Junior high school Chinese grade three book two

We China people have backbone.

Mencius in the Warring States period had a few very good words: "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and powerful people cannot be bent. This is called a gentleman. " It means that high officials and rich people can't be bought, poverty and hardship can't be tortured, and violent force can't be threatened. This is the so-called gentleman. These actions of a gentleman show heroism, which we call backbone today.

Our country has experienced a long period of slave society and feudal society, and there are many such people with backbone in each era. We are descendants of these people with backbone, and we are a nation with a fine revolutionary tradition.

Of course, different societies, different classes and backbones have different specific meanings. This must be made clear. But as far as the principle of unswervingly serving the cause of progress at that time is concerned, many touching stories of our ancestors with backbone and their positive educational significance are worth learning.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital Lin 'an was invaded by the Yuan Army. Prime Minister Wen Tianxiang organized the armed forces to be loyal to the opposition. After being captured, the Yuan Dynasty advised him to surrender. He wrote a poem, two of which are: "No one has died since ancient times, only his heart shines." It means that people always die, depending on how they die, whether they die in humiliation or for the benefit of the country. He chose the latter and recorded this loyalty in history. Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned and tortured in a damp dungeon in Beijing. Yuan sent people to persuade him many times that he could become a high official as long as he surrendered, but he resolutely refused and was finally killed in 1282.

Mencius said a few words in Wen Tianxiang. His famous "Song of Benevolence and Righteousness" praised the heroic spirit of the ancient people, used their lives to resist oppression and called on the people to continue to resist.

Another story is that in ancient times there was a poor man who was starving to death. Someone threw him a bowl of rice and said, "Come and eat!" " "(hey, come and eat! The hungry man refused the charity of "ooh", refused to eat this bowl of rice, and then starved to death. The story of not eating the food you eat is very famous. It has been a legend for thousands of years, and it also has positive significance. The man put on a philanthropist's face and shouted, "Hey, come and have dinner! "It tastes unpleasant. What's the second step after eating this bowl of rice? Obviously, he won't give alms in vain, and he has to help him with his food. That poor man has a backbone: judging from your face and manner, he would rather starve to death than eat your food.

Not eating the food of the past shows the character of China people.

This is another example. Wen Yiduo, a democracy fighter, was shot dead by the Kuomintang on July 1946. Before that, his friend got the news that he was going to assassinate him and advised him to hide for the time being. He doesn't care, he works as usual and works harder. Knowing that the enemy was going to kill him, he shouted a few minutes before he was killed, denouncing the Kuomintang spies and pointing out that their days would not last long and people's democracy would surely win. In Farewell to Si Tuleideng, Chairman Mao pointed out: "Many people who used to be liberals or democratic individualists stood up before American imperialism and its lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries. Wen Yiduo was furious with the Kuomintang pistol and would rather surrender than give in. " Highly praised him for showing the heroism of our nation.

Although Mencius said these words more than 2000 years ago, they still have positive significance until now. Of course, we proletarians have our own heroism and backbone, that is, we will never bow to any difficulties, be flat, bend, bear or be intimidated. For the victory of socialism and socialist construction, we will be able to overcome any difficulties and forge ahead courageously.

This article was written in the early 1960s, when our national economy was in serious difficulties.

In order to inspire the people of the whole country to overcome difficulties, work hard and forge ahead bravely, Comrade Wu Han, a famous historian and writer, wrote this good article about "backbone" with patriotic enthusiasm, strong sense of historical responsibility and national justice.

Based on the wisdom of Mencius, a great thinker in ancient China, and three typical historical facts, this paper clearly explains what is called "having backbone" and how to call it "having backbone", and further fully demonstrates the central argument that we China people have backbone. We have not only the backbone of being a man, but also the backbone of our nation. It is this excellent national traditional spirit and heroism that has enabled us to overcome all difficulties and obstacles and stand tall among the nations of the world.

The full text can be divided into three parts.

The first part (paragraph 1-3) puts forward the central argument of the text-"We China people have backbone".

1 paragraph cut to the chase and put forward the central argument: "We China people have backbone".

This sentence has three functions. First, make the central argument clear, prominent and clear at a glance. Second, the opening point. Thirdly, it limits the scope of the "backbone" discussed in this paper-only talking about "the backbone of China people". The word "we" has a sense of intimacy and national pride.

The second paragraph talks about what is called "having backbone".

"backbone" is a very abstract noun, which refers to a strong and unyielding spirit. And what is "backbone" seems to be difficult to explain clearly in one sentence. Therefore, the author does not go straight to the subject to make some far-fetched explanations, but skillfully adopts the "a few good words" of the great thinker Mencius, starting with what is a "gentleman" and gradually explaining what is a "backbone". The so-called "gentleman" means "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent." Then, these three kinds of heroism are used to explain "having backbone" brilliantly. This sum clearly shows the significance of this paper and lays a solid theoretical foundation for further comprehensive demonstration from different angles. These three sentences of Mencius can be regarded as the "outline" of the whole article, which runs through the whole article, making the three arguments appear very powerful and clear, thus convincingly clarifying the central argument.

In the third paragraph, the author focuses on the long history of the Chinese nation, pointing out that "we are a nation with a fine revolutionary tradition" and raises the "backbone" to the height of the national traditional spirit, making the central argument irrefutable and irresistible.

To sum up, the first part at the beginning closely follows the topic, clarifies the concept, and stores enough momentum to make necessary and sufficient preparations for the following argument.

In the second part (paragraphs 4-9), the author selects three typical cases and demonstrates the central argument from different angles with facts: "We China people have backbone".

Paragraph 4 is a transitional part and plays a connecting role.

Although this passage is small, it can fully show that the author's writing attitude is very rigorous and meticulous. The language of the argument is very detailed and appropriate, which not only grasps the accuracy of the argument, but also grasps the principles of applying the argument.

Paragraphs 5 to 9 are the key parts of the full text. From different angles, the author takes three typical cases of people with backbone as arguments, and fully demonstrates the central argument that "we China people have backbone" by combining narrative and discussion.

The first argument (paragraphs 5-6); The author chooses Wen Tianxiang, a famous Southern Song Dynasty star, as a typical national hero.

The fifth paragraph is written in narrative and discussion.

Let's briefly describe the facts: at the critical moment when the Yuan army attacked the city, Wen Tianxiang, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, led loyal officials to oppose it; Unfortunately, he was defeated and captured, and Wen Tianxiang used the best decission to write a poem "Who will live and die since ancient times, leaving his heart in history" to treat the enemy's surrender. The image of a national hero jumps from the page.

After the poem, the author immediately triggered a discussion about "people always die, depending on how they die", asking themselves and answering themselves. This is the author's interpretation of the value of life, a tribute to Wen Tianxiang's "Dan Xin, which will go down in history forever", and also an inspiration and guidance for readers. Because the author punctuates the discussion in time and uses rhetorical sentences appropriately, the language of the article is very argumentative and persuasive.

Finally, it tells the end of the story: Wen Tianxiang was tortured in a damp dungeon, resolutely refused to be bought by a high official and generous, and died generously.

This passage is straightforward, concise, with a calm tone, straightforward meaning, rich feelings, vivid views and strong arguments.

The sixth paragraph is a summary, supplement and generalization of the fifth paragraph.

The sentence of 1 goes like this: "A few words spoken by Mencius are all expressed in Wen Tianxiang". This clearly expresses the author's original intention; Wen Tianxiang is not only "rich but not lascivious", but also "poor but unyielding, mighty and unyielding", which is a heroic model integrating masculinity.

The second sentence not only introduces Wen Tianxiang's other famous poem "Song Zhengqi", but also praises Wen Tianxiang's heroic struggle against oppression with his own life, which proves once again that Wen Tianxiang is a national hero with backbone "worth learning".

This writing not only enriches and strengthens the first argument, makes it more complete and sufficient, but also makes the article structure very rigorous and coherent.

The first argument can be regarded as the main argument among the three arguments and the focus of the key part.

In the second argument (paragraphs 7-8), the author chooses a story that has been circulated for thousands of years, a typical example of the poor being "too poor to move".

First, briefly describe the synopsis of the story: There was a poor man in ancient China who would rather starve to death than eat what he got.

Then demonstrate it. The demonstration process is completed in three steps. First of all, a little comment: this story is "very famous, which has been legendary for thousands of years and has positive significance", and then an analysis is made: Why did the poor man refuse to eat the food he got? First, look at other people's faces and eat the food you give up. "This tastes bad." Second, "if you eat his food, you have to do something for him." Finally, I clarified my point of view: "That poor man has backbone".

In order to highlight and strengthen the central argument, the author added a paragraph separately: "Not eating food made from scratch shows the backbone of the people of China". Directly support the central argument with facts, with strong arguments, clear views and strong rationality. At the same time, we should also see that this sentence has the linguistic characteristics of puns. Literally, "not having enough to eat" shows the backbone of ancient China people. In terms of connotation, it is a tribute to the heroic spirit of the people of China who never bowed to the superpowers when facing serious economic difficulties in the early 1960s.

The author's point of view not only had profound practical significance at that time, but also had educational significance that cannot be underestimated even in today's reform and opening up.

In the third argument (paragraph 9), the author quoted the story of Mr. Wen Yiduo, a famous democracy fighter in China's modern history, which is a typical example of "invincible power".

It should be pointed out that this argument consists of two parts. Part of it is factual argumentation-Wen Yiduo's touching deeds; The other part is the theoretical basis-Comrade Mao Zedong's comments. The author's comment is only the last sentence at the end of the paragraph.

This argument adopts the method of first narration and then discussion, with narration as the main point. In the narrative, the flashback order is used again.

The first result: "Wen Yiduo, a democracy fighter, was shot by the Kuomintang on July 1946."

In the face of the assassination of the Kuomintang, Wen Yiduo's heroic spirit when he died: "I don't care, work as usual and work harder", "denounce the Kuomintang spy" and firmly believe that "people's democracy will win"

This arrangement of materials can make the argument itself more convincing and the article more appealing.

After reporting the facts, the author directly quoted Chairman Mao Zedong's argument as the basis: "Wen Yiduo was furious with the Kuomintang pistol and would rather surrender than give in." Appropriate quotations from leaders to prove arguments in argumentative essays often have the effect of "winning by surprise".

To sum up, throughout the second part, the author selected three evidences from different angles, including different historical development stages of the Chinese nation from ancient times to the present; The three figures represent different types of typical figures from the literati class, from ancient civil servants and military commanders to modern intellectuals; These three arguments revolve around three aspects of Mencius' theory. In the face of the test of "life and death", they all achieved the heroic spirit of "preferring death to surrender" and fully proved the central argument that "we China people have backbone".

The third part (paragraph 10) summarizes the full text, reiterates the central argument and shows firm belief.

There are always two sentences at the end of this paragraph.

1 sentence emphasizes these words of Mencius more than two thousand years ago, which still has its positive significance and advocates "making the past serve the present". This sentence is not only summative, but also takes care of the previous articles one by one and carries them out from beginning to end, so that the whole article is well-structured and in the same strain.

The second sentence sets out from reality, clarifying what is proletarian heroism and backbone: "This is never to bow to any difficulties". The last sentence shows the belief: "For the victory of socialism and * * * production, we will certainly be able to overcome difficulties and forge ahead courageously!"

The ending part reflects the author's writing purpose: learn from the heroism of predecessors with the attitude of "making the past serve the present", carry forward the traditional spirit of the Chinese nation, overcome all difficulties with the fearless struggle courage of the proletariat, and bravely push the wheel of the times forward!

This paper has clear views and typical arguments; The language is easy to understand; It's really touching; Combine narration with discussion and demonstrate carefully; Considering both the front and the back, the structure is rigorous, and it is worthy of being an excellent reasoning essay.