Mainly refers to the addition, deletion or adjustment of the cited materials in the paper; Material is the "flesh and blood" in the article, the argument to prove the point of view and the support for the establishment of the argument.

Then the basic requirements for selecting materials are: first, choose materials that illustrate opinions; The second is authenticity, that is, the materials used must be true, accurate and reliable; The third is appropriateness, that is, the material citation should be appropriate, no more or less, just right. Revising the paper depends on whether the cited materials are conclusive and powerful; Whether there is a source; Whether they can cooperate with each other to explain the argument; Whether the power of argument has been exerted; Whether it is logical; Whether it is convincing. To make up for the shortage of materials, it is necessary to replace vague, old and plain materials; We must resolutely delete false materials and materials irrelevant to the theme.

Material modification is usually carried out in two steps:

The first step is to check and correct, that is, regardless of opinions, structure and language, only to check whether the materials themselves are true, credible and accurate, including checking the laws, judgments, data, typical materials and quotations in the first draft. If you find any doubts and inconsistencies, you must make them clear and understand them. If you quote classic writers, you'd better check the original text if possible and give all the wrong, inaccurate and inconsistent materials. The authenticity of materials is the most basic condition for demonstrating papers. For untrue materials, citing will only make the paper untrue and false.

The second step is to add, delete and adjust the materials according to the requirements of the central argument and sub-arguments. For those with insufficient or thin materials, new representative and typical materials should be added to enrich the argument and make it more powerful. If the material is disorderly and repetitive, or the material is inconsistent with the viewpoint, it should be deleted and the viewpoint should be highlighted. Don't win with too much material, be moderate. For outdated and generalized materials, they should be exchanged and replaced with more suitable materials. The choice of paper materials is related to the richness of paper content. Too little will make readers feel ordinary, too much will make readers feel redundant, so it is particularly important to control the quantity.

Modify the structure

Structure is an important factor in the form of paper expression and the arrangement of paper content. The quality of the structure is directly related to the expression effect of the content of the paper. The adjustment and revision of the structure is related to the layout and arrangement of the full text. To adjust the structure, we need to straighten out our thinking, check whether the center of the paper is prominent, whether the level is clear, whether the paragraph division is appropriate, how to take care of the beginning, end and transition, and whether the full text constitutes a complete and tight whole. The principles and requirements of adjustment are to help highlight the central argument and serve the performance of the central argument.

To modify the structure, we should mainly focus on the following three aspects:

First, whether the level is clear and the thinking is smooth.

Generally, we can first look at the thinking and level of the article from the relationship between the headline and the subtitle. If the paper has no subtitle, it must be judged from the content. For example, whether the content of the article conforms to the logical connection of "asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems"; Whether the layout, levels and paragraphs of the full text are organized; Whether the context of the hierarchy is clear and smooth; Whether the arguments in each paragraph are clear and coordinated; The explanation of chaos should be smooth and smooth; Delete the repetition and contradiction, fill in the missing parts, and achieve coherence and fluency in the full text. This also involves the use of materials. For those redundant materials that can't provide clear levels and ideas for the article, it is necessary to completely delete them.

Second, whether the structure is complete.

The paper should have a complete structure. A paper should have three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion, which are in harmony, that is, a fascinating beginning, materials and analysis, and a clear and powerful ending. At the same time, we should also examine whether the key points and details of each part are appropriate. The missing parts should be supplemented in time, and the contents of each part should be arranged reasonably.

Third, whether the structure is tight.

A paper must be an argument and an argument, and there is strict logic between big arguments and small arguments. If the structure of the paper is loose, it is necessary to tighten it, delete those redundant materials, and delete redundant paragraphs that are too far from the subject and irrelevant. In order to make the structure rigorous and harmonious, we should also seriously consider and modify the transition and quotation of all parts of the full text, the cohesion of the structure and the coherence of the tone.

Modify language and punctuation

The language modification of the paper is mainly carried out in three aspects: first, the expression is clear and concise, and as many problems as possible are explained with the least words, which is an indispensable condition for a high-quality paper. In order to make the article concise, we must change the repetitive places into concise and clear words; The second is the accuracy of text expression. For the accuracy of language, we should turn specious words into accurate words; Third, the readability of the language. For the readability of language, we should turn plain into bright, clumsy into smooth, dull into vivid, obscure into bright, vague and general into clear and concrete.

Pay attention to the following three aspects in the revision:

First, use accurate, vivid and concise language as much as possible, and resolutely get rid of improper words, such as coinage, misuse of part of speech, confusion of meaning, etc., and resolutely put an end to typos and irregular simplified words and self-made words. Lu Xun said that when he wrote his own article, "no adjectives were created that no one knew except himself" and "words that only he knew and even he didn't understand were of little use". Such a serious and meticulous spirit is worth studying seriously.

Second, we should pay attention to correcting ungrammatical sentences such as incomplete structure, chaotic structure and improper collocation, so as to make them conform to language norms. Du Fu said: "For human nature, without amazing words, we can't stop worrying about beautiful sentences." . Pi Rixiu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, said: "A hundred words are refined, and a thousand sentences are refined." . If you write well, you must temper and revise it repeatedly.

Third, we should pay attention to the logical connection between sentences, and strive to be coherent from top to bottom, with the same tone and fluency.

Fourth, check punctuation and standardize writing. Punctuation is one of the elements of an article and an organic part of it. If used properly, they can accurately express the content. On the contrary, it will affect the expression of the content and even produce ambiguity. Check punctuation, mainly to see whether the usage of punctuation is correct, and adjust the punctuation in the wrong position. When revising, it should be written in strict accordance with the established usage and the prescribed format. In addition, we must correct scribbled words and irregular words when revising, and write neatly and clearly when copying. Also, in the revision, we should check whether the charts, symbols and formulas in the paper conform to the specifications, and seriously correct those that are more complicated and prone to mistakes.