the past, China's national defense mobilization system was linked with the planned economy system, and the way of national defense mobilization was purely administrative orders, which did not fully adapt to the new historical conditions. Under the condition of market economy, the economic structure and the whole social organization have undergone profound changes, and the stakeholders tend to be diversified. Whether it is the expansion of the armed forces, the conversion of civilian products, the requisition of transportation forces, the organization of civil air defense, or the mobilization of other financial and material resources, etc. Compared with the past, they have completely different characteristics, and we must explore and strive to form a new set of fast and effective mobilization forms and procedures. There is no doubt that national defense mobilization, as an extraordinary behavior of national peacetime and wartime transformation, is bound to have mandatory and irresistible authority. However, on the premise of the supremacy of national interests, we should also take into account the interests of different stakeholders and coordinate various interest relationships. Only in this way can we mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties and unite powerful forces to win the war. It is necessary to clearly define the rights and obligations of stakeholders and individuals through laws and regulations. Connecting with the situation in the field of national defense mobilization, under the condition of market economy, the construction of national defense reserve forces is also facing many new problems due to the change of microeconomic foundation, the change of people's value orientation and the increase of personnel mobility. It is difficult to raise funds, concentrate personnel and carry out activities in the construction of national defense reserve forces. In some local militia training, there is even a phenomenon of "don't call, don't want money, don't have enough money". All these need to be combined with the new situation and explore new ways to solve them.
4. The new social environment has a certain negative impact on the ideological and political construction and management of the army. In today's world, various ideas and cultures are stirring with each other. With the opening to the outside world, the window has been opened, and the fresh wind of modern civilization is blowing, and the decadent bourgeois ideology and culture will inevitably take advantage of it. Market economy has brought vitality to China society and greatly enriched material and cultural life. However, the market itself has its own weaknesses, and some negative effects on the social atmosphere can not be ignored. At present, the phenomenon of "wine, green light and red light" in China's social life is certainly a manifestation of economic and cultural development and the improvement of people's living standards, but progress and backwardness are often accompanied by health and decay. Under the guise of modern elegance, some places often become places to shelter evil people, hotbeds of corruption and dens of ugliness and evil. The army does not live in a vacuum. Various social ideologies, cultures and lifestyles are bound to be reflected in the army, and some negative effects cannot be ignored. For example, in some developed areas and frontier areas of reform and opening up, high-end restaurants, dance halls, nightclubs, cafes, bars, saunas, hair salons and other high-consumption places have appeared around the military camp, which has brought many new problems to the ideological and political construction and management education of the army. In recent years, some officers and men have been corrupted by decadent ideology and culture, and there are many cases in which they pursue pleasure and money and embark on the road of crime. The huge "contrast" between the inside and outside of the military camp also makes some officers and men feel uneasy, unwilling to live a relatively hard and monotonous life in the military camp and unwilling to be bound by various strict military disciplines, which has a centrifugal effect on the officers and men to do a good job in national defense construction.
National defense construction obeys and serves the overall situation of national economic construction, and the coordinated development of national defense construction and economic construction is a long-term basic policy of national defense construction in China. National defense modernization needs the support of the country's strong economic and technological strength, and the level of national defense modernization can only be gradually improved with the enhancement of the country's economic strength. The country's insistence on taking economic construction as the center is related to the overall situation of national development and prosperity. National defense construction must obey and serve the overall situation, and the army should actively support and participate in national economic construction. The national defense science, technology and industry implements the policy of combining military and civilian, combining peacetime and wartime, giving priority to military products, and combining military and civilian. While concentrating on economic construction, the state strengthens national defense construction and promotes the coordinated development of national defense construction and economic construction.
The relationship between national economic construction and national defense construction is a basic relationship with overall situation in China's modernization. Correctly handling this relationship is undoubtedly of far-reaching significance to the development of the whole country and nation. Economic construction is the foundation of national defense construction, and the development of national defense construction ultimately depends on the development of economic construction. China's productivity level is not high and its economic strength is not strong, so we must concentrate on economic construction. Unless there is a large-scale foreign invasion, this center cannot be shaken under any circumstances. At the same time, strengthening national defense construction is also the basic guarantee for national security and economic development, and national defense modernization is an important part of national modernization. In the overall development strategy of the country, we should always focus on economic construction and adhere to the balanced and coordinated development of economic construction and national defense modernization. (Zhang Wannian's Contemporary World Military and China's National Defense, p. 172)
National defense construction in peacetime, as an important part of the national superstructure, as the guarantee and pillar of national security and development, has always played an important role in national construction. As early as the first meeting of the China People's Political Consultative Conference to discuss the founding program of the new China, Mao Zedong issued a call to the people of the whole country to build a strong national defense, which opened the prelude to the national defense construction of the new China. Since then, successive party and state leaders have devoted themselves to national defense construction. The country has today, the people have today, and the Chinese nation has today, which is closely related to the consolidation and growing strength of national defense. Analyzing and summarizing the basic experience of national defense construction will help to build a stronger national defense with a clearer mind, a more scientific attitude and a more steady pace in the new historical period.
1. As a defender of national interests, national defense can only be consolidated and strengthened. Only in this way can the country obtain the basic rights and interests of survival and development. National defense is the sum of all the defense measures taken by the state to ensure that the national interests are not violated by the outside world. The most fundamental interests of a country and a nation are embodied in two aspects, one is that survival is a security issue, and the other is a development issue, and the acquisition and guarantee of such security and development rights and interests are closely related to the strength and consolidation of national defense. If we say that China's history of being unarmed and bullied by foreign powers has provided a lesson that the Chinese nation should always learn, then at the beginning of the founding of New China, we relied on military and national defense forces to smash the attacks and interference of domestic and foreign enemies, won the international status and the practice of peaceful construction and development environment for the young Republic of China, and opened a new era for the Chinese nation to stand on its own feet among the nations of the world.
New China has been consolidated and developed in an extremely complicated and severe domestic and international environment. At home, the Kuomintang reactionaries and all the old forces are not willing to fail, but still rely on their residual military strength and various economic, cultural and religious means to carry out tenacious struggle; With the demise of the international community, the imperialist powers headed by the United States are unwilling to see China become independent from the colonial system, and are even more afraid that China will become rich and strong. They refused to recognize it diplomatically and politically, and imposed an economic blockade and embargo, especially in 1950, when they launched a war of aggression against the DPRK, which affected the northeast border of China. Faced with this severe struggle situation, the party and the government made a wise decision to build a strong national defense to defend the new regime. Mao Zedong pointed out in "On People's Democratic Dictatorship" that, due to the existence of imperialism and domestic class enemies, strengthening the construction of armed forces and strengthening the people's state machinery to consolidate and defend the people's interests is the premise for China to move from an agricultural country to an industrial country and from new democracy to socialism and even capitalism under the leadership of the * * Production Party. 1950 On September 30th, Zhou Enlai also stressed at the celebration meeting of the first anniversary of the National Day held by the China People's Political Consultative Conference: "The victorious people of China cannot have strong national defense forces to protect themselves, and we must strengthen national defense construction in time." Therefore, under the circumstances that everything is ready and the national economy and finance are extremely difficult, the state still concentrates considerable manpower, material resources and financial resources on national defense construction. On the one hand, two new services, the navy and the air force, and new services such as armored force, railway corps, chemical defense corps and engineering corps, have been established rapidly, and the army building has made a qualitative leap. On the one hand, the rapid establishment and development of national defense industry, national defense science and technology and the development of national defense education have provided a reliable material and spiritual foundation for national defense. Relying on this growing national defense force, the Kuomintang's residual military power on the mainland was quickly eliminated, social order was stabilized, the great task of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea and defending the country was successfully completed, and the United States, the world's number one imperialist military power, was forced to sign an armistice agreement. This not only safeguarded national sovereignty and territorial integrity, established a new people's political power, and provided an environment for peaceful construction for the people of China, but also forced all countries, including imperialist countries, to re-examine this newly born People's Republic with a new eye. At that time, New China won a lofty international status that was not commensurate with its own economic strength, and experienced the great power of "China people stood up", which mainly depended on the consolidation and strength of national defense.
2. As a defense system with military force as the main body, national defense can be reliably guaranteed only by focusing on strengthening the construction of a standing army. Generally speaking, the national defense strength of a country depends on the comprehensive national strength composed of military, political, economic, scientific and technological, cultural, diplomatic and demographic factors. But in all these elements, military power is the pillar position, and the main body of military power is the standing army. Other elements should also play a role in the construction of a standing army to a great extent, so that it can be transformed into a realistic national defense force. The People's Liberation Army and the armed police in active service, as the standing army of our country, are the strong pillars of the people's democratic dictatorship, shouldering the important mission of consolidating national defense, resisting aggression, defending the motherland and defending the people's peaceful labor. Our party built a new China by armed struggle and the people's army, so we have a clear understanding of the extreme importance of building a standing army. As early as in the report of the Seventh National Congress in the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao Zedong put forward the famous assertion that "without the people's army, there would be nothing for the people". 1in March, 949, in his reply to the officers and men of the "Chongqing" cruiser uprising, he proposed that the people of China should build their own strong national defense, in addition to the army, they should also build their own air force and navy. With the care of the party, the country and the people of the whole country, our army's weapons and equipment have been continuously improved, the level of revolutionization, modernization and regularization has been continuously improved, and its combat effectiveness has been continuously enhanced, thus fulfilling its duties well.
During the period of peaceful construction, military construction must be centered on modernization. Since the founding of New China, the party and state leaders represented by Mao Zedong have realized the extreme importance of strengthening the modernization of our army. After the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, this understanding became the knowledge of the Party and the army. At the meeting of senior cadres of the National Military System Party held at the end of 1953, the policy of taking modernization as the center of army building was formally determined, and it was pointed out that this is not only an objective requirement to deal with the war of aggression, but also the only way to advance army building to a higher stage. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping adhered to and developed Mao Zedong's thought on the construction of the people's army, issued the call of "making efforts to build our army into a powerful modern and regularized revolutionary army", and re-established the central position of modernization in army building. As the great wall of steel of the socialist motherland, our army can live up to its mission and remain invincible forever only by continuously strengthening modernization and improving its defensive combat capability under modern conditions.
3. National defense, as a gathering place of cutting-edge science and technology, can only establish an international image commensurate with the status of a big country by making national defense science and technology among the powerful countries. National defense is a top priority related to the rise and fall of the country and the nation. Therefore, since ancient times, the latest scientific and technological achievements of human society have often been first applied to military and national defense struggles, and even directly produced in the military and national defense fields. The progress of national defense science and technology has become the key link of national defense strength. Especially in today's world, high-tech is widely used in the military field, and the competition of national defense forces is concentrated in the competition of national defense science and technology. Only by becoming a national defense science and technology power can we establish our position as a political and military power in the world. Since the founding of New China, China's international status has been continuously improved, which is also linked to the development of national defense science and technology.
As early as 1950s, Mao Zedong pointed out: In order to defend the motherland from imperialist aggression, it is far from enough to rely solely on the technical equipment we use to fight backward domestic enemies. "Our army, air force and navy must have enough mechanized equipment and equipment", and we must establish and develop our national defense science and technology as soon as possible. Although the national economy was still in a difficult period at that time, the party and the state still regarded the development of national defense science and technology and national defense industry as one of the priorities of the first five-year plan.
After substantial progress has been made in the development and production of conventional weapons, in order to break the nuclear monopoly of superpowers, Mao Zedong put forward a higher goal that we should also build atomic bombs, and guided China's national defense research into the high-tech field, which achieved great success. 1June, 959, China's task of developing an atomic bomb began. By June 1964, the first atomic bomb developed by China exploded successfully, and three years later, the hydrogen bomb exploded. 1964 After the first short-range missile was successfully tested, 1966 and 1969 launched medium and long-range ground-to-ground missiles. China's first artificial earth satellite was launched in 1970. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping's strategic thinking that "science and technology are the primary productive forces" and "China must occupy a place in the world's high-tech fields", national defense science and technology has made new progress. 1980, China launched a long-range rocket into the South Pacific, which hit the target accurately. 198 1 year, China launched three artificial satellites with a carrier rocket. 1982, the submarine successfully launched the rocket underwater. In 1990s, China's launch vehicle technology hit the international market. The successful development of China's "two bombs and one satellite" has enabled China to have certain nuclear counterattack and self-defense capabilities, and become one of the five countries in the world that independently master nuclear technology and space technology, greatly enhancing China's international status.
At present, China's national defense technology, especially high technology, lags far behind the United States, Russian and other countries. Our voice in international forums and influence in international affairs are not commensurate with our status as a big country with a large population and a vast territory. In order to narrow this gap and establish a correct international image, we must accelerate the modernization of national defense science and technology while enhancing our comprehensive national strength, and rank among the world's national defense science and technology powers.
National defense is the national defense of the whole people. Only by mobilizing the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of people to care about and participate in national defense can national security have a solid foundation. China is a socialist country under the people's democratic dictatorship, and the broad masses of the people are the masters of the country. This nature determines that our national defense must also be the national defense of the whole people. Only by applying Mao Zedong's thought of people's war to national defense in the period of peaceful construction and forming a mechanism that can give full play to people's subjective initiative in national defense construction can national defense construction gain the deepest source of strength and build a real iron wall.
After the founding of New China, the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, headed by Mao Zedong, attached great importance to the construction of the national defense system for all, and gradually formed the guiding ideology, organizational forms and safeguard measures of national defense construction that embodied the characteristics of "people's nature", "mass nature" and "integrity". After years of development, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the national defense mechanism with China characteristics has been gradually established.
Adhere to and develop the "trinity" armed forces system, while strengthening the construction of a standing army, attach importance to strengthening the construction of a reserve force that combines militia and reserve forces. The constitution program of the first China People's Political Consultative Conference clearly stipulates that People's Republic of China (PRC) implements the militia system. 1951may, the central military commission issued a special instruction to strengthen the construction of militia, pointing out that militia and self-defense forces should become strong pillars to consolidate the people's democratic dictatorship. 1955 The Military Service Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) established the legal status of reserve construction, and then the Central Military Commission issued an order to form a reserve division, highlighting the improvement of the quality of reserve forces and the "three implementations" of militia work. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the construction of China's national defense reserve forces, especially the reserve forces, has been fundamentally strengthened. In recent years, the militia and reserve forces have played a powerful role as backers and assistants in cooperating with the PLA regular army in defending the frontier, patrolling and maintaining social order, and played the role of fresh troops and commandos in economic construction.
As an important part of the national superstructure, national defense can maintain its vitality and improve its efficiency only if it serves the needs of economic foundation consolidation and development. The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure serves the economic base. As an important part of the superstructure, national defense construction mainly serves the economic base in the following aspects: when foreign enemies or domestic hostile forces use force to destroy or change the national economic base, they use revolutionary and just wars to maintain and defend it; The country is in the period of peaceful construction, which is mainly manifested in obeying and serving the overall situation of economic construction and creating a safe and stable internal and external environment. The idea that national defense construction should obey the overall situation of national economic construction was clearly put forward by our party after the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea 1953. Later, Mao Zedong made a comprehensive exposition in "On Ten Major Relations", pointing out that the reliable way to build a strong national defense is to cut military expenditure to an appropriate proportion. "Only by increasing the cost of economic construction can national defense construction make greater progress." According to this idea, the military expenditure of our army decreased from 52.9% of the national financial expenditure during the period of resisting US aggression and aiding Korea to 17.95% at the end of 1950s. At the same time, a series of correct measures have been taken, such as streamlining and restructuring the army. Since the 1960s, due to the implementation of the basic line with class struggle as the key link, the relationship between national defense construction and economic construction has been biased towards national defense, the number of troops has expanded, and national defense projects have blossomed everywhere, which has affected the coordinated development of economic construction and national defense construction to a certain extent. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, due to the correct implementation of Deng Xiaoping's thought that national defense and army building should act under the overall situation of economic construction, the proportion of military expenditure in the national financial budget has been greatly adjusted, and the functions of national defense scientific research and defense industry serving economic construction have been vigorously developed, creating conditions for economic take-off in the new period. At the same time, new progress has been made in the modernization of the armed forces.
Emphasizing that national defense construction is subordinate to the overall situation of economic construction does not mean that we can relax national defense construction or lower the standards of national defense construction, but seek the coordinated development of the two. Economic construction is the foundation of national defense construction, and national defense construction is the guarantee of economic construction. The two complement each other and are indispensable. National defense serves economic construction, including creating a good peaceful environment for economic construction, which can only be realized on the basis of the continuous development of national defense construction. Therefore, Mao Zedong put forward the idea of "grasping both hands" in 1950s, that is, grasping the economy on the one hand and national defense on the other. 1in the middle of 959, the Central Committee and the State Council further pointed out that the task centered on economic construction cannot be shaken, but we must also attach importance to and properly strengthen national defense construction, and it is extremely harmful to ignore the idea of national defense construction. In the new historical period, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that one of our four modernizations is national defense modernization from the perspective that the country's "four modernizations" are a whole. Without national defense modernization, it will not be the three modernizations. "Emphasize" the need to improve weapons and equipment and strengthen national defense modernization on the basis of the continuous development of the national economy. Historical experience tells us that a relatively peaceful international environment is often based on some kind of power comparison, especially military power comparison. Although the disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the bipolar confrontation and reduced the danger of world war, the threat of war still exists and the unstable factors around China have not disappeared. Under such an international situation, the strengthening of China's national defense forces plays a vital role in the international situation, especially in subregional stability and national security. Therefore, we must bring national defense into the overall planning of national economic and social development, make overall plans and coordinate exhibitions, so as to keep the national defense construction full of vigor and vitality forever. (Yao Youzhi's On Soldiers of the Century, Military Science Press, 2002, p. 169)
National defense modernization The competition of comprehensive national strength of contemporary countries also includes the competition of national defense forces. Nowadays, the competition of comprehensive national strength in the world is increasingly fierce, which embodies the fundamental interests of national survival and development under contemporary conditions. National strength should be based on national wealth, but national wealth is not equal to national strength. Although a country has a strong economic strength, without a strong national defense force, it is impossible to achieve its due international status, it is also difficult to consolidate the achievements of economic construction, and it is even subject to people in politics, economy and diplomacy. In today's world, although the social nature, status in the international strategic pattern and national interests are different, all countries are committed to enhancing their comprehensive national strength, including national defense forces, in order to seek strategic initiative in the new century. China is a developing country in the primary stage of socialism. The key to solving all the problems in China at this stage, including national defense modernization, is to develop the economy. Economic construction and its development are the overall issues that determine the fate of contemporary China. Without this overall situation, socialism is in danger of losing its material foundation, the Chinese nation is in danger of being expelled from the "ball register" and the foundation of national defense construction is in danger of collapse. Therefore, national defense modernization must act under this overall situation, obey and serve this overall situation. At the same time, national defense modernization is an important part of national socialist modernization. Without national defense modernization, China's socialist modernization is incomplete. National defense modernization is an indispensable great cause to ensure national security. It can be concluded that today's China, without a strong national defense force, is an empty talk if it wants to have an important international status and become an important force for promoting world peace. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "If China had no atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and satellites since the 1960s, China could not be called a big country with great influence and would not have such an international status." (Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, vol.3, p.279, Beijing, People's Publishing House, 1993) From the development trend, China, as the only socialist country in the world today, could not have become one of the great powers with important influence on international affairs without the modernization of national defense and army, and could not have demonstrated the superiority of the socialist system, stimulated national pride and self-confidence and carried forward the spirit of patriotism. A strong modern national defense force has always been a strong backing for reform, opening up and modernization, and a reliable guarantee for the consolidation of state power, social stability, economic development and people's peace.
Under the new historical conditions, strengthening national defense modernization has become an urgent requirement to adapt to the world military development trend. With the rapid development of science and technology, especially information technology, human society is changing from industrial society to information society, and a new military revolution is emerging. Strengthening national defense forces is a long-term accumulation and gradual process. Whether it is the improvement of weapons and equipment, the innovation of military theory, the training of army officers and soldiers, the organization and mobilization of reserve forces, etc. It is impossible to do it overnight. Therefore, driven by fundamental interests, many countries in the world make full use of the precious opportunities in relative peacetime, constantly strengthen national defense construction from the height of national strategic overall situation, and seize the military commanding heights in the new century. After the disintegration of the bipolar structure, superpowers still maintain and continue to strengthen the expanding military forces needed to promote hegemonism and power politics on a global scale, and maintain high-intensity military investment to maintain their status as military superpowers. Some influential countries in the world, while actively developing their comprehensive national strength, constantly strengthen their national defense strength in order to be in a more favorable position in the international strategic pattern. Even some small and medium-sized countries that are not rich dare not slack off in accumulating national defense strength, and regard strengthening national defense strength as an important means to improve their comprehensive national strength in order to gain a corresponding position in the fiercely competitive international community. In contrast, there is still a prominent contradiction between the level of national defense modernization and the high-tech war in China's national defense construction, and the financial and material resources that the state may provide are still difficult to meet the objective needs of national defense construction. If we think that national defense construction can be "self-guaranteed and self-developed" under the conditions of market economy; Or "with economic development, national defense will naturally become stronger"; Even the idea that national defense construction can be "delayed" and "let nature take its course" is very harmful. It will not only lead to the stagnation of national defense construction, but also further widen the gap of national defense modernization level in Datong developed countries, and it will