At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of writers, such as Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, Cai Wenji, Han Danchun, etc. With their frankness, they expressed their ambition to make contributions and set off the first literary creation climax in the history of China's poetry. Because it was the Jian 'an era of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, it was later called Jian 'an literature.
Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Jian 'an literature, which is usually referred to in the history of literature, refers to the literature from the years before Jian 'an to the last year of Wei Mingdi (239). In fact, it was influenced by Cao Shi, and its creation was mainly in the Jian 'an period. Representative writers mainly include Cao Zhi's father and son (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi), seven sons of Jian 'an (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy, Serina Liu) and Cai Yan.
general situation
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of writers, such as Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, Cai Wenji, Han Danchun, etc. With their frankness, they expressed their ambition to make contributions and set off the first literary creation climax in the history of China's poetry. Because it was the Jian 'an era of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, it was later called Jian 'an literature.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the society was in turmoil. Cao Cao, a native of Guo Pei (now Bozhou) in Han Dynasty, set up Qingzhou soldiers, supported the Han Emperor, unified the north, and the society had a relatively stable environment. Both Cao Cao and his son have high literary accomplishment, and because of their advocacy, once-declining literature has a new vitality. At that time, a large number of literati gathered in Tongquetai, the capital of Yecheng (the former site was in Linzhang County, Handan City, Hebei Province). New breakthroughs have been made in poetry, prose and prose creation.
Jian 'an literature, especially poetry, absorbs the advantages of folk songs in Han Yuefu, is full of emotion and words, has a generous and sad artistic style, and truly reflects the social reality and the thoughts and feelings of literati in the late Han Dynasty. Because it happened during the Jian 'an period of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, later generations called the literature of this period Jian 'an literature. The representative figures of Jian 'an literature are "Three Cao" and "Seven Zi", with "Three Cao" as the core. Cao Cao is the leader and pioneer of Jian 'an literature, and there are more than 20 Yuefu poems. Hao, his masterpiece, describes the tragic scene of the warlord's scuffle, and Short Songs is a well-known masterpiece. Cao Pi is the second son of Cao Cao. His poems are euphemistic and implicit, and he writes more about love and sadness. Ge Yanxing is the earliest existing seven-character poem. His classical theory. The thesis is an important work in the history of China's literary criticism. Cao Zhi is the most famous writer in this period. More than 65,438+000 poems and essays have been handed down, such as Fu Liangxing on Mount Tai, Beauty and Luo Shenfu, which describe people's painful lives. Cao Zhi wrote the story of the seven-step poem, which is a household name. Li Bai has a saying that "the bones of great writers are all your brushes, and they are in the school of heaven", which shows the far-reaching influence of Jian 'an literature on later generations.
Reasons for prosperity
The prosperity of Jian 'an literature is closely related to its background. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state pastoral regime split, wars and disasters continued, people were in dire straits, and they fled everywhere, or died in the army or famine and plague. Jian 'an literati lived in this era of great change, witnessed all kinds of social misery and had personal feelings. Therefore, many literary works at that time reflected realistic themes and produced a large number of works describing war, people's suffering and longing for national reunification. It can be seen that the stimulation of the times has a great influence on the prosperity of Jian 'an literature.
The decline of Confucianism also contributed to the prosperity of Jian 'an literature. Confucianism has always occupied a dominant position in thought since Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty exclusively respected Confucianism. The traditional Confucian view of literature is primitive Taoism, and literature has always been a vassal of Confucian classics, which hinders the free development of literature. With the collapse of the Eastern Han Dynasty, traditional Confucianism lost its dominant position and the power to dominate thoughts, so literature began to get rid of the shackles of Confucian classics. Many writers have anti-traditional ideas, especially Cao Cao and Cao Zhi. They no longer regard literature as a tool to interpret Confucian classics, but use it to reflect real life and express their thoughts and feelings, thus broadening the road of literature.
In addition, the prevalence and development of literary criticism also promoted the prosperity of Jian 'an literature. Due to the social chaos and the decline of Confucianism, Jian 'an literati have a deeper reflection on the value and function of literature, and have a deeper study on the characteristics of various styles, the relationship between the style of articles and the author, and scholars often discuss and criticize each other. Thesis was the most important literary criticism at that time, so it can be seen that the development of Jian 'an literature was not unrelated to literary criticism.
The advocacy of leaders at that time also made Jian 'an literature more prosperous. Cao Cao and his son were not only literary leaders at that time, but also political leaders. "Serving the son of heaven made him not a minister." They love literature and recruit talents. Cao Cao ordered "appointing people on merit" and advocated a group of qualified literati to create together. Jian 'an Seven Sons is an example. In addition to recruiting talents, Cao Shi and his son also had excellent literary works, and their political status promoted the development of Jian 'an literature. They like literature and are naturally polite to the scribes. Unlike past rulers, they regard it as "excellent". On the contrary, they write together, discuss articles together and get along like friends. Therefore, the literary atmosphere became active and Jian 'an literature flourished, which had a lot to do with the attitude of the rulers.
Finally, the prosperity of Jian 'an literature is actually the law of literary development. The literature of Han Dynasty prepared for the rise of Jian 'an, and poetry and fu inspired the writers of Jian 'an. For example, the realistic spirit of Jian 'an literature inherits the tradition of "feeling sad and happy, starting from things" in Yuefu poems of Han Dynasty. Three ancestors, Wang Chen and even the seven sons of Jian 'an often reflect reality with old Yuefu poems. Nineteen Ancient Poems also provided reference for Jian 'an lyric poetry.
The rise of literature
From the period of Huan and Ling in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the post-Party was in charge, the sky was dark and the people complained, which eventually led to the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The buffer region developed its own strength by eliminating the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, and the local power gradually became stronger. The Eastern Han Dynasty was teetering in turbulent and chaotic times. After Xian Di acceded to the throne, he was repeatedly moved, and he needed to rely on the breathing space of the powerful ministers to survive. Especially after Cao Cao moved the capital to Xu and became a courtier in the name of the son of heaven, Emperor Xian of Han became a puppet and lost his prestige.
The orthodox rule of Confucianism collapsed in the war at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. People's ideological and cultural concepts will inevitably change greatly in the case of social disorder and chaos in the world, so various deviant ideas have broken through the shackles of Confucian ideological and moral concepts and emerged one after another. Confucianism not only lost its authority, but also no longer became people's moral standards and values. In the society at that time, everything was in a state of anomie. People are willful, maverick, self-conscious, and pursue personal spirit and enjoyment. Under such unconscious social conditions, the traditional culture inevitably changed during the Jian 'an period, thus showing a state in which many cultures competed with each other and went hand in hand.
No matter from the perspective of cultural evolution or evolutionary theory, the cultural fission in Jian 'an period is something worthy of our full praise and affirmation. It was the cultural fission during the Jian 'an period that made various cultural concepts appear and become popular.
During the Jian 'an period, political turmoil, the collapse of Confucianism and the collision of various ideas came into being. Various social and cultural behaviors have not only greatly changed people's way of thinking and behavior, but also changed people's social outlook and thinking level, greatly promoted people's re-understanding of the value of life, stimulated people's enterprising spirit, enhanced people's personality consciousness and stimulated literati's creative desire. It is in this cultural background that the literature in Jian 'an period rose rapidly.
It must be said that during the Jian 'an period, especially after Emperor Han Xian moved the capital and Cao Cao pacified Jizhou, the development of literature gained a fairly relaxed social and cultural environment. While making positive progress and making contributions, literary scholars "write, sing and speak with pen and ink to show the spirit of the times and reflect the life of the times".
affect
1. The pioneer of the new situation of Jian 'an literature is Cao Cao, an outstanding politician, strategist and poet. His representative works of poetry creation include Lu Luxing, Good Li Xing, and A Journey to the Bitter Han, which describe the war and people's sufferings at the end of the Han Dynasty. "Bones are exposed in the wild, and there are no crows in a thousand miles" is a famous sentence of Hao. The short song "The mountain is not too high, the sea is not too deep, the Duke of Zhou vomits and feeds, and the world belongs to his heart" shows his ambition to unify the world and the spirit of being proactive, showing his broad mind; "A trip to the sun and the moon, if unexpected, a brilliant star and a brilliant person, if unexpected" in Watching the Sea describes the magnificent atmosphere of the sea. "My heart is full of lofty sentiments" in "A Short Song" shows the author's yearning for talents, and "An old man riding a horse, aiming at a thousand miles, a martyr in his twilight years, courageously marching forward" in "Waiting for Hou" shows Cao Cao's positive and enterprising spirit.
2. Cao Cao is a pioneer in creating a new situation in literature. He pioneered the use of Yuefu old poems to write current affairs. Besides his five-character poems, there are many excellent four-character poems. He studied Han Yuefu, but he has his own style.
3. The earliest extant complete seven-character poem of literati is Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi; His Dian Lun Thesis is the earliest extant literary monograph. He advocated literature and promoted the prosperity of Jian 'an literature.
4. Cao Zhi's life and creation can be divided into two periods, which are bounded by Cao Pi's proclaimed emperor in 220 AD.
5. The representative works of Cao Zhi's poetry creation are "White Horse Pieces", which describes the superb martial arts and patriotic spirit of the ranger teenagers, among which "You can't be a strong man, you can't care about personal gain" reflects the patriotic spirit of the teenagers; "Give Xu Gan" to encourage friends to make contributions; "Seven Sorrow" pinned its depression and pain on the thinking women; Noda's trip to an oriole describes the story of a teenager who cut a net and saved an oriole. Yin on Mount Tai describes the poor life of the seaside people. Beauty, etc., entrusted her young talents with the distress of unmarried beauty. Zhong Rong called his poems "high-spirited, and the words were taken from Huamao".
6. The important writers in the Jian 'an period were "Three Cao", "Seven Zi" and the poetess Cai Yan. "Three Caos" refers to Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi; The name of "Seven Scholars" can be found in Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper, which refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Shen, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu, with Wang Shen as the highest achievement.
7. The representative work reflecting social unrest and people's sufferings in the creation of "Seven Poems" is RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, one of which "Going Out Without Seeing, Bones Cover the Plain" shows the sufferings brought to the people by the war. Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Yu's Driving Out of the North Gate, etc. Liu Zhen's three masterpieces expressing his personal ambitions and experiences are To My Brother.
8. The extant Cai Yan includes Five-character Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Poems of Sorrow and Anger, Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia, etc. The most credible is Cai Yan's grief and indignation poem.
Jian 'an literature
Literary features
The Jian 'an period in the history of literature lasted about fifty years, from the Yellow Scarf Uprising to the end of Wei Mingdi. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao completed the great cause of unifying the north, attracted a large number of scribes, and formed a group of people under Ye with Cao Shi and his son as the core. Jian 'an poetry is the product of the historical period when society moved from division and turmoil to unity. The era characteristics of "the world is in chaos, the wind is decaying and the customs are resentful" make Jian 'an literati broad-minded, ambitious in pursuit of ideals, active and free in life, straightforward, simple and vigorous in lyric style, forming a unique outline, rich and sad style of Jian 'an poetry. It created a new situation in China's poetry and established the poetic aesthetic style of "Jian 'an Style".
Jian 'an period is the conscious period of literature. People reflected in Jian 'an literature not only have social roles and obligations, but also personal interests and hobbies, as well as private daily life outside public social life. Jian 'an literature is a literature that fully demonstrates individual life, fully demonstrates the great spirit of life, and has lasting charm and value.
After the restoration of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao formulated the policy of "external martial arts, internal literature". While eliminating separatist forces one by one, eliminating wars and implementing a series of measures to enrich the people, Cao Cao actively led the development of literature. "For 30 years, the imperial army kept its hands on books, talked about martial arts during the day, thought about classics at night, wrote new poems and arranged orchestral strings, all of which became movements." His sons Cao Pi, Cao Zhi and their seven sons Jian 'an, Kong Rong (only his political views are different from Cao Cao's), RoyceWong, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Angelababy, Serina Liu and a dozen scholars also tried to imitate Cao Cao. During the Jian 'an period, poetry, ci-fu, articles and so on all developed greatly. Especially in the aspect of poetry, it formed the first climax of literati's poetry creation in the history of China literature, which made the poetry of Han Yuefu fully mature, developed the style of five-character poetry and created the style of seven-character poetry. Cao Cao took the lead in breaking through the imprisonment of Confucianism and breaking the prevailing style of writing at that time. His articles were free and easy, and the literati who followed him also responded positively. In the north, not only literature flourished, but also the writing style of a generation was changed. The literature of this period is called "Jian 'an Literature". Jian 'an literature has made great contributions to the political, economic and cultural development of the Chinese nation, especially to the later cultural development.
Jian' an sancao
Jian 'an style
It refers to the poetic style of Cao Shi's father and son, Jian 'an Seven Sons and others in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Three Cao (Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) and Seven Zi (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Angelababy, Serina Liu), literary giants in the Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty, inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, generally adopted the five-character style, and became famous for their heroic style, forming a history of generous and sad masculinity. No matter "Cao Shi and Son" or "Seven Children in Jian 'an", they all live in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture. "Style of character" is an important concept in the history of China's literary criticism, which has been the main standard of literary criticism since the Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty.
Jian 'an Qizi
Kong Rong
Kong Rong (153-208), a literary example, actually has a family background. He was the twentieth grandson of Confucius, a native of Lu Qufu, and was later used by Cao Cao. When he was young, he gave a big pear to his brother and took a small pear himself, so he was a fairy. This is the story of "Kong Rong gives pears". At the time of Lingdi, Situ Yang Cifu was appointed Emperor. Zhong Ping (185) first rose to the highest position as a counselor, which was incompatible with Zhong Cheng and resigned due to illness. Later, Sikong Fu became a subordinate, joined the China Army and became a warrior corps commander. In the first year of Di Xian Chu Ping (190), Dong Zhuo became a negotiator and went to Beihai County, Qingzhou, where the Yellow Scarf Army was the most prosperous. In the second year of Xingping (195), Liu Bei recommended him as the secretariat of Qingzhou. In the first year of Jian 'an (196), Yuan Tan, the son of Yuan Shao, attacked Qingzhou, Kong Rong fought alone and his wife was captured. Cao Cao moved the capital to Xuchang, recruited Kong Rong as the master, and moved to Shaofu. In Xuchang, many people obeyed and were dismissed because of dissatisfaction with Cao's deception. Later, I met with Dr. Taizhong, retired to idle posts, treated guests like guests, and was packed and had a high reputation. Finally, he was taboo by Cao Cao, which constituted a crime in vain, and he was imprisoned and abandoned the city. Kong Rong, the first of the seven sons in Jian 'an, was brilliant. The only existing works are prose and poetry. Prose, such as "Praise the Meter Scale" and "On Xiaozhang Sheng with Cao Gong", are flowery and full of lovers' flavor; Humor in Talking with Cao Cao about Prohibition. His second poem, Miscellaneous Poems, describes the bereavement in simple terms, which is sad and moving.
Lin.Chen
Chen Lin (? -2 17), Kong Zhang, a native of guangling Sheyang (now southeast of Chuzhou district, Huai' an city, Jiangsu province), was one of the seven sons of Jian' an, but he was older among the seven sons of Jian' an, similar to Kong Rong. In the last years of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, he served as the master book of general blades. Blade was summoned to Luoyang, the capital, to punish the eunuch. Chen Lin tried to dissuade them, but blades refused to accept. Finally defeated and killed. Dong Zhuo abused Luoyang, and Chen Lin took refuge in Jizhou and entered Yuan Shao's account. Yuan Shao has written many articles and military documents. The most famous is "Pulling Zhou Yuwen for Yuan Shao", which recounts Cao Cao's crimes and denounces his father and ancestors. It's very inflammatory. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200), Yuan Shao was defeated in World War I, and Chen Lin was captured by Cao Jun, so Cao Cao loved it. He made a drink offering to Sikong's military adviser and put him in charge of the archives together with Ruan Yu. Later, he turned to be the supervisor of the Prime Minister. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), Serina Liu, Angelababy and Xu Gan died of epidemic diseases. Good at playing secretary. Drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave is his masterpiece. Taking the story of Qin building the Great Wall as an excuse, it is particularly profound to expose the suffering brought by heavy corvee to the people.
RoyceWong
RoyceWong (177-2 17), a native of Levin, Yang Shan (now Zoucheng, Shandong), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. When RoyceWong was young, he went to see Cai Yong, commander-in-chief of the left army. Cai Yong was surprised. RoyceWong memorized knowledge and was good at arithmetic writing. Once, I read a roadside stone tablet with a friend, read it once, and recited it word for word. Once again, watching people play go, the situation is very chaotic. Wang can reset it without missing it. Later, he was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, and Liu Biao took it as a guest of honor. After Liu Biao's death, RoyceWong persuaded Liu Cong, the second son of Liu Biao, to surrender to Cao Cao. When Cao Cao arrived in Jingzhou, RoyceWong was appointed as the Hou of the Shanhaiguan Pass. The ancestral temple was built in Wei, Wang Shen, He Qia, Du Bai Middle School. * * * proposed to respect Cao Cao as "Wang Wei"; Later, Xun You was ordered by the secretariat to stop the remonstration and worried about his own death, so he decided to stop. Among the seven sons, his grades are the highest. His seven mourning poems (including three) and Ode to the Building best represent the spirit of Jian 'an literature. One of the Seven Wounded Poems (Xijing Rebellion is nothing) describes the scene of starving women abandoning their children on their way to Chang 'an to avoid Jingzhou Rebellion, which profoundly reveals the terrible scene caused by the warlord scuffle at the end of the Han Dynasty and the profound disaster of the people, making people dumbfounded. Ode to the Building was written when I was in Chengtou, Maicheng, Jingzhou. It mainly expresses homesickness and sadness of failing to satisfy my talent. It is full of touching power and is a famous lyric poem.
Xu Gan
Xu Gan (17 1-2 17), a native of Beihai (now Weifang City, Shandong Province), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Teenagers study hard and concentrate on reading classics. At the end of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, the children of the imperial clan formed the gate of party power and competed for fame. Xu Gan was shut out and lived in a poor place. In the early years of Jian 'an, Cao Cao called on Sikong military adviser, offered wine and sacrifices, and turned to literature. A few years later, he resigned due to illness, and Cao Cao specially commended him. Since then, he was awarded the above-mentioned Ai Chang, but he was also ill. In February of the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), a plague prevailed and he died. The main work is Zhong Lun, and Cao Pi praised this book as "a unified statement with elegant words, which can be passed down to future generations." ("Book with Wu Quality") His love poem "Thinking about the House" is also written with great passion.
Ruan Yu
Ruan Yu (? -2 12), Zi Yu, Chen Liuwei (now Kaifeng, Henan), one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. The secretary of Zhang Biao is excellent, and his masterpiece is Writing for Tsao Gong and Sun Quan. When he was young, he studied under Cai Yong, and Cai Yong called him a "wizard". The secretary of the chapter table is excellent. At that time, military books were mainly written by Ruan Yu and Chen Lin. Later, he moved to Cang as prime minister. The language of poetry is simple and can often reflect general social problems. The poem "Drive Away from the Northland" is more vivid in describing the pain of orphans being abused by their stepmother. Ruan Yu's musical accomplishment is quite high. His son Ruan Ji and grandson Ruan Xian were both celebrities at that time, ranking among the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", which was better than temperament. Ruan Yuanyu, editor of Ming Dynasty.
Yang Ying; Angelababy
Angelababy (? -2 17) was born in runan county (now Nantun Town, Xiangcheng City, Henan Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. He is good at creating Fu, and his masterpiece is Poems with Five Senses of Zhang. At first, he was appointed as the prime minister of the Cao family, and later he became the son of Hou Pingyuan. When Cao Pi was the commander of the five senses, he wrote dozens of articles for the literature of the general office (responsible for proofreading classics and offering articles). Poetry is also good.
Serina Liu
Liu Zhen (? -2 17), word quotient, Dongping (now Dongping County, Shandong Province), one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Look at your value with literature. During the Jian 'an period, Serina Liu was called a subordinate of the Prime Minister by Cao Cao. I have a good relationship with the Cao Pi brothers. Later, Zhen Shi, the wife of Cao Pi, served hard labor for disrespectful crimes, and was later exempted from being a petty official. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), Chen Lin, Xu Gan and Angelababy died of diseases and epidemics. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in poetry, especially the creation of five-character poems. There are fifteen poems today, three of which are representative works, concise, easy to understand and good at metaphor.
evaluate
The life of "seven sons" can basically be divided into two periods. In the early stage of the great social war at the end of the Han Dynasty, although their social status and life experiences were different, they could not escape the fate of sharing weal and woe. In the later period, they were all attached to Cao Cao, Kong Rong was a big official in Shaofu, RoyceWong was a servant, and the rest were close ministers of Cao Shi and his son. But Kong Rong later clashed with Cao Cao and was killed. Because these seven people joined Cao Cao at different times, there is no unified boundary between their early and late periods. Kong Rong was in the first year of Jian 'an (196), Xu Gan and Ruan Yu were in the early stage of Jian 'an, Chen Lin was in Jian 'an for five years, RoyceWong was in Jian 'an for thirteen years, and Liu Zhen and Angelababy were in Jian 'an for thirteen years. Corresponding to their life trajectory, the creation of "Seven Sons" can also be divided into two stages. The early works mostly reflect the reality of social unrest and express the feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His main works include RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, Ode to the Building, Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Yu's Driving Out of the North Gate, and Serina Liu's Gift to My Brother, all of which have practical significance and certain ideological depth. However, some works are too deep and sentimental, such as RoyceWong's seven-wound poem and Serina Liu's anonymous "Heaven and Earth have never existed". His later works mostly reflect his support for Cao Shi's regime and his ambition to establish his own political achievements, and the content is mostly banquets and answers. However, some praises to Cao Shi and his son are accompanied by the tone of diners, showing a vulgar attitude. However, whether before or after, the creation of "seven sons" is mainly based on positive and healthy content.
poetic sentiment
poetic sentiment
Qizi mainly writes five-character poems. Five-character poetry is a new style of poetry that emerged in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The appearance of "ancient poetry" in the world of Huan and Ling marks the initial maturity of five-character poetry. However, the excellent five-character poems of "Qizi" are full of emotions and changes, which make the five-character poems more exquisite in art. For example, Xu Gan's "Thinking of the House" is more delicate and profound than "Grass by the Green River" or "Lonely Bamboo in Ran Ran". Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave and Ruan Yu's Driving Out the North Gate were both written before the end of the Han Dynasty, and their writing time was not necessarily later than that of Ancient Poems, so their importance in the development history of five-character poems deserves more attention.
Literary forms like Fu.
The "Seven Scholars" wrote a lot of Fu Xiao, who made contributions to the further prosperity of Fu Xiao on the basis of the achievements of Zhang Heng and Cai Yong. There are three points worthy of attention in the Xiao Fu of Seven Sons:
(1) The range of materials is expanded, and the popularization and daily use of the subject matter further dilute the aristocratic nature of Dafu in the past;
② The function of reflecting social reality has been strengthened, and the number of works directly describing political events has increased;
③ The lyrical color is getting stronger and stronger. Cao Pi once spoke highly of the seven sub-fu in Dian Lun Wen, and Liu Xie also expressed the same view in Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Fu. He especially thinks that RoyceWong and Xu Gan are the "Fu Tou" of Cao Wei's generation, saying that they can be tied with Song Yu, Sima Xiangru, Zuo Si and Pan Yue.
essay
Kong Rong's Zhang Biao, Chen Lin's and Ruan Yu's secretaries, and Xu Gan's and RoyceWong's essays were all unique at that time. Their * * * same advantage is that Cao Pi said that "literature is based on qi" (a classic paper), which embodies the author's unique temperament. The famous essays of "Qizi" include Kong Rong's Recommending a Secret Book, Talking with Cao Gong about Xiaozhang Sheng, Chen Lin's Moving to Yuzhou, Writing Books for Cao Hong and Wang Wei, Ruan Yu's Writing Books for Cao Gong and Sun Quan, Wang Shen Shang Yang, Jingzhou Literature and so on. Seven-Zi prose tends to be parallel prose in form, especially in Kong Rong and Chen Lin. Some of their works are arranged in antithesis and often use allusions, which has become an indispensable part in the process of parallel prose in the late Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.
collect
All the original collections of "Seven Scholars" works have been lost, and only Xu Gan's monograph on political ethics "On China" is left. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian compiled Confucius Shaofu Collection, Wang Shizhong Collection, Chen Jishi Collection, Ruan Collection, Liu Gonggan Collection and Yingdelian Xiulian Collection, which were included in 103 books of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. In Qing Dynasty, Yang compiled Seven Chapters of Jian 'an.
Cao Cao
Cao Cao (155-220), whose real name is Meng De, is not only an outstanding strategist, politician, but also a poet. Today, there are more than 20 poems. Some of his poems truly reflect the social reality of the turmoil and sufferings of the people in the late Han Dynasty. For example, Hao recorded the darkest and chaotic history before and after Dong Zhuo's rebellion at the end of the Han Dynasty, and described the tragic reality caused by the warlords' struggle for power and profit: "A louse is born, and the surname is dead. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. There are hundreds of people who have left behind, and their thoughts are broken. " The other part of the poem expresses his ambition in life and unification of the world. Cao Cao not only pioneered the atmosphere with his own creation, but also contributed to the prosperity and development of Jian 'an literature with his own advocacy of literature.
Cao pi
Cao Pi (187-226), Zi Huan, the second son of Cao Cao. In 220 AD, he abolished the independence of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and assisted Wei Wendi. There are about 40 existing poems in various forms, including four words, five words, six words, seven words, miscellaneous words, etc., which mostly express feelings about life and thoughts on life philosophy. In addition to some poems about feasting and enjoying, the theme mainly shows that wanderers miss home and people miss their wives.
Cao zhi
Cao Zhi (192-232), the fourth son of Cao Cao, is healthy and talented. There are more than 90 existing poems, and their creation is divided into two periods based on the twenty-five years of Jian 'an.
Cao Zhi was the most talented poet in Jian 'an period. His artistic achievements in poetry are relatively high, with about 80 poems. In his early works, most of them expressed his interest, ambition and enthusiasm for making contributions, such as White Horse. In the later period, due to the hardships of life, the depth and breadth of poetry reflecting reality were strengthened than before, and more reflected the contradictions and struggles within the feudal ruling group, and expressed their grief and indignation at being suppressed and hit, such as "Give a White Horse to Wang Biao".
Cao Zhi's poems are both literary and artistic, and have made great achievements. He explored the theme and content of poetry in many aspects, paid attention to the description of melody and skills in art, and was creative, which greatly enriched the artistic expression of poetry. Zhong Rong's evaluation of his poems in Shi Pin is: "The character is extremely high, the words are adopted by Hua Mao, the feelings are elegant and resentful, and the body is literary." Cao Zhi was also the first literati to write five-character poems vigorously, and two-thirds of the existing poems are five-character poems. With his outstanding creation, he has made great contributions to the transformation of China's classical poetry from plain folk songs to literati poems, and deserves to be the most outstanding representative of Jian 'an poetry circle.
RoyceWong
There are seven poets in Cao Pi's Dian Lun Ji, including Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu. They all experienced the turmoil in the late Han Dynasty and had certain political ambitions, so they showed certain similarities in their creation. Among the seven sons, RoyceWong and Serina Liu have the most outstanding achievements.
RoyceWong (177-2 17), whose real name is 23 poems (in 2008), was praised by Liu Xie as the "crown of seven sons" (literary mind carved dragons, brilliant). Seven Wounded Poems is his masterpiece.
Serina Liu
Liu Zhen (? -2 17), the word is Shang, with more than 20 poems (2008), which are divided into two categories: answering poems and amusement poems. Among them, the most famous are three poems dedicated to my brother. They use dates, pine trees and phoenix to describe a loyal and noble person, which is not only a compliment to my brother, but also a self-portrait of the poet. Among them, the second song is about the heroic nature of pine trees that are still "correct" under the destruction of wind, frost, snow and ice, which is the most heroic and elegant.
Other poets in Seven Sons also have some masterpieces, such as Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave. It is of great practical significance to use the folk songs of the Qin Dynasty to describe the pain caused by the heavy corvee. Ruan Yu's Out of the North Gate describes an orphan being abused by his stepmother, which reflects the cruel social reality in the late Han Dynasty. Xu Gan's Poem of Thinking of the Room is a masterpiece, which describes the sadness and depression of thinking of women.
In addition to Cao Shi's father and son, Kong Rong, Chen Lin and Ruan Yu, among the seven sons of Jian 'an, are also full of literary spirit and magnificent words, which are quite a legacy of strategists in the Warring States Period. Generally speaking, excellent prose works in Jian 'an era. Most of them are generous, gentle, elegant and imposing.
Serina Liu
Chae Yeon
Chae Yeon, whose name is Wenxi, is from Cai Wenji. Is the daughter of Cai Yong, a famous writer in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Dong Zhuo was taken captive by Hu Bing to the southern Xiongnu in the rebellion, married Zuo and had two sons. Later, he was redeemed by Cao and remarried to Dong Si in the same county. The work profoundly reveals the unfortunate fate of the broad masses of the people, especially women, in the turmoil at the end of the Han Dynasty with their own tragic experiences. The whole poem is full of twists and turns, lyrical and weeping, strong appeal and meaningful artistic charm.