1, induction
Induction is a general conclusion principle from individual facts; Deduction is to draw individual conclusions from general principles and concepts. Induction is a method from individual to general; Deduction is a method from the general to the individual. Induction is a cognitive method to find out the universal characteristics from empirical facts, which is based on the accumulation of empirical materials in various disciplines.
An important method to summarize scientific theorems or principles. Induction must be based on a large number of individual facts, which are unreliable and insufficient, and it is impossible to draw scientific conclusions and principles through induction. Induction is an inference from individual to general, so it is a method to expand knowledge, but it is always incomplete and imprecise.
2. Analytical method and comprehensive method
Analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors. It is a way of thinking that divides the whole into parts and decomposes complex things into simple elements to study separately. Analysis is a necessary step and means to understand the essence of things.
The task of analysis is not only to decompose the whole into its components, but also to grasp the essence through phenomena and the inevitability through contingency. The process of analysis is to find out what position things occupy in all aspects of movement and change, what role they play, and how they restrict and transform with others.
3. Causality analysis method
It is a dialectical thinking method to analyze the causal relationship between phenomena and understand the causes and consequences of problems. When using this method, we must pay attention to the real internal cause and result, not the specious causal relationship. Pay attention to the inverse relationship between the result and the cause.
On the one hand, it includes "proving the result by reason" and "inferring the reason by result". Different things, in general, have two jobs, both cause and result, and a result often has several different reasons. Therefore, in the process of research, we must get to the bottom of the problems analyzed.