First, rhetorical function.
(a) used to depict the image of a person or thing, highlighting some of its characteristics, giving people a deep impression. When using this kind of metaphor, most of them focus on the external morphological similarity between subject and object. He has a dark red face and is a little taller. He stands there as simple and lovely as the red sorghum in the autumn field.
(2) used to explain things. The use of such metaphors mostly focuses on the inner essence of subject and object. If you do too much, you can't do it if you don't do it. At present, it is too rough to use one big tree and four small trees as stools, so it must be shaved. But if all the carvings are hollowed out in the middle, but you can't sit down, it's not a stool.
Second, the application principle
(1) Appropriateness: On the one hand, it means that there are similarities between the object and the subject-either the external characteristics and forms of a certain aspect are similar or the internal characteristics are similar; On the other hand, it means that the emotion, interest and color between subject and object must be coordinated. Violation of the above principles is an inappropriate metaphor, such as:
(1) What appeared in front of me was a petite girl with a chubby round face and waterfall-like hair. I heard that I was interviewing her, and my face suddenly turned red.
(2) The machine rumbles/contains the rhythm of my heartbeat/looks like a moving lullaby.
(2) Focus on innovation. Those metaphors that come at once are often the most disgraceful. Only those vivid, vivid, imaginative, unexplored and associative metaphors are successful and expressive. For example, the worker said behind his back, "The new director Zhao is not bad!" Wang Shuan said, "Dare to do it! This man is not fake. His heart is a piece of Yangquan charcoal, which can be ignited with a match, and it is a pile of white ash when burned. "
However, if you deliberately do something unconventional, it will often lead to nondescript and self-defeating comparisons. Here is an example:
(1) Ah, the oasis in the desert, you lie quietly, like a green dream, covering you forever.
Hearing the news, I suddenly felt as if an atomic bomb had exploded in my heart. Using unimaginable and incomprehensible phenomena as metaphors loses the meaning of metaphors.
(3) Popular and vivid. Generally speaking, we always use images to compare unfamiliar things, concrete things to compare abstract things, and simple truths to compare profound truths. The following examples violate this principle:
(1) The last lake looks like a magic mirror.
(2) Red, green and yellow, like the eyes of an owl in the dark.
(3) The structure of this article is very tight, just like the relationship between ganglion and neural network.
Non-comparative sentences with "like", "as if" and "like" are not necessarily figurative sentences, such as the following situations:
(1) Compare two things concretely. Xiaoling looks like her mother.
(2) pure imagination. After reading The Story of Lei Feng, I seem to have returned to my bitter past.
(3) Sentences expressing guesses. I think this man looks familiar.
(4) give an example. There are many such things, such as ...
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22 rhetorical methods
1, metaphor
(1) The feature and function of metaphor is "metaphor". That is, to grasp the similarities between two different things and compare one thing with another. The structure of metaphor is generally composed of ontology (object to be compared), vehicle (object to be compared) and figurative words (symbol of figurative relationship). The key of metaphor: A and B must be essentially different things, and there must be similarities between A and B, otherwise the metaphor cannot be established. The main functions of metaphor are: turning plain into vivid; Turn abstruse into simple; Turn abstract into concrete; Turn verbosity into conciseness.
(2) The type of metaphor ① Simile. The typical form is: A is like B, and ontological vehicles all appear, which are connected by metaphors such as "image, image, as if, as if". For example, the harvested crops are piled up like hills. (2) metaphor. The typical form is: A is B, both ontology and vehicle appear, and there are no figurative words in the middle. It is often associated with "yes", "success" and "success". For example, the relationship between Marxism and China Revolution is the relationship between the arrow and the target. 3 metaphor. The typical form is: A generation B. Without ontology, it directly describes the vehicle. But it is different from metonymy. Find out the similarities between the two things by metonymy. Such as putting down the luggage and starting the machine. 4 metaphor. Use several metaphors to compare the same ontology from different angles and with different similarities. For example, among the layers of leaves, there are some white flowers dotted sporadically, some bloom gracefully and some bloom shyly; Like a pearl, like a star in the blue sky, like a beauty who just took a bath. (Pearl, Star and Beauty Who Just Showed Bath describe the beauty of lotus from the perspectives of color, luster and feeling, and grasp the similarities such as light, faint flicker, freshness and tranquility. )
Step 2 compare
(1) The characteristic and function of analogy is to write things as people, or people as crops, or things as other things. Its formal characteristics are: things are humanized, people are materialized, or things are materialized. Its function is to make the written "people" or "things" colorful, vivid and meaningful.
(2) the type of analogy
(1) personification. For example, Du Fuchuan is singing and laughing in the willows, and the red flag is fluttering.
② simulacra. For example, if we are honest, there will be bullies. If we dare to use a knife, the bully will have to run with his tail between his legs.
3. Metonymy
The characteristics and functions of (1) metonymy. Metonymy does not directly say the person or thing to be expressed, but uses something related to it instead. It emphasizes the correlation between two things. Its function is to replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, everything with strangeness and feelings with things.
(2) Types of metonymy
① Feature-generated ontology. For example, the beard roared.
(2) Concrete generation abstraction. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses.
(3) proper name generalization. For example, our times need thousands of Qian Qian Lei Feng.
(4) Famous works. For example, we should read more books about Lu Xun.
⑤ Part replaces the whole. For example: sing low eyebrows and don't write, and the moonlight shines like water on the skirt.
⑥ Consequences and causes. For example, specializing in pen and ink, laughing at strong men.
All landowners raw materials rather than finished products. For example, in fifty years, everything is empty, and I am lazy to turn my hair bronze.
(8) Place name replaces ontology. For example: Yan 'an or Xi 'an? It is necessary to draw a clear line.
Step 4 exaggerate
(1) The characteristics and functions of exaggeration refer to the reasonable and intentional expansion or contraction of the original things in pursuit of a certain performance effect. Requirements are used without losing the foundation and basis of life and without exaggeration. Its function lies in setting off the atmosphere, enhancing association and enlightening people.
(2) Several forms of exaggeration A. Enlarging exaggeration. For example, I suspect that the Milky Way has set for nine days. B, reduce exaggeration. For example, Wuling makes waves, and Wumeng takes mud pills. C. exaggerate in advance. For example, when you see such bright green wheat seedlings, you can smell the white flour steamed bread.
5. Duality
The characteristic and function of (1) duality is "duality", also called "duality". It must be a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, relative parts of speech, the same structure and related meanings. The relationship between the two sentences includes inheritance, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Its functions are: easy to recite and beautiful music; Concise and expressive, lyrical.
(2) Several forms of duality
① According to the content, it can be divided into right, reverse and string. Exactly: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences is similar, similar, complementary and contrasting. Such as the silver hoes of Wuling in the sky, and the iron arms of Sanjiang shake. Objection: the upper and lower sentences are opposite. For example, it is better to use the remaining brave to chase the poor bandits than to learn from the bullies. Series pair: Also called "flow pair". The meanings of the upper and lower sentences are inheritance, progressive, causal, hypothetical and conditional. For example, in order to sacrifice more ambitions, I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the weather.
② According to the form, it can be divided into working pair and wide pair. The so-called pairing of works is to strictly follow the requirements of pairing in terms of words, parts of speech, structure, level and words; The so-called tolerance means that it basically meets the requirements of confrontation, but it is slightly different in some aspects. That is to say, the formal requirements are a little looser.
③ According to the structure, it can be divided into component duality and sentence duality. Binary composition. For example, the ignorance of mountains and rivers, butterfly geese heartless; However, they treat human beings fairly and equally, that is, they will not laugh because of the rich and powerful, nor will they skimp on Shan Ye's fishing and firewood. Duality of sentence. For example, the reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
6, parallelism
The characteristics and functions of (1) parallelism are composed of three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone. The same word that is often emphasized repeatedly appears in the same position in every phrase or sentence. Its function lies in strengthening language situation, emphasizing content and aggravating feelings.
(2) Several forms of parallelism A. Composition parallelism. For example, it seems that without the three northeastern provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. No one will make a sound without the three northeastern provinces. Without the three northeastern provinces, only a few students have made several "submissions", and the party and the country are more and more like a country, which can win the praise of "friendly people" and "serve the country" forever. B, sentence parallelism. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
Step 7 ask questions
The characteristic of asking questions is "asking without doubt". Often know perfectly well past ask, ask yourself and answer yourself or ask questions with uncertain answers. The purpose is to emphasize the problem, so as to attract people's attention and inspire people to think. For example, what pigment does a white flower contain? White flowers have no pigment. Another example is: what is the significance of such a huge development of social productivity and such a substantial increase in labor productivity? The most important thing is the power of technology.
8. rhetorical question
Rhetorical questions also have the characteristics of "asking without doubt" Express definite meaning in the form of interrogative sentences, so as to strengthen the tone and enhance the expression effect. A question mark is usually put at the end of a sentence, and some can also put an exclamation point. There are two forms of rhetorical question:
(1) uses positive form to express negation. For example, Chairman Mao is like this. What are we proud of? (2) Affirmation in negative form. For example, "Didn't we working people create the human world?"
9. Lianlian
After stating or describing A with B, the rhetorical devices of combining A and C that cannot be stated or described can be expressed in the format of A+B → A+C, for example:
(1) Although I am deaf, my heart is not deaf.
This hammer didn't strike the clock, but it struck my heart.
10, pun
A figure of speech in which words have one meaning on the surface but express another. For example:
(1) The night is long and the road is long. I'd better forget it.
(2) Put the chicken feather on the flagpole, what a duster (courage)!
Note: Pun is different from ambiguity. Pun is an expressive skill. When one meaning is intentionally expressed on the surface, there is another meaning in the dark, and the latter is the real intention of the expresser. However, people who can't understand the latter meaning will not affect the literal meaning of this sentence. However, ambiguity is different. It is a negative phenomenon that the speaker unintentionally produces. The two meanings it expresses exist on the surface of the discourse, and these two meanings will make the receiver at a loss. If there is no special purpose (such as cheating), ambiguity should be avoided.
1 1, let's go
A figure of speech that puts two things that are opposite or opposite, or two aspects of the same thing together, so that they set off each other and complement each other. For example:
(1) Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.
(2) Some people are alive, but they are dead; Some people died, but he is still alive.
12, relocation
Describe the rhetoric of thing B directly with words that describe thing A. The most common form of this rhetoric is a phrase with part of speech, such as
(1) I will deeply appreciate the dark sadness that is not human.
(2) The sweet voice makes grandma very happy.
Another form is predicate structure, such as:
(3) In autumn dusk, the sunset glow burns the western sky.
(4) The architecture is also new, concise and not verbose, which is pleasing to the eye.
13, spoof
Replace a morpheme in a ready-made word and create a new word temporarily to express humor and witty rhetoric. For example:
(1) Dujiangyan City auctions super "official residence".
(2) To carry out the four modernizations, if you don't understand science and technology, you will become subject-blind.
14, thimble
Also known as the truth, it is a rhetorical method that uses the words ending above as the beginning below, which makes the sentence transmission compact and vivid. Just like idioms solitaire, we often play a game in which the first word of the next word is the last word of the first word!
15, contrast
Contradictory syntax, that is, two words with opposite meanings appear in one sentence at the same time. Example 1: Care about the flowers in the rotten grass. Zhu Ziqing's Spring Example 2: The cicada forest is quieter and Tonamiyama is more secluded. Wang Ji enters Ruoxiexi's poem Example 3: The black wheel puts on a smiling face similar to crying, which makes people feel distressed.
16, intertextuality
Equivalence, also known as equivalence, is a rhetoric method commonly used in ancient poetry. The old saying goes like this: "It refers to writing in the other party, but it refers to writing in the text." Specifically, it is a form: the upper and lower sentences or two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo, explain and complement each other and say the same thing. Intertextuality is characterized by "keeping words but meaning", which is mainly manifested in two aspects:
First, structural characteristics: mutual province. For example, "A general dies after hundreds of battles, but a strong man returns after ten years" (Mulan's poem), and the word "strong man" is omitted at the beginning of the sentence, which separates the word "general" from the word "strong man" and complements them alternately. Second, semantic features: complementarity. For example, "the window is lined with clouds and the mirror is painted yellow" (Mulan's poem), and Mulan faces the window, including the mirror. The two actions of "arranging" and "pasting" are carried out in the same situation and should be put together when translating. Intertextuality has many forms: 1. Intertextuality in the same sentence. That is, intertextuality that appears in the same sentence.
Second, the intertextuality of adjacent sentences. That is, intertextuality appears in adjacent sentences.
17, rhetorical question = rhetorical question
It is a common rhetorical device. Its advantage is that it can express feelings more strongly and highlight the feelings it wants to express. Compared with narrative and other rhetorical devices, it is more ups and downs, making the article colorful. It's often used in papers, and it's usually … How can I … For example, can't animals be human teachers? How can I forget your deep friendship with me?
18, comparison
This is a rhetorical method used to compare two opposite or opposing things, or two different aspects of a thing. The function of contrast is to make the good look better and the bad look worse. For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive.
19, synaesthesia
It is in people's aesthetic activities that people's visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile and other aesthetic senses communicate and transform with each other.
20. Reference
Quoting ready-made words to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into direct quotation and indirect quotation. For example,' modesty makes people progress and pride makes people lag behind', and we should remember this truth.
2 1, irony
Express the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and strengthen the expression effect by saying irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings. For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.
22, repeatedly
To emphasize an idea or feeling, repeat a word or sentence intentionally. Types of repetition: continuous repetition and interval repetition. There are no other words in the middle of continuous repetition. There are other words in interval repetition.