Both industrial revolutions have brought about profound changes in production relations: the first industrial revolution established a modern factory system, and the second industrial revolution established a company system and a monopoly system.
Meanwhile.
The two industrial revolutions are also in sharp contrast in many aspects: the former is marked by the invention and application of steam engines, while the latter is marked by electricity, motors and internal combustion engines; The former is limited to light industry, while the latter is mainly heavy industry; The representative industry of the former is textile industry, which was born out of traditional handicraft industry, while the representative industry of the latter is a new industrial sector based on science and technology, such as electric power, motor manufacturing, steel, automobile, chemical industry and so on. The former is limited to a few countries, with long duration and slow progress, while the latter is launched in Europe and America almost at the same time, with quick results; The former ushered in the "textile age" and "age of steam", while the latter ushered in the "electrical age" and "steel age".
The industrial revolution is sometimes called the industrial revolution (some scholars think there is a difference between these two concepts in recent years), or the first scientific and technological revolution, which refers to the early course of capitalist industrialization, that is, capitalist production has completed the transition from workshop handicraft industry to machine industry.
It is a production and scientific and technological revolution in which machines replace manpower and large-scale factory production replaces manual production in individual workshops.
Some people think that the industrial revolution started around 1750, but it didn't really flourish until 1830.
Most people think that the industrial revolution originated in central England.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, after the Englishman Watt improved the steam engine, a series of technological revolutions caused a great leap from manual labor to power machine production.
Then spread to England and the whole European continent,19th century spread to North America.
It is generally believed that steam engine, coke and steel are the four major factors contributing to the accelerated development of industrial revolution technology.
Before Watt improved the steam engine, the power needed for the whole production depended on manpower and animal power.
With the invention and improvement of the steam engine, factories are no longer built beside rivers or streams, and many jobs that used to rely on manpower and manual labor have been replaced by mechanized production since the invention of the steam engine.
The industrial revolution is an unparalleled great change in the general political revolution. Its influence involves all aspects of human social life, bringing great changes to human society, playing an irreplaceable role in promoting the process of human modernization and pushing mankind to a brand-new age of steam.
The industrial revolution also had an important impact on the scientific development of19th century.
Previous scientific research was rarely used in industrial production. With the development of industrial revolution, the boundary between engineers and scientists is getting smaller and smaller, and more engineers are immersed in scientific research.
In the past, scientists were mostly children of nobles or rich people, but now many children from industrialized areas and working class have become scientists.
They are more interested in chemistry and electricity, which also promotes the development of these disciplines.
the second industrial revolution
The achievements of applying science and technology to industry are mainly manifested in:
The invention of internal combustion engine and new means of transportation
The invention of new means of communication
Establishment of chemical industry
The wide application of electric power
The wide application of electric power
The invention of internal combustion engine and new means of transportation
The invention of new means of communication
Marconi's equipment for sending the first wireless telegram
Establishment of chemical industry
Nobel's explosives are used to build mountains and roads.
Historical conditions for the rise of the second industrial revolution
Hubei Xiong Guo Rong
From 65438 to 70' s, the second industrial revolution happened almost simultaneously in several developed capitalist countries. New technologies and inventions have gone beyond the scope of a country, and important machines and new production methods have emerged, which is obviously different from the first industrial revolution.
Then, what are the historical conditions for the second industrial revolution to rise simultaneously in major capitalist countries?
1. political conditions: the establishment of the world capitalist system provided political guarantee for the second industrial revolution.
19th century is a period of great development of world capitalism. First of all, the bourgeois national liberation movement, bourgeois revolution and reform movement swept across Europe, North America and Asia in Japan.
For example, the war of independence between Greece and Belgium in the 1920s and 1930s, the reform of Russia 186 1, the American Civil War, the reunification of Germany and Italy, and the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
These reforms or revolutions have established or consolidated the capitalist system; Secondly, western capitalism invaded Asia, Africa and Latin America, bringing these countries into the capitalist track and becoming economic vassals of capitalist countries.
/kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, capitalism basically controlled the whole world, and the capitalist world system was initially formed.
2. Market conditions: With the bourgeois revolution and reform, capitalism in Europe, America and Japan has been further developed, and their respective unified domestic markets have been opened up after the reunification of Germany and Italy; After the American Civil War, a unified and broad domestic market was also formed. At the same time, Britain, France, Germany and other capitalist powers established a series of colonies and semi-colonies around the world in the process of aggression and expansion.
During this period, ships and other advanced means of transportation made long-distance transportation more convenient, which was conducive to the capitalist powers plundering industrial raw materials and exporting industrial products and capital to colonies and semi-colonies, further breaking the backward and closed economic structure of colonies and semi-colonies.
By the middle and late19th century, the world market and the capitalist world system were initially formed, which greatly promoted the development of commodity production. Even though the production system formed by the first industrial revolution has reached a scale, it can no longer meet the huge demand of the market and needs stronger productivity to meet the needs of capitalist development.
Therefore, the second industrial revolution came into being.
3. Scientific and technological conditions:19 The second industrial revolution, which began in the 1970s, was marked by the wide application of electric power, the creation of internal combustion engines and new means of transportation, the invention of new means of communication and the establishment of chemical industry.
These new achievements in industry are mainly due to many major breakthroughs in basic research of natural science since19th century, and the direct application of these scientific principles to technology in industrial production.
For example, as the most important feature of the second industrial revolution, the extensive application of electricity, its theoretical preparation is the emergence and development of electromagnetism.
183 1 year, the British scientist Faraday found in the experiment that the relative motion between the magnet and the wire is a necessary condition for magnetic power generation, which confirmed the electromagnetic induction phenomenon and gave mankind the key to open the whole treasure house of electric energy.
1864, the British scientist Maxwell published the theory of electromagnetic field dynamics, established a systematic electromagnetic theory, and deduced the existence of electromagnetic waves.
The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and the discovery of electromagnetic wave theory have created theoretical conditions for opening a new era of human life-the electrical era. On this basis, human beings have made motors and generators and created new means of communication-telegraph and telephone.
In addition, great achievements have been made in chemical theory. /kloc-in the middle of 0/9th century, the theory of molecular-atomic structure was established, which greatly promoted the development of chemistry. In the late 1960s, Russian scientist Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements, which provided conditions for the new development of chemical industry.
In biology, German botanist Schleiden put forward that cells are the foundation of all plants, and zoologist Wang Shi found that animal tissues are also composed of cells, and established a cell theory system. Darwin, a British biologist, put forward the theory of evolution, which "established the variability and heritability of species on a complete scientific basis for the first time" and became one of the "three great discoveries in the19th century" (the other two discoveries are the cell theory and the law of conservation of energy respectively).
/kloc-in the 9th century, the establishment of various theoretical systems of natural sciences prepared conditions for the new technological revolution needed by the development of capitalism, and the achievements of the new technological revolution were widely used in industrial production, thus causing the second industrial revolution.
4. Labor conditions: On the one hand, some major capitalist countries in Europe and America provided a lot of free labor for the industrial revolution through bourgeois revolution and reform. For example, Russia realized the legal freedom of serfs through the reform of 186 1, and the United States liberated slaves through civil war. On the other hand, with the development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie pays more attention to the education of the working class in order to improve the cultural quality of workers and gain more surplus value. For example, in Prussia before the reunification of Germany, compulsory education was stipulated. 1860 The enrollment rate of children in Prussia reached 97.5%, and the illiteracy rate was only 5.52%.
Other advanced capitalist countries have not only increased the number of free labor through policies, but also improved the quality of labor, providing labor conditions for the rise of the second industrial revolution.
5. Economic conditions:/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the establishment of the capitalist system in major capitalist countries eliminated the obstacles to the development of capitalism, gained a broad overseas market and raw material producing areas through external expansion, and greatly promoted the development of capitalist economy.
The rise of the first industrial revolution in Britain and its expansion to other countries provided a stronger impetus for the development of capitalist economy and a solid economic foundation for the second industrial revolution.