page 2
In addition to primary products, products have also begun to have finished products. 4. The development speed of EU direct investment in China is relatively slow, and the investment quality is relatively high. The main characteristics of EU's direct investment in China are large-scale investment projects and high-tech content. Investment departments are widely distributed; There are various forms of investment; Investment is mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta region. 5. Bilateral economic and technological cooperation is gradually institutionalized. 2. Constraints in the development of China-EU economic and trade relations Although China-EU economic and trade exchanges have developed rapidly and bilateral relations have become increasingly close, at the same time, trade frictions between the two sides have continued to occur. The main reasons are: (1) political aspects. 1. China-EU economic and trade relations have always been influenced by official policies. From 65438 to 0975, China established diplomatic relations with Europe, which created the necessary conditions for China-EU economic and trade cooperation. 1978 in April, China and Europe signed the first trade agreement, giving each other the most.
Page 3
National treatment of hui nationality. 1985 in may, China and Europe signed an agreement on trade and economic cooperation. Since 1970s and 1980s, China-EU economic and trade relations have been in a period of rapid development. EU official policies have a great influence on the development of China-EU economic and trade relations, and EU policies often swing between economic demands and political attempts. The European Union adheres to the stereotype of "Cold War mentality" ideologically, takes western values as the guidance of global strategy, and creates obstacles on some specific issues, such as "human rights issues", "Tibet issues" and Taiwan Province Province issues, which are important factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations. 2. Ideological issues. Ideology has a great influence on social life and international relations. It directly reflects a country's values, morality and interests, and is an indispensable part of national interests. National interest is the highest interest of a country, and its connotation is very rich.
Page 4
Including the country's political interests, economic interests, security interests and ideological interests, these factors are interrelated and integrated, independent and different, and have become the key goals pursued by the country under specific historical conditions. During the whole Cold War, due to the influence of ideology, the development of China-EU economic and trade relations was restrained. In the early days of the Cold War, contradictions and frictions between countries in the two camps were subordinate to ideological struggles. Only after the 1980s, with the weakening of ideological factors in bilateral diplomatic decision-making, the importance of economic interests in the country has become increasingly prominent, and the economic and trade relations between the two sides have developed to a certain extent. After 1990s, with the decline of ideological interests in international relations, economic interests played an important role in the adjusted national interests, and strengthened their role in international relations, which promoted China-EU relations.
Page 5
The fundamental driving force for development is the comprehensive and in-depth development of China-EU economic and trade relations. 3. The role of American factors. As far as modern Sino-European relations are concerned, both the extension and ups and downs in breadth and depth have the historical thickness formed by the interaction between the two forces of the East and the West, and have the inherent integrity. What has the greatest influence on this integrity is the so-called "American factor". The American factor has always been an important factor affecting China-EU relations. It should be noted that although there are contradictions between Europe and the United States in recent years, and the European Union has tried its best to get rid of the control of the United States, the contradiction between the two is non-confrontational. This is because Europe and the United States have extensive political, economic and security interests, close historical and cultural ties and the same values, so the relationship between the two sides is still based on cooperation and development. On some major issues, they are still in step, putting pressure on China and even controlling China.
Page 6
Stop. In addition, in order to maintain its superpower status and realize its global strategy, the United States has to rely on the influence and strength of Europe when its own strength declines. Therefore, the EU remains the focus of American global strategy, as Huntington said: "The relationship with Europe is the key to the success of American foreign policy. Establishing a healthy and good cooperative relationship with Europe can greatly alleviate this lonely situation of the United States as a superpower. " For the EU, "European integration and transatlantic partnership with the United States are not only the driving force for the development of Western Europe after World War II, but also the key to its continued strength in the post-cold war period." 4. The negative impact of EU's eastward expansion. According to the decision of Nice Treaty, in May 2004, the EU accepted 15 new member states including Cyprus, Czech Republic and Poland, thus completing the fifth and historic adjustment since its establishment.
Page 7
Maximum extension of the module. After the eastward expansion, the number of EU member states has reached 25, with a population of 450 million. Foreign trade accounts for 20% of the total world trade, and GDP accounts for a quarter of the world. Therefore, the new EU has become a big market with a trade scale comparable to that of the United States. The eastward expansion of the European Union has undoubtedly had a far-reaching impact on the EU economy and the world economy. From the perspective of economic, trade and capital market exchanges, the negative impact of EU's eastward expansion on China-EU economic and trade relations cannot be underestimated. Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe are vast markets with a population of 1 100 million, which are roughly equivalent to the economic development level and industrial structure of China. Undoubtedly, China has a competitive relationship with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe in developing import and export trade and attracting investment with the developed areas of the European Union. These countries have obviously occupied the advantages of favorable weather, favorable geographical position and harmonious people in developing economic and trade relations.
Page 8
(2) Economic aspects. 1. China is at a disadvantage in the degree and importance of its dependence on the Central European market. According to statistics, the trade dependence between China and the EU is quite different, which shows that China is highly dependent on the EU, while the EU is much less dependent on China. At the same time, the trade between Europe and America is the main component of EU trade, and the trade between EU member countries and Japanese and former colonial countries still occupies a relatively important position in EU trade, followed by China and investment. China's dependence on the EU market is greater than the EU's dependence on the China market, which determines that China is at a disadvantage in China-EU trade relations. Knowing this, it is not difficult to understand why the EU always provokes trade frictions, and it is also clear that the two sides have different attitudes and positions in dealing with economic and trade conflicts. 2. China's export products are low in price and unreasonable in structure. produce
Page 9
Low price should be one of the competitive advantages of China's export products in the international market, but only relying on low price to occupy the market will easily lead to trade conflicts such as anti-dumping investigations. The cost of products in China is inherently low. Many enterprises still adhere to the marketing concept of competitive sales at low prices, do not attach importance to the development of new products and the improvement of product packaging, actively use advertising, public relations and improve quality and service to expand exports, and ignore non-price competition, which makes the EU and other countries too sensitive to the low prices and rapid growth of China products, thus causing many frictions. It should be pointed out that the structure of China's export products is still not reasonable. According to a study on the export commodity structure of China's manufacturing industry represented by REP, there are 55 kinds of goods with strong comparative advantages in China's manufacturing industry, among which the goods with strong comparative advantages are still labor-intensive or non-labor-intensive.
Page 10
Skilled labor-intensive goods; The proportion of heavy chemical products and capital-intensive commodities is very small, and the degree of deep processing of these heavy chemical products is also very low. In other words, China still exports low value-added labor-intensive goods, which have been excessively competitive in the international market for a long time, so a large number of such products will certainly encounter trade frictions. In addition, the awareness of rights protection of Chinese enterprises is still insufficient. This is obvious in the investigation of anti-dumping cases. Often there is no response, which makes the other party win without fighting, thus arousing the enthusiasm of the other party to investigate China products. 3. The improvement of EU integration and the internal double-layer structure have added new complexity to China-EU economic and trade exchanges. The European Union has been committed to its internal integration process. The official circulation of 65438+1 October1day in June 2002 marked a new stage in its integration process, and in fact, it has formed a
Page 1 1
Two-level organizational structure: member States and the European Union. This fact has brought convenience to China-EU economic and trade exchanges and added new complexity. With the improvement of integration and the implementation of the same import system, especially after the introduction of the euro, its international status, credibility and stability will be greatly improved. At present, as long as our goods are exported to the port of a euro zone country, they can be distributed to other euro zone member countries. Simplifying export procedures facilitates trade settlement and reduces transaction costs, thus promoting the development of economic and trade relations between the two sides. At the same time, the improvement of integration has also brought many new problems, such as anti-dumping investigation against China. In the past, each member country acted in its own way, and the anti-dumping of China products by one country would not affect the behavior of other countries. Now, if the EU decides that a product from China is dumped and punished by high tariffs, the product will be exported to all EU member states.
Page 12
Our competitiveness will be affected, although this product does not constitute dumping at all for some member States. The development of this trend will affect and restrict the development of China-EU economic and trade relations for a long time. Another example is the introduction of Euro, which reduces the exchange cost of EU enterprises, eliminates the currency risk of their internal trade, and enhances the competitiveness of their internal products, which means that the price competitiveness of external products, including China products, is relatively declining. Moreover, its internal unification is settled in euros, which makes it difficult to implement the strategy of setting differential prices for China products by using the economic development and currency differences of member countries. In addition, the introduction of Euro also makes China's export enterprises face huge switching costs. The two-tier organizational structure within the EU makes the situation facing China-EU economic and trade development more complicated. Under the two-tier structure, EU member states often emphasize and make use of friendly relations with China when exporting to China.
Page 13
Department, in order to enter the China market, and in its own market access, it carried out the European Union to confront China and avoid direct conflict with China. This makes it difficult for China to solve the market access problem of China's export products to these countries by restricting their exports to China. 4. Trade protectionism in the EU. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the phenomenon of using non-tariff barriers for trade protection in international trade is increasing. The EU is the first country to realize the importance of technical barriers (including environmental barriers) in international trade, and its member countries are also the countries with the most serious technical barriers (including environmental barriers). Due to the economic and technological gap between China and Europe, China's traditional export products are easily hindered by technical barriers. The clauses concerning China in EU trade policy are obviously discriminatory. Various tariffs and non-tariffs after China's entry into WTO.
Page 14
With the disappearance or weakening of barriers, the EU relies more on anti-dumping, countervailing and technical standards to restrict China products and protect EU industries. After China's entry into WTO, due to the differences in economic and technological levels, it is difficult for China to fully adapt to various technical standards of the European Union, technical standards of the European Union and corresponding policies and regulations, which will surely become another important factor restricting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations.
Three. Conclusion In recent years, although China-EU cooperation has been promoted to varying degrees in various fields, the fundamental focus is still on politics and economy. The EU has always been a "balancer", emphasizing that various forces can achieve a certain balance of power, so the EU is obviously different from the United States and Japan in many political positions. This idea of "world diversification" coincides with China to some extent, so there is still a lot of room for cooperation between the two sides on many international issues.
Page 15
In the final analysis, any political relationship has its economic relationship behind it, and the ultimate goal of political cooperation is to promote all-round cooperation between the two sides in the economic and trade field.
With the realization of eastward expansion, the market scope of the EU is also expanding. At the same time, as a developed region in the world, the EU market has strong internal support and great attraction to China. The enlargement of the European Union has brought China a bigger market and space for economic and trade cooperation, and at the same time, it has increased the difficulty for other countries to take advantage of the differences among euro countries in economic and trade cooperation. The deepening of the EU's internal market has increased the protection and closure of the region, and the exclusion effect brought to the outside of the region may damage the economic and trade interests of other countries. These Central and Eastern European countries are close to China in economic and trade structure and highly complementary to the EU. Once they join the EU, they will occupy more space, position and population than China in developing economic and trade relations.
Page 16
A clear advantage. Faced with these new opportunities and challenges, China should take proactive strategic countermeasures, seek to solve the contradictions in development, and avoid and resolve the unfavorable constraints in development. Make full use of WTO rules, "people-oriented", strengthen the research and study of international standards, improve the economic and legal security system, and strive to improve China's economic strength. In the long run, China-EU cooperation in the economic and trade field will certainly have more potential and opportunities.
Of course, there will be differences between close partners. While the bilateral economic and trade relations between China and Europe are developing rapidly, there are also some frictions and obstacles that need to be overcome. At present, the outstanding problem is that the EU still refuses to recognize China's full market economy status. In addition, the EU's anti-dumping investigation against China enterprises and the practice of setting up technical and green barriers in some industries and fields have had an impact to some extent.
Page 17
Further development of bilateral economic and trade relations. Fortunately, both China and Europe are willing to settle their disputes through dialogue and negotiation. China is the largest developing country, and the European Union is the largest group of developed countries in the world. China-EU economic and trade relations are highly complementary and have great potential. China-EU economic and trade relations will grow healthily in the atmosphere of friction and compromise, negotiation and win-win, understanding and mutual trust, and achieve leap-forward development. We have reason to expect that with the joint efforts of both sides, China-EU economic and trade relations can open up broader areas and space for cooperation. References: 1. Li Jinshan: EU Economic Policy and Integration, China Financial and Economic Press, 2000. 2. Jin: Structure and Direction of International Trade, China Planning Press, 2000. 3. Zhu Baoliang and Zhang Feng: EU Regional Policy, China Economic Publishing House, 2004. 4. Qiu
Page 18
Yuan Lun, Wang He, et al. EU's Long-term China Policy and Sino-EU Economic and Trade Relations, Social Sciences Academic Press, 2000. 5. Wang Zhu: The Developing EU, Shandong People's Publishing House, 2000. 6. Zuqiang and Dan Yuan Peng: Constraints on the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations, Jianghai Academic Journal, May 2002. 7. Wang Liping's Analysis of Constraints and Countermeasures for the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, March 2002. 8. Wang Ranran: "On the influence of EU's eastward expansion on China-EU economic and trade relations and its countermeasures", in Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of Heilongjiang Province, June 2004. 9. Liu Xiangfeng: Current Situation and Prospects of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations, Macroeconomic Research, 2004.2.
Page 19
Baidu Wen Ku
search
Influence of Institutional Differences on Sino-European Trade
Expand the full text
Copyright: This document is provided and uploaded by the user, and the income belongs to the content provider. If there is any infringement of the content, please report or claim.
relevant documents
Analysis on the Development and Restricting Factors of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations under the New Situation
Nine people are watching.
The development status and characteristics of China-EU economic and trade relations
445 people are watching
Development trend and countermeasures of China-EU economic and trade relations
27 people are watching.
Development trend and countermeasures of China-EU economic and trade relations
302 people are watching
Read more
Picked it out for you.
An analysis of the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations
Membership document 164
Popular and well written
An analysis of the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations
2987 people read
Analysis on the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations
1000 people read
Redding
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations (1)
1000 people read
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations (1)
2674 people read
Open VIP immediately
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations _ Paper _ Opening Report _ Paper Task Book _ One-stop Counseling
Analysis of the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations, papers, professional teams, counterpart papers, years of paper experience in major industries, papers at all academic levels, quality selection, paper recommendation platform, 24-hour online, high-quality papers, papers, one-stop solution, honesty and self-confidence
Qianhu.wejianzhan.com advertisement
Analysis of the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations _ Paper _ Quality and reputation guarantee _ Regular high-quality paper platform
This paper briefly analyzes the factors that affect the development of China-EU economic and trade relations, such as papers, formal paper platforms, postgraduate thesis consulting websites and professional thesis counseling, with guaranteed quality. Thesis, professional organization, good reputation for honest management, rich experience in the thesis industry for 20 years, dedicated to graduation thesis.
Wen.qdpwmd.cn advertisement
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Development of China-EU Economic and Trade Relations _ High-quality Papers _ Credit Papers _ Satisfaction Papers
This paper briefly analyzes the factors affecting the development of China-EU economic and trade relations, and the quality of new papers, the platform for formal papers, and the consulting website for graduate papers and professional papers are guaranteed. Thesis, professional organization, good credit management reputation, 20 years of paper industry experience, committed to graduation thesis.
Nbyxwl.xyz advertisement
4506 people got