The contents of the treaty were signed in Manchu, Russian and Latin. The treaty clearly defined the east-west boundary between China and Russia, legally established that the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, including Sakhalin Island, belonged to Russian territory, and the Qing government agreed to transfer the land of Nebuchadnezzar east of Lake Baikal to Russia.
After Suarez's works on international law were translated into Chinese, at the end of 1980s in 17, China and Russia concluded an international treaty, namely 1689 Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Treaty, which was the first treaty concluded between China and foreign countries in modern times. Before that, China had never had a treaty relationship with foreign countries in this sense. In the process of concluding this treaty, western international law was applied to some extent.
The historical background of the Sino-Russian negotiation on the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar is that Russia invaded China Heilongjiang twice and occupied JAXA, both of which were defeated by China. While Russia is busy with wars in the south and northwest, and at the same time, because of supply difficulties, it can't stick to jaxa, and proposes to make peace with China. At that time, the Qing Dynasty had put down the San Francisco rebellion and recovered Taiwan Province Province, which was powerful. Emperor Kangxi made two voyages to the Western Ocean, set up Heilongjiang generals in Aihui, set up post stations, strengthened naval divisions, guaranteed military supplies, and established effective rule over the upper reaches of Heilongjiang. But because of the Galdin rebellion in the northwest, we also hope to maintain the stability of the northeast frontier. In this situation, Emperor Kangxi agreed to make peace, sent Soto as an imperial envoy, and led a delegation to Nebuchadnezzar Chu to negotiate and sign a treaty with Russian envoys.
Due to its historical relationship with Europe, Russia has become familiar with the principles and rules of international law and applied them in practice. For China, this period was a stranger to international law. In order to deal with the northwest rebellion, Emperor Kangxi hoped to reach a treaty to bind Russia, so he made concessions and gave up his traditional attitude of treating Russia as a tributary country. In this negotiation, Emperor Kangxi selected two Jesuits-Gerbillon, Jean Francois, a French missionary, 1654- 1707, and Xu Risheng, a Portuguese missionary, 1645- 1708.
Xu Risheng is familiar with mathematics, astronomy and especially music. During his ten years in the imperial court from 1673, he was deeply trusted by Emperor Kangxi. At the same time, Emperor Kangxi also knew something about Zhang Cheng, so he sent two people to 1688. In doing so, Emperor Kangxi not only played their translation role, but also valued their knowledge of western international relations and international law, hoping that they could provide China's envoys with suggestions on related issues. Two western missionaries kept a diary of this negotiation. According to their diaries, China and Russia concluded the treaty on the basis of equality and mutual benefit established by international law.
At that time, the representatives of the China negotiating team did not understand western international law, but the knowledge of international law of Zhang Cheng and others who participated in the negotiations made up for their shortcomings. These Jesuits have read Grotius, Suarez and other early works of international law and have a certain understanding of international law. Some basic elements and principles of international law are mentioned many times in the diaries of Jesuits: for example, equality and reciprocity among countries; The nature and status of envoys in diplomatic activities; The concepts of just and unjust wars and so on. Jesuits who participated in the conclusion of the treaty acted as intermediaries in the Sino-Russian negotiations, which reflected the application of international law during the conclusion of the treaty and promoted the smooth completion of the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar-Chu negotiations. Negotiations are conducted in a reciprocal way, and the conclusion process of the treaty, including the drafting of the treaty, the text of the treaty and the entry into force mechanism of the treaty, follows the western rules of international law.
There was an interesting interlude in the negotiation. Emperor Kangxi clearly instructed the envoys to bow down to God and take an oath in the name of God after signing the peace treaty. This combination of Chinese and Western oath proposed by China is obviously unacceptable to the Russians, who decided to take the oath in a flexible way. As a result of the compromise, after the contract was signed, Mr. Zhang Cheng, the Chinese translator, read the text of the treaty in China's hand, and then the Russian translator read the text of the treaty in Russia's hand. At the same time, both parties will approve and proofread the Chinese text before taking the oath.
Jesuits are also very proud of their effective promotion of the signing of the treaty between China and Russia. 1703, in a letter sent from China to France, Hong Ruohan, a Jesuit, praised the role played by missionaries in Sino-Russian negotiations. Of course, Xu Risheng and Rizo were also favored by Kangxi for helping to conclude the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu.
According to the article "The Ghost in the Qing Dynasty Behind the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu" published in National Humanities History, Portuguese Xu Risheng and Frenchman Zhang Cheng accepted bribes from Russia respectively, "telling the story of the Chinese side set by Kangxi", and provided Russia with negotiation information many times, which finally realized Russia's desire to win land.