People who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Teachers can be relied on to impart truth, teach research and answer difficult questions. People are not born to understand reason, who can have no doubts? With doubts and not learning from teachers, those who become difficult problems will not understand in the end. Born in front of me, he understood the truth earlier than me, so I will follow him and regard him as a teacher; Born behind me, if he knew the truth before me, I should follow him and regard him as a teacher. I am learning from him. Who cares if he was born earlier or later than me? Therefore, regardless of status and age, the place where truth exists is the place where teachers exist.

Alas, the ancient fashion of learning from teachers has been circulating for a long time, and it is difficult to make people doubt it! Ancient saints, far more than ordinary people, followed teachers and asked for advice; Nowadays, ordinary people are far less clever than saints, but they are ashamed to learn from teachers. Therefore, saints are wiser and fools are more stupid. The reason why saints can become saints and fools can become fools is probably because of this. People love their children and choose teachers to teach them, but it is shameful for him to learn from them. What a fool! Those children's teachers teach them to read and help them learn to break sentences. It is not what I say that can teach those truths and answer those difficult questions. On the one hand, I am unfamiliar with reading sentences, on the other hand, I can't solve puzzles. Ask the teacher if you are unfamiliar with the sentence, and ask the teacher if you are confused. Want to learn from small aspects, but give up learning from big aspects. I don't see that kind of person is wise. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are not ashamed to learn from each other. When people like scholar-officials heard that "teachers" were called "disciples", they gathered in droves to laugh at others. Asked why they were laughing, they said, "He is about his age and has similar moral knowledge. He feels that it is shameful to take a low-ranking teacher as a teacher, and it is almost flattering to take a high-ranking teacher as a teacher. " Alas! It can be understood from these words that the ancient fashion of learning from teachers cannot be restored. Witch doctors, musicians and craftsmen are all people that gentlemen despise, but now their knowledge can't keep up with them. What a surprise!

A saint has no fixed teacher. Confucius studied under Zanzi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. These people are not as talented as Confucius. Confucius said, "When several people walk together, one of them can be my teacher." Therefore, students are not necessarily inferior to teachers, and teachers are not necessarily more talented than students. They have heard about it early and heard about it late, and their knowledge and skills have their own specialties. That's all.

Pan, the Li family's child, is seventeen years old and likes classical Chinese. He has generally studied the six classics and is not bound by customs, so he learns from me. I praised him for following the ancient way of learning from the teacher and writing this "Shi Shuo" as a gift to him.

The original text of Shi Shuo:

Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? If you are confused and don't follow the teacher, you will be confused and you will never understand. Before I was born, I studied Tao before I was born, so I learned from Tao. After I was born, I studied Taoism first, so I studied Taoism. I am a teacher, and I don't know that years were born in me. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers.

Ha ha! It's been a long time since the teacher passed on the Tao! It's hard to be confused! The ancient sages are far away, and they are still in the teacher's question; Today's people are far from saints, and they are ashamed to learn from their teachers. So saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools. What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Love his son, choose a teacher and teach him; If you are in your body, you will feel ashamed and confused. The boy's teacher, the sentence of teaching and learning books, is not the person I am talking about telling his story and solving his confusion. I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know. Witch doctors and musicians are skilled workers, and they are not ashamed to learn from each other. The families of the scholar-officials called their teacher disciple Yun, and they got together and talked and laughed. When asked, he said, "He is almost the same as that year, and in the same way. His humble position is full of shame, and his official position is close to admiration. " Oh! The teacher's way is unknown. Witch doctors are highly skilled musicians, and gentlemen disdain them. Today, his wisdom is out of reach, strange and embarrassing!

Saint impermanence teacher. Confucius studied under Tan Zi, Changhong, Shi Xiang and Lao Dan. Scorpions' disciples are not as clever as Confucius. Confucius said, "Where there are three people, there must be a teacher." . So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. There is a sequence of knowledge, and there is specialization in the industry, that's all.

Seventeen-year-old Li is good at ancient prose and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu. Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road and write Shi Shuo to make it last forever.

Comment on words and phrases:

Scholar: One who studies.

Therefore, teachers are taught by profession. A teacher is a person who teaches truth, teaches truth to students and explains difficult problems. So: for ... Tao: refers to the Confucian way. Accept: teach and impart. Industry: generally refers to the study of ancient classics, history, philosophers and the writing of ancient Chinese. Confusion: a difficult problem.

People are not born knowing: people are not born knowing the truth. One: refers to knowledge and truth. "The Analects of Confucius Jishi": "Those who are born with knowledge are also on the top; Those who learn and know, second; Learn from difficulties, secondly; If you are sleepy and don't learn, the next one is the people. " Know: I know.

This is also a mystery: his doubts.

Born before me: born before me. Hu: It is equivalent to "Yu", which is the same as "Hu" in "I'll go first" below.

Wen: Listening means knowing and understanding.

So as to learn from him: follow (him) and worship him as a teacher. Learn from the teacher: learn from the teacher. Teacher: Oral usage, take ... as a teacher.

My teacher Ye Tao: I learn from him.

Fu Yong knows that his years were born in me: where do you think he is older or younger than me? Yong: Send a message, don't. Know: know, know.

Yes, therefore, therefore.

None: No matter, no matter.

Where the Tao is, the teacher is there: it means where the Tao is, the teacher is there.

The tradition of learning from teachers. That is, "ancient scholars must have teachers."

Man: Above all else.

Still: still.

Everyone: ordinary people, ordinary people.

Next: it is best to use nouns as verbs.

Shame on learning from teachers: Shame on learning from teachers. Shame: feel ashamed.

Therefore, saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools: therefore, saints are more saint and wiser, and fools are more foolish. Benefits: More and more.

For himself: for himself. Body: self, self.

Confused: confused!

Peter's teachers: the first teachers who teach children.

Learn to read sentences by teaching (dü u): teach him books and help him learn sentences. Wisdom: It refers to boys. Xi: manufacturing ... learning. Its: refers to the book. Reading sentences: also known as sentence teasing, the ancients referred to the pause and pause of words. The meaning of the word is all sentences, and the place with incomplete meaning is reading (teasing). There are no punctuation marks in ancient books, and teachers should teach children to read sentences (funny) when reading.

I don't know what to read: I don't know how to break sentences.

Whether to be a teacher or not: some learn from the teacher, and some don't. No: say "no".

Primary school and great legacy: I learned the small one (meaning "I don't know the sentence") but lost the big one (meaning "I don't understand"). Legacy: discard, give up.

Witch doctor: There was no distinction between witch doctors in ancient times. Witch doctors refer to people whose occupation is to see a doctor and pray for God.

Baigong: all kinds of handicrafts.

Physiognomy: Learn from others.

Family: class.

Mentoring: When you say mentoring.

Similar age: similar age.

Humility is shameful, and being an official is shameful: it is shameful to accept a low-ranking teacher as a teacher, and it is almost flattering to accept a high-ranking teacher as a teacher. Foot: Yes, that's enough. Sheng: high. Flattery: Flattery.

Answer: resume.

Gentleman: that is, the "literati family" mentioned above.

Disdain: Disdain the same column, that is, despise it. Still "contempt."

Yes: I didn't expect it, I didn't expect it.

Very strange: is it strange? No, it is a rhetorical question. Cloud: Modal particle, expressing exclamation.

Immortal teacher: saints have no fixed teacher. Chang: It's fixed.

Tan (Tan) Zi: the monarch of Tan State (now Tancheng County, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is said that Confucius once asked him for an official position.

Chang Hong: A doctor in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. It is said that Confucius once asked him questions about ancient music.

Shi Xiang: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the official name of Lu was Xiang. According to legend, Confucius once learned piano from him.

Lao Dan (dān): Laozi, surnamed Li Minger, was a Chu native, thinker and founder of Taoism in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, Confucius once studied the Rites of Zhou from him. Wok is Lao Zi's word.

ACTS: This kind.

If there are three people, there must be my teacher: if there are three people walking together, there must be my teacher. "The Analects of Confucius" said: "Confucius said,' If you have a threesome, you must have a teacher. Choose the good to follow and change the bad. " "

No need: not necessarily.

There are specialties in the industry: each has its own specialized research business. Attack: study and research.

Li's son Pan: Li's child's name is Pan. Li Pan: Tang Dezong was a scholar in the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803) and a disciple of Han Yu.

Understanding the Biography of Six Arts: A General Study of the Biography of Six Arts. Six Arts: Six Classics, that is, Six Classics: Poetry, Calligraphy, Rites, Music, I Ching, Spring and Autumn Period. "Music" has been lost, which is an old saying. Classics: Prose before and after Han Dynasty. Biography in ancient times was called a biography of a work that explained scripture. T: Just so-so.

Regardless of time: it means that it is not bound by the bad atmosphere of being ashamed of teachers at that time. Time: the custom at that time refers to the bad atmosphere of being ashamed to follow the teacher among the scholar-officials at that time. Y: Yes.

Yu Jiaqi can follow the ancient road: I commend him for following the fashion of learning from the ancients. Jia: praise, praise.

Yi: Give away, give away.

Appreciate:

Although the article also positively discusses the role of teachers, the importance of learning from teachers, who will be a teacher and other issues, it focuses on criticizing the bad atmosphere of being ashamed of learning from teachers that was popular among scholar-officials at that time. Judging from the writing intention and main spirit of the article, this is a highly targeted refutation paper.

In the first paragraph of the article, the author first discusses the principles of teaching: the necessity and standards of teaching (who should be a teacher). Put forward the conclusion that "ancient scholars must have a teacher", and then summarize the role of being a teacher: "spreading the word and accepting the industry to solve doubts" as the starting point and basis of the argument. Starting from "dispelling doubts" (both Tao and industry are a problem), it is inferred that people born without knowledge cannot be without doubts. If they have doubts, they should learn from their teachers. Starting from "preaching", it is inferred that starting out as a teacher means learning Tao. Therefore, no matter how high or low, people of all ages can be teachers. "Where the Tao is, so is the teacher." This paragraph, which is connected layer by layer, is logical and concise, and is the program of the full text. The "stand" in this paragraph is for the "break" below. From the beginning, it was solemnly revealed that "ancient scholars must have teachers", which implicitly included the criticism that "today's scholars" did not follow teachers. The situation is like a storm, and its prestige is superior. Then, from three aspects, it criticized the bad atmosphere that was popular among the literati at that time and was ashamed to follow the teacher. First of all, through the comparison between "ancient saints" and "modern people", it is pointed out that the boundary between saints and fools lies in whether they learn from teachers; Then compare the attitude of scholar-officials to their children and their opposite attitude to learning from teachers, and point out that this is a kind of confused practice of "studying in primary schools"; Finally, comparing the shames of witch doctors, musicians, skilled craftsmen and literati, it is pointed out that the wisdom of literati is not as good as that of witch doctors, musicians and skilled craftsmen they despise. The author uses "stupidity", "confusion" and "strangeness" to reveal the abnormality that literati are ashamed of following the teacher. Because of the sharp contrast, the author's derogatory remarks are appropriate and convincing.

On the basis of criticism, the article turns to a positive discussion of "saints are impermanent teachers" Confucius' remarks and practice show that the relationship between teachers and students is relative. Anyone who is superior to himself or has a skill in Taoism and industry can be a teacher. This is a further demonstration of the view that "there is a Tao and a teacher has it", and it is also a further criticism of the phenomenon that scholar-officials are ashamed of being "inferior" and "nearly old".

The last paragraph of the article explains the reason for writing this article. Li Pan's "can do the ancient road" means that he can inherit the long-lost "teacher's way" and is willing to learn from his teachers. Therefore, this ending can be said to be a further criticism of today's people abandoning the teacher's way by praising the "ancient road", which echoes the first paragraph "ancient scholars must have teachers"

In the author's exposition, Shi Shuo belongs to a kind of fluent and fluent writing, which is obviously different from the original road and other bold and magnificent articles. However, there is still momentum in simplicity. There are many factors contributing to this momentum.

The first is the persuasiveness of the theory itself and the momentum formed by strict logic. The author is highly confident in his theory and thoroughly analyzes things. Therefore, in his exposition, he is not only rigorous in steps and tortuous, but also often uses extremely general and accurate language to express the essence of his thoughts clearly, forming a warning strategy in a paragraph or even an article, which leaves a strong impression on readers. For example, the first paragraph makes a general binding at the end on the basis of discussing the teacher's way: "So, there is no expensive and cheap, no long and little, and the existence of the Tao is also the existence of the teacher's way." As big as a horse. After quoting examples of Confucius' words and deeds, a passage in "The Immortality of a Saint as a Teacher" immediately pointed out: "So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. I have heard of Taoism one after another, and there is specialization in the art, that's all. " From the phenomenon of "impermanent teacher", I suddenly came to such a profound insight, which is of great foresight.

Secondly, hard directing, without any transition, forms a steep literary potential. The opening straight book, "Ancient scholars must have teachers", suddenly appeared, which has been surprising; There are three short paragraphs criticizing the bad atmosphere, each of which starts with "rivers and lakes", "loving my son" and "witch doctor, musician and mechanic". There is no transition between paragraphs, but it is tall and straight and irrelevant. This transfer originated from Han Yu, and the consciousness of reading has a majestic trend.

In addition, the combination of duality and parallelism in prose also helps to strengthen the momentum of the article.

About the author:

Han Yu (768-824) was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province). Because its county looks Changli, it is called "Han Changli" in the world. In the eighth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (792), he became a scholar. In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), due to the drought in Guanzhong, he angered the powerful minister and was demoted to Yangshan order. In the first year of Xian Zongyuan's reign (806), he called on Dr. Guo Zi. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he won meritorious service from Pei Du for Wu Yuanji in Huaixi. In the 14th year of Yuanhe, he was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. Use Buddhist bones to remonstrate and belittle Chaozhou secretariat. Later, he served as a national wine offering, assistant minister of the official department and Jing Zhaoyin. He strongly advocated the movement of ancient prose, and his prose was listed as the first of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and he was also called "Liu Han" with Liu Zongyuan. It advocates "taking literature as poetry" and strives for novelty and discussion in poetry writing. The Whole Tang Poetry contains ten volumes of Tang poetry. There is a collection of poems and essays edited by Mr. Changli.

Creative background:

Shi Shuo was written by Zhen Yuan when he was a doctor in imperial academy No.4 School in 17-18 years (80 1- 802). After I took office in imperial academy, I found that the imperial examination hall was dark, the government was corrupt, and the bureaucracy was full of drawbacks. At that time, the upper class looked down on teachers. The scholar-bureaucrat class has a concept of being unwilling to seek a teacher and "ashamed to be a teacher". The author wrote this article by answering Li Pan's question to clarify people's vague understanding of "seeking a teacher" and "being a teacher".

Express the theme:

Shi Shuo is an argumentative essay written by Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. Explain the truth of learning from teachers, satirize the world where teachers are ashamed, educate young people, and play a role in changing the atmosphere. This paper lists positive and negative examples, compares and demonstrates repeatedly, discusses the necessity and principle of learning from teachers, criticizes the bad habit of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" in society at that time, shows extraordinary courage and fighting spirit, and also shows the spirit of expressing opinions independently regardless of the secular. Although the full text is not long, it has profound implications, distinct arguments, rigorous structure, thorough reasoning and strong persuasiveness and appeal.

Famous comments:

the Tang Dynasty

Liu Zongyuan's answer to Wei Zhongli's book Teacher's Way: Mencius said that people's trouble lies in being a good teacher. Below Wei and Jin Dynasties, people benefit rather than be teachers. There are no teachers in this world. Think of it as a laughing madman. Han Yu, a person who ignores vulgarity, laughs and curses, tells him to study after school, writes "Teacher's Talk", works as a teacher with a straight face, and the whole world is reunited and scolded, pointing fingers, adding fuel to the vinegar, and becoming more and more famous. There is also "The Book of Public Opinion Teachers after Answering Yan": If you talk about ancient poor words by teachers, you will consolidate your own affairs. Servants are not as brave as Han, so they are not teachers. Everyone has similarities and differences, and my son has nothing to blame me for.

Song dynasty

Zhu's textual research on Zhu Zi: Yu Guantui said: "Disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples." His words are not a good teacher. Scholars don't belong to zihou, but to him, so zihou has this saying.

Yellow sun copy: from front to back, there are three paragraphs in the middle, all of which are relatively heavy. At the beginning, the sage was compared to a fool, and the sage followed the teacher. How stupid? The second time, the son was similar to his body, and the son chose a teacher. Where's the body? Next, witch doctors, musicians and skilled workers are compared with the literati. Witches, musicians and skilled workers learn from them. Where's the scholar-bureaucrat It can be said that the teaching and learning of the masses can be deeply understood. And the law of writing is natural.

the Yuan Dynasty

Cheng's Changli Style: This article has the meaning of the poet's allegory, which can be learned from reading.

the Ming Dynasty

Mao Kun's Eight Famous Banknotes in Tang and Song Dynasties: Changli resisted the call of the teachers to the younger generation at that time, so he advocated the red flag cloud.

Ching Dynasty

Cai Shiyuan's Ancient Wen Ya Zheng Zheng: There are many good people who are teachers. Those who studied Confucian classics in detail in the Han dynasty were inherited by their masters and apprentices. Neo-Confucianism flourished in the Song Dynasty, and disciples believed in it. Only one Han Zi was known in the Tang Dynasty, but few teachers were willing to learn at that time, such as Zhang Wenchang, Li Xizhi and Huangfu. Han Zi was proud of his disciples. However, all people concentrate on being respected as teachers. What else is there? In this way, I know that Xi was the heaviest in the State of Qi in the Tang Dynasty, so Zi Han said bitterly. People who learned less in the Tang Dynasty than in the Han and Song Dynasties also used this as a reason.

Chu Xin's Complete Works of Ten Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties and Complete Works of Mr. Changli: The topic is easy to be pedantic, and the shallow guidance is not pedantic. Zeng and Wang Neo-Confucianism did not seem to solve this problem. There is another cloud: referring to the present makes people easy to understand, which is quite like an example of "taboo debate"

Sun Cong's Complete Works of Han Changli, a famous Tang teacher selected by Shan Xiaoge: Plum wanted to be a self-sufficient teacher, so she put forward the principle of being a teacher together. Below, it is said that teachers are not old or young, only candidates. When borrowing books and writing, people refused to learn from their teachers, so they quoted the boy, witch doctor and Kong, hoping that they could learn from themselves. This is not public opinion encouraging Li.

Essinigiro Michelle Ye's "Ancient prose" quoted Hong Mai: This article is like a snake, saving the first and the last, with powerful paragraphs, which scholars should be familiar with.

Lin Yunming's "Han Wenqi": Its writing style is complicated and changeable, and it seems that there are no paragraphs to be found. After reading it in one breath, I feel that the meaning is infinite.

Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou's View on China's Ancient Literature: The whole article just says "I am a teacher for the sake of teachers", saying that no matter where we touch, everyone is a teacher, regardless of age, but people have choices. Because people who borrow time refuse to learn from teachers, just like boys, witch doctors and Confucius, they always want Li Zi to be a teacher who enjoys himself. Needless to say, the public generously took responsibility for the teacher's way, but made this to promote later learning.

Zhang Boxing's Notes of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: To be a teacher, learn the Tao, regardless of age or rank. He doesn't know who is looking for the teacher. He never works hard and makes no progress! The article "Tell Life" says: "Virtue is impermanent." Zhu Xi explained that there is no certain teacher for virtue in the world, and only good is obedience. Such a good person can be a teacher, which means the same.

Fang Bao's Complete Works of Mr. Fang and Selected Works of Ancient Foreign Languages: I can explain the confusion from "people are not born to know" to "I don't see it". From "a witch doctor is a skilled musician" to "that's it", he taught his profession. It's all preaching. It doesn't matter whether Gaishe teaches or not.

Pu Yin's Long Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Poems: Liu Ziyan and Zi Han made a mockery, and were called to study later, resisting his face and becoming a teacher. Therefore, she knows that the words "learning from others" and "shame" and "smile" are very eye-catching. I don't know that there must have been a teacher in ancient times, but I think the years are not before me, so I don't need to be kind to me, and I can learn from other people's customs. Hanzi saw Wen Dao, rose and fell for eight generations, and thought of me. Borrowing Gigi Lai's words, he dared not tell the old man and the sage, but privately told 17 years old, thinking deeply.

He Chao's "Reading the Secretary of Yimen" quoted Li Zhonglun: "Nothing is expensive" and it is improper to take money; "Nothing is less and nothing is longer", and it is inappropriate to hold on to it; "The sage is far away from others, but he is still a teacher", and it is improper to rely on the sage. Then I applied with these three pillars. Boys' teachers are not of the same age, which leads to the secular shame of teachers of the same age; Witch doctors, musicians and hundred workers are all unknown people, which makes the secular feel ashamed of their different positions, but the language is complex and does not show traces.