2, the relationship between the three elements: use arguments to demonstrate the argument.

3. How to judge the argument

(1) Meaning: Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is generally a complete sentence in form.

(2) Argument format: What about l+

(3) Methods of finding arguments:

Step 1: Look at the topic. The topic is either an argument or a topic.

The difference between topic and argument: argument usually uses subject-predicate structure, and sometimes uses verb-object structure; A topic is the scope or object of discussion. Format: What?

What is the function of this topic?

A: The topic puts forward the scope of discussion (topic) or the argument of this article.

Step 2: Look at the first paragraph. If there are several sentences in the first paragraph, look at the last sentence first, then at the beginning; If the last few sentences of the first paragraph are explanations of the first sentence, look at the first sentence.

(1) If there is a famous saying and then there is the author's language, then take the author's language as an argument.

(2) If there is only one famous saying, you can directly take this famous saying as an argument.

(Note: Generally speaking, famous sayings are not directly used as arguments, but as rational arguments. )

(3) If an argument is put forward directly, it is called putting forward an argument or putting forward an argument; If an argument is made through a story or a famous saying, it is called revealing an argument or leading an argument.

Step 3: Look at the last paragraph.

What is the function of the last paragraph?

Answer: summarize or emphasize the argument w'}z~V3N.

(Note: If the argument is in the title, the first paragraph and the last paragraph, see the first paragraph)

4. Argument types: rational argument and factual argument.

5. The general function of argument: argument.

6. Demonstration method and its function; :ra

Function: Use new argumentation methods to demonstrate arguments.

② Demonstration with examples: The arguments are sufficient, powerful and persuasive, and facts speak louder than words.

(Note: If the second case is used, add "G")

Reasoning and argumentation: it is a summary of experience, authoritative and scientific, and makes the argumentation powerful.

(4) Comparative argument: it is a method of comparing positive and negative facts and reasons and proving arguments in comparison.

Function: Distinguish right from wrong, distinguish right from wrong, and be impressed.

Note: if there is only one aspect, it is a positive or negative argument; If both aspects are available, it is a comparative argument (or a positive and negative comparative argument)

⑤ Metaphorical argument: Turn abstruse into simple and easy to accept.

⑥ When refuting the thesis, we also use the methods of "attacking the child's shield with the child's spear" and "reducing to absurdity".

7. The structural level of argumentative writing

(1) Basic structure: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion)

(2) The common structural forms are horizontal and vertical.

① Horizontal type has parallel structure, contrast structure and total score structure. )

A, coordinate structure refers to demonstrate the central argument from several parallel angles.

B, contrast structure refers to the article, several arguments or several arguments are compared to form a sharp contrast, thus highlighting the central argument.

C, the total score structure is to put forward the central argument first, then put forward the sub-arguments from different angles around the center, and finally make a summary.

The structural form of total score formula can be divided into three basic forms: total first and then subtotal, subtotal first and total score.

(2) Vertical layered structure and support conversion.

Hierarchical structure, also known as hierarchical structure, adopts the demonstration mode of advancing step by step, deepening step by step, and linking one ring with another to demonstrate the central argument, so that the truth is from small to large and from shallow to deep.

(3) In refuting papers, the general structural form is: establishing the goal-exposing the essence-discussing the harm-making a conclusion (positive argument).

8. Language features: accuracy, preciseness and strong feelings.

9. Argumentative essays can be divided into argumentative essays and refuting essays.