1, independent variable?

Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success. ?

success belongs to the persevering

People all want to achieve something in their careers or studies, but only some people have won, while quite a few people have fallen into the pain of failure. Why?

As the saying goes, "success comes naturally." It stands to reason that those losers can completely taste the joy of victory, but they often lack a necessary condition for victory, that is, persistence. This is the reason why they failed. In the above proverb, the meaning of "persistence" has been implied in "achievement". Obviously, if a person wants to achieve academic or career success, in addition to personal efforts, persistence is also an important condition to achieve this goal.

Dickens, a famous British writer, usually pays great attention to observing and experiencing life. No matter whether it is windy or rainy, he insists on going to the streets to observe and listen every day, recording the odds and ends of pedestrians and accumulating rich living materials. In this way, he wrote a wonderful description of dialogue between characters in david copperfield and left a vivid description of social background in A Tale of Two Cities, thus becoming a generation of English writers and achieving great success in his literary career. Edison spent ten years developing storage batteries, during which he kept gritting his teeth. After about 50 thousand experiments, he finally succeeded in inventing the battery and was awarded the reputation of "the king of invention"

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success. ?

Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that a chemist in Sweden seemed to find a new element when extracting iodine from seawater, but he flinched in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, he finally added a new member to the element family-bromine, which made him immortal, the Swedish chemist could only watch each other silently immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist at this moment. Because persistence is victory. ? (Li Sheng)

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. To prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment. Remember that people who don't know the author don't mess with the author's name. ?

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible. ?

3. Demonstration process?

The process of argumentation refers to the process of explaining and proving the correctness of an argument with evidence. It requires profound and thorough exposition and pays attention to the art of reasoning. Taking the exercise "Persistence is Victory" as an example, this composition uses two typical examples: the stories of Dickens, Edison and Swedish chemists, which proves the view that persistence is victory from two aspects of the text, and this process is the process of argumentation.

Deductive argument?

Deductive argument is an argument method to infer the essential characteristics of individual things from known general principles and laws. If inductive argument is from special to general, then deductive argument is from general to special. The application of deductive argument requires that the major premise and minor premise must be true, correct and consistent, and the reasoning is logical, otherwise mistakes will occur. For example, the exercise "Persistence is victory" adopts deductive argument, the major premise is that persistence is victory, and the minor premise is that Dickens and Edison persisted, so they won, and the conclusion naturally came out.

In addition, there are many ways to demonstrate, such as using ancient times to discuss the present, using numbers, parallelism and description. The more methods we master, the deeper and more convincing our reasoning will be, and the more convincing our logical power will be, which can be gradually mastered in the learning process.

Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.

Write an opinion according to the topic and explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.

Argumentative writing contains three elements: argument, argument and argumentation.

(1) argument

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.

(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.

(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.

(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.

(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:

① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even absurd, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.

② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.

3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.

(2) arguments

(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.

(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials ② theoretical materials.

(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.

(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.

(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.

(3) Demonstration

(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The purpose of argument is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.

(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.

(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.

(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.

① induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.

② Deductive method. Deductive argument is a kind of argument method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary. There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.

③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is comparison. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things whose nature and characteristics are opposite or opposite in some respects.

(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.

(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on.